US10076581B2 - Deuterated compounds and uses thereof - Google Patents

Deuterated compounds and uses thereof Download PDF

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US10076581B2
US10076581B2 US15/006,997 US201615006997A US10076581B2 US 10076581 B2 US10076581 B2 US 10076581B2 US 201615006997 A US201615006997 A US 201615006997A US 10076581 B2 US10076581 B2 US 10076581B2
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compound
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
formula
certain embodiments
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US20160250358A1 (en
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Jan Marik
Joseph P. Lyssikatos
Simon Williams
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Genentech Inc
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Genentech Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0459—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. piperazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
    • C07B59/002—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/05—Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled

Definitions

  • NFTs Neurofibrillary tangles
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • tau is a protein associated with cytoskeleton and involved in the transport of vesicles along microtubules in neurons. Under pathological conditions, tau is hyperphosphorylated and forms beta-sheet aggregates with fibrillar appearances similar to A ⁇ in senile plaques.
  • tau-targeted therapies aim to slow disease progression by interfering with cell-to-cell transfer of soluble tau oligomers capable infecting adjacent cells by a prion mechanism.
  • tau-targeted therapies aim to inhibit tau oligomerization and/or aggregation to larger fibrils and tangles (Bulic, B., et al., J. Med. Chem., 2013 56 (11), 4135-55).
  • Such strategies warrant reliable non-invasive tau-specific biomarkers for monitoring of current tau burden and disease progression.
  • Tau-specific PET imaging biomarkers have the potential to non-invasively monitor disease progression and also provide a direct readout of tau-targeted agent efficacy and confirmation of its mechanism of action in clinical trials (Mathis, C. A.; Klunk, W. E., Neuron 2013 79 (6), 1035-7; and Jensen, J. R., et al., J. Alzheimer's Disease:JAD 2011 26 Suppl 3, 147-57).
  • the invention includes a deuterated detectable compound, or salt thereof, that binds to a tau protein.
  • Another aspect includes a compound of formula (I) or formula (V):
  • R 1 is phenyl, naphthyl, 6-membered heteroaryl, 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclyl, 12-13 membered tricyclic carbocyclyl, or 12-13 membered tricyclic heterocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a , wherein R 1 is attached to the remainder of the compound of formula (I) at any synthetically feasible position;
  • A is absent, C 1-4 alkylene, C 3-6 cycloalkylene, C 2-4 alkenylene, or C 2-4 alkynylene;
  • R 2 is 6-, 9-, or 10-membered carbocyclyl or a 5-, 6-, 9-, or 10-membered heterocyclyl, which carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b , wherein R 2 is attached to the remainder of the compound of formula (I) at any synthetically feasible position;
  • each X 10 -X 17 is independently CH or N;
  • X 18 is CH, N, O, or S
  • X 19 is CH, C, or N
  • each ---- is independently absent or forms a double bond, provided only one ---- forms a double bond;
  • each R a is independently selected from oxo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R c , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halo, —NO 2 , —N(R v ) 2 , —CN, —C(O)—N(R v ) 2 , —S(O)—N(R v ) 2 , —S(O) 2 —N(R v ) 2 , —O—R v , —S—R v , —O—C(O)—R v , —O—C(O)—O—R v , —C(O)—O—R v , —C(O)—O—R v , —C(O)—O—R v , —C(O)—O—R v ,
  • each R b is independently selected from oxo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halo, —NO 2 , —N(R w ) 2 , —CN, —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —S(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —S(O) 2 —N(R w ) 2 , —O—R w , —S—R w , —O—C(O)—R w , —O—C(O)—O—R w , —C(O)—O—R w , —C(O)—O—R w , —C(O)—O—R w , —C(O)—O—R w ,
  • each R c is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, hydroxy, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
  • each R d is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, hydroxy, and C 1-6 alkoxy;
  • each R v is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, cyano, nitro, halo, —N(R ax ) 2 , —OR ax , C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, R ay , and C 1 -C 6 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo and halo; or two R v are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo and C 1-3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from ox
  • each R w is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, cyano, nitro, halo, —N(R x ) 2 , —OR x , C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, R y , and C 1 -C 6 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo and halo; or two R w are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo and C 1-3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo and
  • each R x is independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R ax is independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl
  • each R y is aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, —O—S(O) 2 —R z , —OSi(R z ) 3 , and —O-(heterocyclyl);
  • each R ay is aryl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, amino, —O—S(O) 2 —R az , —OSi(R az ) 3 , and —O-(heterocyclyl);
  • each R z is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and aryl;
  • each R az is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl and aryl;
  • each m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
  • each n is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
  • formula (V) is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • formula (V) is substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • Another aspect includes a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • Another aspect includes a method for detecting neurofibrillary tangles and/or senile plaques in an animal comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound.
  • Another aspect includes a method of detecting a neurological disorder associated with amyloid plaque and/or tau protein aggregation in an animal comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound, which is associated with amyloid deposits and/or tau protein aggregates.
  • Another aspect includes a method of detecting Alzheimer's disease associated with amyloid plaque and/or tau protein aggregation in an animal comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound associated with amyloid deposits and/or tau protein aggregates.
  • Another aspect includes a method of detecting Alzheimer's disease associated with tau protein aggregation comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound associated with tau protein aggregates.
  • Another aspect includes a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in medical diagnosis or treatment.
  • Another aspect includes a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in detecting neurofibrillary tangles and/or senile plaques.
  • Another aspect includes a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in detecting a neurological disorder.
  • Another aspect includes a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in detecting Alzheimer's disease.
  • Another aspect includes the use of a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for detecting neurofibrillary tangles and/or senile plaques in an animal.
  • Another aspect includes the use of a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for detecting a neurological disorder in an animal.
  • Another aspect includes the use of a deuterated compound as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for detecting Alzheimer's disease in an animal.
  • Another aspect includes a method of detecting progressive supranuclear palsy associated with amyloid plaque and/or tau protein aggregation in an animal, comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound associated with amyloid deposits and/or tau protein aggregates.
  • Another aspect includes a method of detecting progressive supranuclear palsy associated with tau protein aggregation, comprising administering a deuterated compound comprising an imaging isotope as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the animal, and measuring the radioactive signal of the compound associated with tau protein aggregates.
  • FIG. 1 Autoradiographic evaluation of binding properties of [A] and [A]-d2 using human brain tissues.
  • FIGS. 2A-2D In vitro assessment of metabolic stability of [ 18 F][A]-d2 and [ 18 F][A] using mouse and human liver microsomes. The formation of [ 18 F]fluoride ( 2 A and 2 B) and amount of remaining parent compound were measured ( 2 C and 2 D) at 5, 15 and 45 min.
  • FIGS. 3A-3B Human and mouse liver microsome assay performed with non-radiolabeled [A] and [A]-d2 showed higher stability of [A]-d2 and slower metabolism of both compounds in presence of human liver microsomes.
  • FIGS. 4A-4F Pre-clinical PET imaging in mice from Example 6 below.
  • FIG. 5 Radio-HPLC chromatogram of purified [ 18 F][A]-d2.
  • FIG. 6 Radio-HPLC chromatogram of purified [ 18 F][A].
  • FIGS. 8A, 8B [ 18 F][A]-d2, [ 18 F][A] or 18 F T807 (370 MBq (10 mCi)) was intravenous bolus injected into an anesthetized rhesus, and dynamic PET data acquired over 240 minutes. Standard Uptake Values ([Radioactivity]/(injected dose/body weight)) were measured in the indicated structures from the reconstructed PET data. Data was collected from the same animal but on different days for each probe. [ 18 F][A]-d2 exhibited increased stability reflected by a reduction of skull uptake of free fluoride.
  • FIG. 9 The temporal lobe [ 18 F][A]-d2 standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) vs. mean frame time in 3 subjects: 2 healthy controls (HC) and one suspected Alzheimer's patient (AD).
  • SUVR standardized uptake value ratio
  • FIG. 10 Average [ 18 F][A]-d2 SUVR (cerebellum gray as reference) in the 90-120 min interval after tracer administration. Subjects 1-2, healthy controls (HC). Subject 3, suspected AD patient.
  • the a compounds include enantiomeric, diastereomeric and geometric (or conformational) isomeric forms of a given structure.
  • the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, Z and E conformational isomers, single stereochemical isomers, as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures are included.
  • all tautomeric forms of structures depicted herein are included.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds wherein the independent replacement or enrichment of one or more hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, carbon by 13 C- or 14 C carbon, nitrogen by a 15 N nitrogen, sulfur by a 33 S, 34 S or 36 S sulfur, or oxygen by a 17 O or 18 O oxygen are included.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents.
  • Optically-enriched means that the mixture of enantiomers is made up of a significantly greater proportion of one enantiomer, and may be described by enantiomeric excess (ee %). In certain embodiments, the mixture of enantiomers is made up of at least about 90% by weight of a given enantiomer (about 90% ee).
  • the mixture of enantiomers is made up of at least about 95%, 98% or 99% by weight of a given enantiomer (about 95%, 98% or 99% ee).
  • Enantiomers and diastereomers may be isolated from racemic mixtures by any method known to those skilled in the art, including recrystallization from solvents in which one stereoisomer is more soluble than the other, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), the formation and crystallization of chiral salts, which are then separated by any of the above methods, or prepared by asymmetric syntheses and optionally further enriched.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • SFC supercritical fluid chromatography
  • heteroatom means any atom independently selected from an atom other than carbon or hydrogen, for example, one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus or silicon (including any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon; and the quaternized form of any nitrogen).
  • halo and “halogen” as used herein refer to an atom selected from fluorine (fluoro, —F), chlorine (chloro, —Cl), bromine (bromo, —Br) and iodine (iodo, —I).
  • oxo refers to ⁇ O or ( ⁇ O) 2 .
  • unsaturated means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.
  • carbocyclyl used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic ring system having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • carbocyclyl includes 3 to 12 carbon atoms (C 3 -C 12 ).
  • carbocyclyl includes C 3 -C 8 , C 3 -C 10 or C 5 -C 10 .
  • carbocyclyl, as a monocycle includes C 3 -C 8 , C 3 -C 6 or C 5 -C 6 .
  • carbocyclyl, as a bicycle includes C 7 -C 12 .
  • carbocyclyl as a spiro system, includes C 5 -C 12 .
  • monocyclic carbocyclyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, perdeuteriocyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, phenyl, and cyclododecyl; bicyclic carbocyclyls having 7 to 12 ring atoms include [4,3], [4,4], [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6]
  • carbocyclyl includes aryl ring systems as defined herein.
  • carbocycyl also includes cycloalkyl rings (e.g., saturated or partially unsaturated mono-, bi-, or spiro-carbocycles).
  • alkyl refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical.
  • the alkyl radical is one to eighteen carbon atoms (C 1 -C 18 ).
  • the alkyl radical is C 0 -C 6 , C 0 -C 5 , C 0 -C 3 , C 1 -C 12 , C 1 -C 10 , C 1 -C 8 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 5 , C 1 -C 4 or C 1 -C 3 .
  • C 0 alkyl refers to a bond.
  • alkyl groups include methyl (Me, —CH 3 ), ethyl (Et, —CH 2 CH 3 ), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH
  • alkenyl denotes a linear or branched-chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • An alkenyl includes radicals having “cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” orientations.
  • the alkenyl radical is two to eighteen carbon atoms (C 2 -C 18 ).
  • the alkenyl radical is C 2 -C 12 , C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 or C 2 -C 3 .
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, ethenyl or vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), prop-1-enyl (—CH ⁇ CHCH 3 ), prop-2-enyl (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ), 2-methylprop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, buta-1,3-dienyl, 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, hex-1-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hex-4-enyl and hexa-1,3-dienyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkynyl radical is two to eighteen carbon atoms (C 2 -C 18 ).
  • the alkynyl radical is C 2 -C 12 , C 2 -C 10 , C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 or C 2 -C 3 .
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (—C ⁇ CH), prop-1-ynyl (—C ⁇ CCH 3 ), prop-2-ynyl (propargyl, —CH 2 C ⁇ CH), but-1-ynyl, but-2-ynyl and but-3-ynyl.
  • alkoxy refers to a linear or branched monovalent radical represented by the formula —OR in which R is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or carbocycyl. Alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and cyclopropoxy.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl as defined herein that is substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) halo groups.
  • aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “arylalkyl”, “arylalkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, carbon ring system, that includes fused rings, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic.
  • aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”.
  • aryl includes groups having 6-18 carbon atoms.
  • aryl includes groups having 6-10 carbon atoms.
  • aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl, biphenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthacenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, 1H-indenyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, and the like, which may be substituted or independently substituted by one or more substituents described herein.
  • a particular aryl is phenyl.
  • aryl in another embodiment includes an aryl ring fused to one or more carbocyclic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenantriidinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like, where the radical or point of attachment is on an aromatic ring.
  • carbocyclic rings such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenantriidinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like, where the radical or point of attachment is on an aromatic ring.
  • heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroarylalkyl”, or “heteroarylalkoxy”, refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system having 5 to 14 ring atoms, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains at least one heteroatom.
  • heteroaryl includes 4-6 membered monocyclic aromatic groups where one or more ring atoms is nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen that is independently optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl includes 5-6 membered monocyclic aromatic groups where one or more ring atoms is nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen that is independently optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl includes bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic groups where one or more ring atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) is nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen that is independently optionally substituted.
  • Example heteroaryl groups include thienyl, furyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiatriazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazinyl, imidazol[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl, purinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazo
  • heteroaryl also includes groups in which a heteroaryl is fused to one or more aryl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring.
  • Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)
  • heterocyclyl refers to a “carbocyclyl” as defined herein, wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) carbon atoms have been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., O, N, or S).
  • a heterocyclyl refers to a saturated ring system, such as a 3 to 12 membered saturated heterocyclyl ring system.
  • a heterocyclyl refers to a heteroaryl ring system, such as a 5 to 14 membered heteroaryl ring system.
  • a heterocyclyl can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from those defined herein.
  • heterocyclyl includes 5-6 membered monocyclic cyclic groups where one or more ring atoms is nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4) that is independently optionally substituted.
  • heterocyclyl includes bicyclic or tricyclic groups where one or more ring atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) is nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen that is independently optionally substituted.
  • heterocyclyl includes 3-12 ring atoms and includes monocycles, bicycles, tricycles and spiro ring systems, wherein the ring atoms are carbon, and one to five ring atoms is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, which is independently optionally substituted by one or more groups.
  • heterocyclyl includes 1 to 4 heteroatoms.
  • heterocyclyl includes 3- to 7-membered monocycles having one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
  • heterocyclyl includes 4- to 6-membered monocycles having one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
  • heterocyclyl includes 3-membered monocycles.
  • heterocyclyl includes 4-membered monocycles. In another example, heterocyclyl includes 5-6 membered monocycles. In one example, the heterocyclyl group includes 0 to 3 double bonds. Any nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom may optionally be oxidized (e.g., NO, SO, SO 2 ), and any nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized (e.g., [NR 4 ] + Cl ⁇ , [NR 4 ] + OH ⁇ ).
  • Example heterocyclyls include oxiranyl, aziridinyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 1,2-dithietanyl, 1,3-dithietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrothienyl, tetrahydrothienyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydrothiopyranyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, oxazinanyl, thiazinanyl, thioxanyl, homopiperazinyl, homopiperidinyl,
  • Examples of 5-membered heterocyclyls containing a sulfur or oxygen atom and one to three nitrogen atoms are thiazolyl, including thiazol-2-yl and thiazol-2-yl N-oxide, thiadiazolyl, including 1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl and 1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, oxazolyl, for example oxazol-2-yl, and oxadiazolyl, such as 1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, and 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
  • Example 5-membered ring heterocyclyls containing 2 to 4 nitrogen atoms include imidazolyl, such as imidazol-2-yl; triazolyl, such as 1,3,4-triazol-5-yl; 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-5-yl, and tetrazolyl, such as 1H-tetrazol-5-yl.
  • Example benzo-fused 5-membered heterocyclyls are benzoxazol-2-yl, benzthiazol-2-yl and benzimidazol-2-yl.
  • Example 6-membered heterocyclyls contain one to three nitrogen atoms and optionally a sulfur or oxygen atom, for example pyridyl, such as pyrid-2-yl, pyrid-3-yl, and pyrid-4-yl; pyrimidyl, such as pyrimid-2-yl and pyrimid-4-yl; triazinyl, such as 1,3,4-triazin-2-yl and 1,3,5-triazin-4-yl; pyridazinyl, in particular pyridazin-3-yl, and pyrazinyl.
  • pyridyl such as pyrid-2-yl, pyrid-3-yl, and pyrid-4-yl
  • pyrimidyl such as pyrimid-2-yl and pyrimid-4-yl
  • triazinyl such as 1,3,4-triazin-2-yl and 1,3,5-triazin-4-yl
  • pyridine N-oxides and pyridazine N-oxides and the pyridyl, pyrimid-2-yl, pyrimid-4-yl, pyridazinyl and the 1,3,4-triazin-2-yl groups are other example heterocyclyl groups.
  • partially unsaturated refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond between ring atoms but the ring moiety is not aromatic.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include both acid and base addition salts. It is to be understood that when a compound or Example herein is shown as a specific salt, the corresponding free-base, as well as other salts of the corresponding free-base (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the corresponding free-base) are contemplated.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, maloneic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, aspartic acid, ascorbic acid, glutamic acid, anthranilic acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, embonic acid, phenylacetic acid, methanes
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts” include those derived from inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Particularly base addition salts are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic nontoxic bases includes salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, tromethamine, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperizine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.
  • Particular organic non-toxic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, tromethamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine.
  • tautomer or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.
  • proton tautomers also known as prototropic tautomers
  • Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
  • a or “an” means one or more, unless clearly indicated otherwise.
  • another means at least a second or more.
  • Radioactive tracers which emit gamma rays from within the body. These tracers are generally short-lived isotopes linked to chemical compounds which permit specific physiological processes to be scrutinized. They can be given by injection, inhalation or orally.
  • the first type is where single photons are detected by a gamma camera which can view organs from many different angles. The camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed by a physician on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions.
  • PET Positron Emission Tomography
  • a positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced, usually by injection, and accumulates in the target tissue. As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly combines with a nearby electron resulting in the simultaneous emission of two identifiable gamma rays in opposite directions. These are detected by a PET camera and give a very precise indication of their origin. PET's most important clinical role is in oncology, with fluorine-18 as the tracer, since it has proven to be the most accurate non-invasive method of detecting and evaluating most cancers. It is also well used in cardiac and brain imaging.
  • PET and SPECT utilize radiolabeled compounds and are well known in the art.
  • PET and SPECT are very sensitive techniques and require small quantities of radiolabeled compounds, called tracers.
  • the labeled compounds are transported, accumulated and converted in vivo in a similar manner as the corresponding non-radioactively labeled compound.
  • Tracers, or probes can be radiolabeled with a radionuclide useful for PET imaging, such as 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F, 64 Cu, and 124 I, or with a radionuclide useful for SPECT imaging, such as 99 Tc, 77 Br, 61 Cu, 153 Gd, 123 I, 125 I, 131 I and 32 P.
  • imaging isotopes as that term is used herein.
  • PET creates images based on the distribution of molecular imaging tracers carrying positron-emitting isotopes in the tissue of the patient.
  • the PET method has the potential to detect malfunction on a cellular level in the investigated tissues or organs.
  • PET has been used in clinical oncology, such as for the imaging of tumors and metastases, and has been used for diagnosis of certain brain diseases, as well as mapping brain and heart function.
  • SPECT can be used to complement any gamma imaging study, where a true 3D representation can be helpful, for example, imaging tumor, infection (leukocyte), thyroid or bones.
  • the present invention is also directed at a method of imaging amyloid deposits and NTFs.
  • the compounds of this invention are labeled with one or more suitable imaging isotopes (e.g., radioactive isotopes, radiolabels or radioactive labels), for example, radioactive halogens, such as 18 F and/or with one or more radioactive metals.
  • suitable imaging isotopes e.g., radioactive isotopes, radiolabels or radioactive labels
  • radioactive halogens such as 18 F and/or with one or more radioactive metals.
  • 125 I isotopes are useful for laboratory testing but they will generally not useful for diagnostic purposes because of the relatively long half-life (60 days) and low gamma-emission (30-65 keV) of 125 I.
  • the isotope 123 I has a half-life of thirteen hours and gamma energy of 159 keV, and it is therefore typical that labeling of ligands to be used for diagnostic purposes would be with this isotope or with 18 F (half-life of 2 hours).
  • Other imaging isotopes which may be used include 131 I, 77 Br and 76 Br.
  • compounds of the present invention contain a radioactive isotope of carbon as the radiolabel.
  • a radioactive isotope of carbon refers to a compound that comprises one or more radioactive carbon atoms, preferably 11 C, with a specific activity above that of the background level for that atom.
  • naturally occurring elements are present in the form of varying isotopes, some of which are radioactive.
  • the radioactivity of the naturally occurring elements is a result of the natural distribution or abundance of these isotopes, and is commonly referred to as a background level.
  • the carbon labeled compounds of the present invention have a specific activity that is higher than the natural abundance, and therefore above the background level.
  • the carbon labeled compositions of the present invention can be used for tracing, imaging, radiotherapy, and the like.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
  • the label that is introduced into the compound can depend on the detection method desired.
  • PET detection of a positron-emitting atom such as 18 F.
  • the present invention is also directed to specific compounds described herein where the 18 F atom is replaced with a non-radiolabeled fluorine atom.
  • SPECT detection of a photon-emitting atom such as 123 I or 99m Tc.
  • the radioactive diagnostic or detection agent should have sufficient radioactivity and radioactivity concentration which can assure reliable diagnosis and detection.
  • the desired level of radioactivity can be attained by the methods provided herein for preparing compounds.
  • the imaging of amyloid deposits and NTFs can also be carried out quantitatively so that the amount of amyloid deposits and NTFs can be determined.
  • a prerequisite for an in vivo imaging agent of the brain is the ability to cross the intact blood-brain barrier.
  • a labeled compound is introduced into a tissue or a patient in a detectable quantity.
  • the compound is typically part of a pharmaceutical composition and is administered to the tissue or the patient by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Typically, administration is intravenously.
  • the labeled compound is introduced into a patient in a detectable quantity and after sufficient time has passed for the compound to become associated with amyloid deposits and/or tau proteins, the labeled compound is detected noninvasively.
  • a labeled compound is introduced into a patient, sufficient time is allowed for the compound to become associated with amyloid deposits, and then a sample of tissue from the patient is removed and the labeled compound in the tissue is detected apart from the patient.
  • a tissue sample is removed from a patient and a labeled compound is introduced into the tissue sample. After a sufficient amount of time for the compound to become bound to amyloid deposits and/or tau proteins, the compound is detected.
  • a detectable quantity is a quantity of labeled compound necessary to be detected by the detection method chosen.
  • the amount of a labeled compound to be introduced into a patient in order to provide for detection can readily be determined by those skilled in the art. For example, increasing amounts of the labeled compound can be given to a patient until the compound is detected by the detection method of choice.
  • a label is introduced into the compounds to provide for detection of the compounds.
  • the amount of time necessary can easily be determined by introducing a detectable amount of a labeled compound into a patient and then detecting the labeled compound at various times after administration.
  • the administration of the labeled compound to a patient can be by a general or local administration route.
  • the labeled compound may be administered to the patient such that it is delivered throughout the body.
  • the labeled compound can be administered to a specific organ or tissue of interest. For example, it is desirable to locate and quantitate amyloid deposits in the brain in order to diagnose or track the progress of Alzheimer's disease in a patient.
  • One or more imaging isotopes can be incorporated into a compound of formula (I) by replacing one or more atoms (e.g., hydrogen or carbon atoms) in the compound of formula (I) or formula (V) with an imaging isotope.
  • the incorporation of an imaging isotope can be carried out using known techniques. For example, techniques may be based on nucleophilic or electrophilic 18 F-fluorination of suitable precursors as reviewed, for example, in Medicinal Chemistry Approaches to Personalized Medicine (Lackey, Roth Eds), Chapter 12 (Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-33394-3). See also U.S. Patent Application No. 2011/0182812, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • deuterated means enriched in deuterium above its natural abundance at one or more positions of a compound.
  • a particular position for example, a carbon atom
  • a deuterated position typically has a minimum isotopic enrichment factor of at least 3000 (45% deuterium incorporation).
  • isotopic enrichment factor means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.
  • a compound has an isotopic enrichment factor of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation) at a given deuterated atom, at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation). In some embodiments, 100% deuterium incorporation is achieved.
  • a deuterated compound contains one or more deuterium atoms.
  • a deuterated compound may contain just one deuterium.
  • a deuterated compound contains just two deuteriums.
  • a deuterated compound contains only three deuteriums.
  • a deuterated compound contains four deuteriums.
  • a deuterated compound contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 deuteriums, or any range derivable therein.
  • Deuterium can be incorporated into a compound of formula (I) using a variety of known reagents and synthetic techniques. For example, deuterium can be incorporated into a compound of formula (I) using LiAlD 4 . It can also be incorporated into a compound of formula (I) such as through reduction, catalytic hydrogenation or isotopic exchange using appropriate deuterated reagents such as deuterides, D 2 and D 2 O.
  • the compound is a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
  • R 1 is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring.
  • R 1 is:
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently CH or N;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is phenyl, pyridyl, or pyrimidyl.
  • R 1 is a 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring.
  • R 1 is a 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring that comprises one or more nitrogens.
  • R 1 is a 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring that comprises two or more nitrogens.
  • R 1 is a 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring that comprises one or more nitrogens and one or more oxygens.
  • R 1 is:
  • X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , and X 8 are each independently CH or N;
  • X 9 is CH 2 , NH, O, or S
  • Y 1 is CH, or N
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • X 5 , X 6 , X 7 , and X 8 are each independently CH or N;
  • X 9 is CH 2 , NH, O, or S;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • X 8 is CH or N; and X 9 is CH 2 , NH, O, or S; wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • X 9 is CH 2 .
  • X 9 is O.
  • X 9 is S.
  • R 1 is:
  • X 20 -X 27 are each independently CH or N;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is a 12-13 membered tricyclic heterocyclyl that comprises one or more nitrogens.
  • R 1 is a 12-13 membered tricyclic heterocyclyl that comprises two or more nitrogens.
  • R 1 is a 12-13 membered tricyclic heterocyclyl that comprises three or more nitrogens.
  • R 1 is:
  • each X 10 -X 17 is independently CH or N;
  • X 18 is CH 2 , NH, O, or S;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • each X 10 -X 17 is independently CH or N;
  • X 18 is CH or N
  • X 19 is CH or N
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • each X 14 -X 17 is independently CH or N;
  • X 18 is CH or N
  • X 19 is CH or N
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • R 1 is:
  • R 1 is:
  • R 1 is:
  • each X 30 -X 37 is independently CH or N;
  • X 38 is CH 2 , NH, O, or S;
  • R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R a .
  • A is absent.
  • A is ethynyl
  • R 2 is a 6-membered carbocyclyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b .
  • R 2 is cyclohexyl or phenyl, which cyclohexyl and phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b .
  • R 2 is pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, or pyridazinyl, which R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b .
  • the compound is a compound of formula (V), or a salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound of formula (Va):
  • the compound comprises an imaging isotope.
  • the imaging isotope is 18 F.
  • the compound is a compound having the formula (Ia):
  • R 2 is 6-membered carbocyclyl or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl, which carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b ;
  • each R b is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO 2 , —N(R w ) 2 , —CN, —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w , and —C(O)—O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo, —O—R w ,
  • the compound is a compound having formula (Ia):
  • R 2 is piperidinyl or 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, which piperidinyl and 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups R b ; and each R b is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NO 2 , —N(R w ) 2 , —CN, —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —O—R w , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w , and —C(O)—O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alky
  • the compound is a compound having formula (Ib):
  • R b is deuterated and is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, —N(R w ) 2 , —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w , and —C(O)—O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo, —O—R w , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w
  • R b comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • the compound is a compound having formula (Ic):
  • R b is deuterated and is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, —N(R w ) 2 , —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w , and —C(O)—O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo, —O—R w , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w
  • R b comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • the compound is a compound having formula (Id):
  • R b is deuterated and is selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, —N(R w ) 2 , —C(O)—N(R w ) 2 , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w , and —C(O)—O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —R d , carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from oxo, halo, —O—R w , —O—C(O)—R w , —C(O)—R w
  • R b comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • each R a is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, and —O—R v ; and each R v is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected —OR ax .
  • each R a is independently selected from —O—R v ; and each R v is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, and carbocyclyl.
  • each R a is independently selected from —O—CH 3 .
  • each R b is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, and —O—R w , wherein any C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, and C 2-6 alkynyl, is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from —O—R w ; and each R w is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl, wherein each C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from —OR x ; wherein at least one R b is deuterated and comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • each R b is C 1-6 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from —O—R w ; and each R w is independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl; wherein at least one R b is deuterated and comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • R b is a C 1-6 alkyl group that comprises one or more imaging isotopes.
  • R b is a C 1-6 alkyl group that comprises an imaging isotope 18 F.
  • the compound comprises a carbon atom that is both deuterated and covalently bonded to an imaging isotope.
  • R b is —CH 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein the carbon marked * is deuterated.
  • R b is CH 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 3500.
  • R b is CH 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6000.
  • R b is CH 2 — CH 2 —O-*CD 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein each carbon marked * is deuterated.
  • R b is CH 2 — CH 2 —O-*CD 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein each carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 3500.
  • R b is CH 2 — CH 2 —O-*CD 2 -*CD 2 - 18 F, wherein each carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6000.
  • the compound is a compound having the formula (Ie):
  • the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 3500. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 4000. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 4500. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 5000. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 5500. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6000. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6333.3.
  • the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6466.7. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6600. In certain embodiments the carbon marked * has a deuterium isotopic enrichment factor of at least 6633.3. In some embodiments, 100% deuterium incorporation is achieved with respect to the carbon marked * in the compound of formula (Ie).
  • the compound is a compound selected from:
  • R 1 can be attached to the remainder of a compound of formula (I) through any synthetically feasible position.
  • R 1 has one of the following values, it can be attached to the remainder of a compound of formula (I) through any synthetically feasible position:
  • a hydrogen atom can be removed from a carbon or nitrogen atom in R 1 to provide an open valence that can form the covalent bond with the remainder of a compound of formula (I).
  • Indications
  • Compounds of the present invention may be used in a variety of contexts, such as imaging and detection contexts.
  • the compound is introduced into patients who suffer from or are at risk of developing a neurological disorder.
  • the neurological disorder is associated with the development of amyloid plaques and/or tau protein aggregates and/or NFTs.
  • a “neurological disorder” as used herein refers to a disease or disorder which affects the CNS and/or which has an etiology in the CNS.
  • Exemplary CNS diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, neuropathy, amyloidosis, cancer, an ocular disease or disorder, viral or microbial infection, inflammation, ischemia, neurodegenerative disease, seizure, behavioral disorders, and a lysosomal storage disease.
  • the CNS will be understood to include the eye, which is normally sequestered from the rest of the body by the blood-retina barrier.
  • neurological disorders include, but are not limited to, neurodegenerative diseases including, but not limited to, Lewy body disease, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, Shy-Draeger syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, striatonigral degeneration, prion diseases (including, but not limited to, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, chronic wasting disease, and fatal familial insomnia), bulbar palsy, motor neuron disease, nervous system heterodegenerative disorders (including, but not limited to, Canavan disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Alexander's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Menkes kinky hair syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, Halervorden-Spatz syndrome, lafora disease, Rett syndrome, hepatolenticular degeneration, Lesch-Nyhan
  • Tauopathies are also encompassed by the term “neurological disorder” and refer to tau-related disorders or conditions that may overlap with one or more of the conditions noted above.
  • Non-limiting examples of tauopathies include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease, stroke, aging, traumatic brain injury, and mild cognitive impairment.
  • compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
  • the composition is formulated for administration to a patient in need thereof.
  • patient refers to an animal, such as a mammal, such as a human.
  • patient or individual refers to a rodent (e.g., mouse or rat), a dog, or a human.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle refers to a non-toxic carrier or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, water, salts, and ethanol
  • compositions comprising a compound or salt thereof are typically administered intravenously.
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and saline (e.g., U.S.P. or isotonic sodium chloride solution).
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions may be administered with or without food. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are administered without food. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.
  • Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the judgment of the treating physician, and the severity of the particular disease being examined.
  • the amount of a provided compound or salt thereof in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
  • a composition comprising a compound of the present invention is administered intravenously in a trace mass amount and a radioactivity amount to permit safe exposure but sufficient to acquire images.
  • the dosage range is from 5-20 mCi per subject. In some embodiments, the dosage range is about, at least about, or at most about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 mCi or more per subject, or any range derivable therein.
  • System A Analytical LCMS: Waters Acquity UPLC running at 0.7 mL/min. Column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 ⁇ m 2.1 ⁇ 30 mm. Mobile phase A: water with 0.1% formic acid, B: acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid, linear gradient 5-95% B in 2 min. The system was equipped with Acquity PDA and Acquity SQ detectors.
  • System B Preparative HPLC: Waters 2545 pump running at 70 mL/min. Column Phenomenex Gemini-NX 10 ⁇ .
  • 18 F-Fluoride trapped on a Trap-and-Release cartridge was eluted using a solution containing TBHCO 3 (150 ⁇ L, 0.075 M) in acetonitrile (500 ⁇ L) and water (350 ⁇ L).
  • the solvent was evaporated using a gentle stream of nitrogen and microwave heating to 120° C. followed by azeotropic removal of residual water using acetonitrile (4 ⁇ 0.5 mL).
  • the precursor 6 (2 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 mL of acetonitrile and added to a vial containing 18 F-fluoride and heated using a microwave heater to 120° C., 50 W for 350 s.
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated to approximately 100 ⁇ L and diluted with water (2 mL) for injection to semi-preparative HPLC (System D).
  • the product was eluted with 15% B for 10 min followed by 20% B for 10-15 min.
  • the fraction containing the product was diluted with water to double the volume and the product was isolated using HLB plus sep-pak cartridge preconditioned with ethanol (10 mL) and water (10 mL), and eluted with ethanol (3 mL).
  • the ethanol was evaporated to dryness and the product [ 18 F][A]-d2 was formulated.
  • the radiochemical purity was assessed by LCMS (System E).
  • the intermediate compound 6 was prepared as follows.
  • Diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride (0.17 mL, 1.25 mmol) was added to a cooled ( ⁇ 78° C.) solution of compound 5 (75 mg, 0.25 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then cooled to ⁇ 78° C. and an additional amount of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (0.17 mL, 1.25 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and quenched with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 .
  • the reaction mixture was concentrated to approximately 100 ⁇ L and diluted with water (2 mL) for injection to semi-preparative HPLC (System D).
  • the product was eluted with 15% B for 10 minutes followed by 20% B for 10-15 minutes.
  • the fraction containing the product was diluted with water to double the volume and the product was isolated using HLB plus sep-pak cartridge preconditioned with ethanol (10 mL) and water (10 mL), and eluted with ethanol (3 mL).
  • the ethanol was evaporated to dryness and the compound [′ 8 F][A] was formulated.
  • the radiochemical purity was assessed by LCMS (System E).
  • the intermediate compound 9 was prepared as follows.
  • Step 2 3-benzyl 6-ethyl (1R,5S,6r)-3-azabicyclo 3.1.0 hexane-3,6-dicarboxylate (C-5) and 3-benzyl 6-ethyl (1R,5S,6s)-3-azabicyclo 3.1.0 hexane-3,6-dicarboxylate (C-6)
  • Step 7 2-((1S,5R,6s)-3-azabicyclo 3.1.0 hexan-6-yl)ethanol (C-1)
  • Step 8 (1R,5S,6s)-6-(2-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (C-2)
  • Step 4 (1S,5R,6r)-benzyl 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-3-carboxylate (D-6)
  • Step 5 2-((1S,5R,6r)-3-azabicyclo [3.1.0] hexan-6-yl)ethanol (D-1)
  • [18F][B] can be prepared under the similar labeling conditions as described above with a decay corrected yield of 5-10%.
  • H 2 IO 6 (85 mg) is suspended in water (1 mL) and acetonitrile (1 mL) and stirred vigorously for 15 min. Amino alcohol (50 mg) is added followed by the addition of pyridinium chlorochromate (5 mg). The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at the room temperature and the final product isolated.
  • the methylester (Compound 3-1) is reduced with LiAlD 4 to deuterated alcohol and deprotected with TFA to provide Compound 4-1 as described above.
  • the tracer [ 18 F][A] or [ 18 F][A]-d2 was dissolved in PBS containing 5% DMSO and 5% ethanol at final concentration 40 ⁇ Ci/mL. Then 0.5 ml of stock solution was transferred to a microscope slide with 5 ⁇ m thick freshly dried section of a tissue and incubated for 90 min at room temperature. The slides were washed by dipping into following solutions: PBS for 1 min, 70% ethanol 2 min, 30% ethanol 2 min and PBS 1 min. The samples were dried at room temperature for 30 min and exposed to phosphorimager plate for 20 h. The exposed plates were scanned at 25 ⁇ m resolution.
  • the PET imaging was performed on Inveon PET/CT scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc.). Animals anesthetized with sevoflurane were placed head-first, prone position on the scanner bed and dynamic 45 min scans were initiated. Approximately 3.7 MBq of 18 F-radiolabeled tracer in isotonic solution (100-130 ⁇ L) was administered as 60 second intravenous infusion via the tail vein. Body temperature was measured by a rectal probe and maintained with warm air flow at 37° C. Full-body iterative image reconstructions were obtained using maximum a posteriori algorithm (MAP, hyperparameter ⁇ 0.05) and corrected for signal attenuation using the tissue density obtained from CT. Projections were created with PMOD 3.305 (PMOD Technologies, Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland) and used to obtain quantitative activity levels in each organ of interest using region-of-interest analysis.
  • MAP maximum a posteriori algorithm
  • the tracer [ 18 F][A]-d2 or [ 18 F][A] was dissolved in potassium phosphate (Kpi) buffer (100 mM) at concentration 500-600 ⁇ Ci/mL.
  • Kpi potassium phosphate
  • the non-radioactive 7 and 10 were dissolved in Kpi buffer at 10 ⁇ M concentration.
  • the reaction vessel was charged with human or mouse liver microsome suspension (12.5 ⁇ L, 20 mg/mL) followed by Kpi buffer (388 ⁇ L, 10 mM), NADPH (50 ⁇ L, 10 mM) and incubated at 37° C. for 5-10 min.
  • radiolabeled tracers [ 18 F][A] and [ 18 F][A]-d2 were also incubated with human or mouse liver microsome suspensions with or without NADPH at 37° C. and the mixture was analyzed for a presence of radioactive metabolites at 5, 15 and 45 min ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the maximum intensity projections ( FIG. 4F ) illustrate the improvements in image quality.
  • the PET imaging data is in excellent agreement with results of the comparison of [ 18 F][A] and [ 18 F][A]-d2 in vitro using mouse liver microsomes.
  • substitution of geminal hydrogens in [ 18 F][A] with deuterium caused 73% reduction in [ 18 F]F ⁇ formation and the reduction in bone uptake observed by in vivo PET is also close to 54%.
  • radiolabeled tracers [ 18 F][A] and [′ 8 F][A]-d2 were incubated with human, rhesus or mouse liver microsome suspension with or without NADPH at 37° C. and the mixture was analyzed for a presence of radioactive metabolites at 5, 15 and 45 min.
  • microsomal stability assessment as a predictor of in-vivo stability of [ 18 F][A] and [ 18 F][A]-d2 suggests significantly higher metabolic stability of [ 18 F][A]-d2 compared to [ 18 F][A] and significantly slower rate of 18 F-fluoride formation in rhesus and mice.
  • 18 F-fluoride was not detected as a metabolite of [ 18 F][A]-d2 using human liver microsomes at all, suggesting much greater stability of [ 18 F][A]-d2 in human than in rhesus or mice.
  • [ 18 F][A]-d2 [ 18 F][A] or 18 F T807 (see Chien et al., J. Alzheimers Dis, 38:171-84 (2014)) (370 MBq (10 mCi)) was intravenous bolus injected into an anesthetized rhesus, and dynamic PET data acquired over 240 minutes. Standard Uptake Values ([Radioactivity]/(injected dose/body weight)) were measured in the indicated structures from the reconstructed PET data (as shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B ). Data was collected from the same animal but on different days for each probe. [ 18 F][A]-d2 exhibited increased stability reflected by a reduction of skull uptake of free fluoride.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • HV healthy volunteers
  • This study protocol required each subject to complete the following components: screening evaluation, MM, [ 18 F]florbetapir (AD subjects only) and [ 18 F][A]-d2.
  • the screening procedures included neuropsychological assessment, vital signs, ECG, physical exam, MRI, and [ 18 F]florbetapir PET imaging to confirm presence of amyloid deposition in patients clinically diagnosed with probable AD.
  • each subject completed clinical assessments and clinical safety labs to ensure the subject was medically stable to complete the study protocol.
  • the screening procedures occurred within 30 days prior to [ 18 F][A]-d2 imaging.
  • Eligible subjects participated in a single [ 18 F][A]-d2 imaging session.
  • the distribution of tau binding was assessed in each of the subject groups (AD and HV) to evaluate for binding to tau.
  • AD and HV the distribution of A ⁇ and tau was compared.
  • Tau binding in brain was assessed with PET using [ 18 F][A]-d2.
  • Radioligand binding was compared in brains of HV subjects who should have minimal to negligible concentrations of tau compared to patients with AD, who are expected to have moderate to high densities of tau.
  • the MR volumetric image, a summed image of the first 15 min after tracer administration of [ 18 F][A]-d2 were coregistered using Statistical Parametic Mapping SPM8 (software provided by members and collaborators of the Welcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging). Alignment of the additional PET segments to the first PET segment was performed using in-house developed analysis software written in Matlab® (version 8 Release 2014a). Then, using the MRI scan for anatomical delineation, irregular regions of interest (ROI) were drawn for each subject in the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, cerebellum gray, and white-matter (centrum semi-ovale) using MIM® software.
  • ROI regions of interest
  • TAC tissue time activity curves
  • FIG. 9 shows the temporal lobe SUVR vs. mean frame time in the 3 subjects. A clear separation of the curves is observed as early as 30 min post injection. The SUVR curves in the two healthy controls remained relatively constant soon after injection. The SUVR in the AD subject reached a plateau in the 90-120 min interval.
  • FIG. 10 The images of FIG. 10 acquired in Subjects 1-3 using [ 18 F][A]-d2 show no radioactivity uptake in bone tissue as predicted by the in-vitro microsomal stability assay. Lack of uptake in the skull suggests negligible tracer defluorination.

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