TWI758750B - 製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法 - Google Patents
製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI758750B TWI758750B TW109120452A TW109120452A TWI758750B TW I758750 B TWI758750 B TW I758750B TW 109120452 A TW109120452 A TW 109120452A TW 109120452 A TW109120452 A TW 109120452A TW I758750 B TWI758750 B TW I758750B
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Abstract
本發明提供一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法,其包含:(a)將活性成分與內水相混合形成均質混合物;(b)將該均質混合物與油相混合形成油包水乳液;(c)將該油包水乳液與外水相混合形成該水包油包水型多重乳液,其中該外水相包含水及賦形劑,其中該賦形劑包含乳清濃縮蛋白及修飾澱粉。
Description
本發明提供一種製備乳液方法,特別係關於一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法。
根據食品所產業技術知識服務計畫(Industry & Technology Intelligence Service,ITIS)統計資料分析,2013年台灣膳食補充劑市場規模為541億元台幣,且市場持續成長,其中乳酸菌更佔膳食補充劑市場5%,達26億元,顯示益生菌產品市場有其開發價值。為了因應以益生菌開發具有保健價值的新穎性產品的趨勢,如何提高益生菌於加工製程或外界環境的存活率,並進一步強化菌體之穩定性以及腸胃道存活率,將是技術關鍵。
本發明之主要目的在於提供一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法,其可提升活性成分之穩定性者。
因此,本發明提供一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法,其包含:(a)將活性成分與內水相混合形成均質混合物;
(b) 將該均質混合物與油相混合形成油包水乳液;
(c) 將該油包水乳液與外水相混合形成該水包油包水型多重乳液,其中該外水相包含水及賦形劑,其中該賦形劑包含乳清濃縮蛋白及修飾澱粉。
本發明另提供一種組合物,係由前述方法所製得。
參考以下對本發明之各態樣、實例、及伴隨相關描述之化學圖式及表格的詳細描述,可更容易地瞭解本發明。
本文所用之術語僅用於描述特定態樣之目的而不意欲用於限制性本發明之範疇。
必須指出,除非上下文另外清楚規定,否則如本說明書及隨附申請專利範圍中所用之單數形式「一」及「該」包括複數個所指標的物。因此,除非上下文另外需要,否則單數術語應包括複數且複數術語應包括單數。
範圍在本文中通常表述為「約」一個特定值及/或至「約」另一個特定值。當表述此類範圍時,一態樣為包括一個特定值及/或至另一個特定值之範圍。類似地,當值藉由使用字「約」表述為近似值時,應瞭解特定值可形成另一態樣。另外應瞭解,每一範圍之各端點皆有顯著性,一端點與另一端點既有相關性,亦彼此獨立。
本發明將多重乳化技術導入經口投予產品之開發,透過配方與製程設計建立經口投予產品包覆技術。多重乳化技術利用多層膜結構造成空間上的區隔,將經口投予活性成分包覆在內部水相,可達到隔離保護的效果,並有助於多元化型態產品開發。
乳化技術是指原本不互溶的兩相,其中一相以細微粒分散於另一相中,分為水包油型(oil-in-water, O/W)和油包水型(water-in-oil, W/O)。多重乳液是一種W/O型和O/W型共存的複雜系統,依照分散相和連續相的性質,可區分為水包油包水型(W/O/W)和油包水包油型(O/W/O)兩種系統。由於多重乳液具有多層膜的特性,可同時包埋水溶性和油溶性的機能性物質,達到隔離、保護、遮味和控制釋放等效果,具有產業應用的潛力。
亦即,本發明提供一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法,其包含:
(a) 將活性成分與內水相混合形成均質混合物;
(b) 將該均質混合物與油相混合形成油包水乳液;
(c) 將該油包水乳液與外水相混合形成該水包油包水型多重乳液,其中該外水相包含水及賦形劑,其中該賦形劑包含乳清濃縮蛋白及修飾澱粉。
本發明所述水包油包水型多重乳液(water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion),其可包含內水相(inner aqueous phase)、油相(oleaginous phase)及外水相(outer aqueous phase)。該內水相及該外水相可分別由水或水溶液組成,而油相則由疏水性液體或溶液所組成。於本文後續內容中,所述水包油包水型多重乳液可簡稱「多重乳液」。
於本發明中,所述活性成分可為藥物或微生物。所述藥物可包括,但不限定為小分子藥物、生物製劑或中藥製劑等,較佳係為易溶於水,且可於水中穩定存在者。
本發明不限制所述微生物之種類,例如可為細菌、真菌、放線菌、原生動物或藻類等。於某些態樣中,所述微生物可為益生菌,例如嗜酸乳桿菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus
)、比菲德氏菌(Bifidobacterium species
)、乾酪乳酸菌(Lactobacillus casei
)、洛德乳桿菌(Lactobacillus reuteri
)、乳雙岐桿菌(Bifidobacterium lactis
)及長雙岐桿菌(Bifidobacterium longum
)等。
於某些實施例中,該內水相包含水及賦形劑。該賦形劑可為任何可用於油包水製劑之賦形劑,例如羥丙基甲基纖維素(hydroxypropylmethylcellulose)、羧甲基纖維素(carboxymethyl cellulose)、海藻酸鈉(sodium alginate)、明膠(gelatin)、阿拉伯膠(gum arabic)、酪蛋白酸鈉(sodium caseinate)及大豆蛋白(soy protein)等,且可包含二種或二種以上之賦形劑。
此外,該內水相可視情況進一步包含一或多種鹽類。較佳地,所述鹽類係為生理學上可接受之鹽類(physiologically acceptable salt),例如氯化鈉、氯化鉀、氯化銨、硫酸鈉、硫酸鎂、硫酸鉀、硫酸鈣、蘋果酸鈉、檸檬酸鈉、檸檬酸二鈉、檸檬酸二氫鈉、檸檬酸二氫鉀、磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸二氫鉀、磷酸氫二鈉及磷酸氫二鉀等。
於某些實施例中,該內水相包含以該內水相總重量計約3%之明膠及約2%之氯化鈉。
本發明不限制將該活性成分與內水相混合之方法。然而,當該活性成分為微生物(例如益生菌)時,該微生物可為乾燥粉末,或可包含其培養基質。於某些實施例中,係將微生物培養後之菌液離心,去除上清發酵液後,再以等體積之內水相回溶,以形成均質混合物。
本發明所述油相為任何可用於油包水製劑之疏水性液體,例如植物或動物油脂等。舉例而言,所述油相可為植物油,例如葵花油、大豆油、橄欖油、芥花油、亞麻籽油及棕櫚油等,且可包含二種或二種以上之植物油。
此外,該油相可視情況包含一或多種親油性界面活性劑,例如聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯(Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR)、卵磷脂、糖酯(sugar esters)、乳化蠟(emulsifying waxes)、聚甘油脂肪酸酯(polyglycerol fatty acid esters)、聚山梨酯(polysorbates)、甘油單酸酯(monoglycerides)及甘油二酸酯(diglycerides)等。
於某些實施例中,該油相包含葵花油,及以油相總重量計為約8%之聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯。
將該均質混合物與油相混合時,較佳係將該均質混合物加入該油相中,且維持該活性成分之活性,較佳可於低溫下混合,例如約0℃至約10℃,較佳為約4℃。舉例而言,可使用均質機以低轉速攪拌該油相,且可將該油相置於冰浴中,續將該均質混合物加入該油相中,再將轉速提高,例如提高至約12000rpm均質約3分鐘,以獲得油包水乳液。於某些態樣中,係以約1:1.5之體積比混合該均質混合物及該油相。
該外水相中之賦形劑中之該乳清蛋白(whey protein)是指分離自乳清的蛋白混合物,而乳清是在乾酪生產過程中產生的液體副產物,乳清蛋白可由α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白組成。乳清濃縮蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC)含有較少脂肪和膽固醇,但相較於其他乳清蛋白,乳清濃縮蛋白含有較多以乳糖形式存在的碳水化合物,並包含以總重量計為約29~89%之蛋白質。於某些態樣中,所述乳清濃縮蛋白包含以總重量計約80%以上的蛋白質。
該外水相中之賦形劑中之該修飾澱粉為可用於食品添加劑之任何修飾澱粉。於某些態樣中,所述修飾澱粉可為辛烯基琥珀酸酯修飾澱粉(或稱辛烯基丁二酸酯澱粉(starch sodium octenyl succinate,OSA starch))。
於某些態樣中,該乳清濃縮蛋白與該修飾澱粉之重量比為4:1至1:4,例如可為3:1至1:3,或可為2:1至1:2之範圍。較佳地,該乳清濃縮蛋白與該修飾澱粉之重量比為2:1。
於某些態樣中,該外水相中之該賦形劑視情況可另包含一或多種選自由羥丙基甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素、海藻酸鈉、明膠、阿拉伯膠、酪蛋白酸鈉及大豆蛋白所組成之群的額外賦形劑。且該外水相中之額外賦形劑可與前述內水相之賦形劑相同或不同。
當該外水相中之該賦形劑進一步包含海藻酸鈉時,則較佳並未膠凝(gelation),亦即海藻酸鈉並未形成凝膠。因此,該多重乳化劑中較佳不含可使該海藻酸鈉膠凝化之二價離子,例如Ca2+
或Mg2+
離子等。
於某些態樣中,該額外賦形劑係羥丙基甲基纖維素。於某些態樣中,以該外水相中之該賦形劑之總重量計,該乳清濃縮蛋白之重量百分比為55~70%、該修飾澱粉之重量百分比為25~35%,及該額外賦形劑之重量百分比為1~10%。較佳地,該乳清濃縮蛋白、該修飾澱粉及該額外賦形劑之重量比為38:19:3。於某些態樣中,以該外水相之總重量計,該賦形劑係以約25%之重量比存在於該外水相中。
將該油包水乳液與外水相混合時,類似前述,可使用均質機以低轉速攪拌該外水相,續將該油包水乳液加入該外水相中,且該油包水乳液及該外水相之體積比可為約2:8,再將轉速提高,例如提高至約8000 rpm均質約2分鐘,以獲得該水包油包水型多重乳液。
於本發明中,藉由前述方法,可多層包覆該活性成分,進而提升其穩定性,並達到隔離、保護、遮味和控制釋放等效果。當該活性成分為微生物時,另可提升其存活率。
於某些實施例中,可噴霧乾燥該水包油包水型多重乳液,以獲得多重乳化粉粒。舉例而言,噴霧乾燥之入口及出口溫度可分別為約130°C及約80°C。藉由噴霧乾燥,可去除該水包油包水型多重乳液中之全部或部分之水分,進而使得所形成之該多重乳化粉粒具有較高的穩定性,易於保存。
本發明另提供一種組合物,係由前述方法所製得。亦即,所述組合物可為前述水包油包水型多重乳液或其經噴霧乾燥所製得之多重乳化粉粒。
以下實施例係出於說明目的而提供,而並不意欲限制本發明範圍。實施例 一、材料
二、實驗方法 水包油包水型多重乳液之製備
材料 | 來源 |
葵花油 | 佳格食品股份有限公司 |
PGPR | 呈定企業有限公司 |
明膠 | Sigma-Aldrich |
乳清濃縮蛋白 | 浩隆食品企業社 |
辛烯基琥珀酸酯澱粉 | 三將實業股份有限公司 |
羥丙基甲基纖維素 | 惠民製藥股份有限公司 |
海藻酸鈉 | Sigma-Aldrich |
阿拉伯膠 | 漢馨科技有限公司 |
MRS 培養基 | Difco |
瓊脂 | Pronadisa |
以二步法製備多重乳液,分別配置內水相、含有親油性界面活性劑的油相以及含有賦形劑的外水相(該賦形劑之配方如後「結果與討論」所述),配方如下表所示。
內水相(水) | 3% 明膠 |
2% 氯化鈉 | |
油相(葵花油) | 8% PGPR |
外水相(水) | 25% 賦形劑 |
將乳酸菌Lactobacillus casei
菌液以6000 rpm離心5分鐘,去除上清發酵液後,將沉澱物以等體積內水相回溶,以形成均質混合物。取1倍的均質混合物及對應1.5倍的油相,在均質機低轉速的條件下,將均質混合物加入油相,調高轉速到12000 rpm,均質3分鐘,為避免過程中乳酸菌死亡,在冰浴下進行均質,以形成油包水乳液。
取體積比2:8的油包水乳液和外水相,在均質機低轉速的條件下,將油包水乳液緩慢加入外水相中,調高轉速到8000 rpm,均質2分鐘,形成油包水包油型多重乳液。多重乳化粉粒化製程
將前述含有乳酸菌的水包油包水型多重乳液進行噴霧乾燥,入口/出口溫度為130°C/80°C,以形成多重乳化粉粒。製程結束後收集粉末秤重,計算粉末回收率(粉末回收率 = 噴霧乾燥回收桶粉末重量 / 噴乾前固形物重量),將粉末取樣塗盤進行活菌數分析,計算噴霧乾燥製程之菌體存活率。本文後述實驗皆使用前述包含乳酸菌之多重乳化粉粒,或稱「多重乳化劑型益生菌/多重乳化劑型乳酸菌」。動物模型
預試驗篩選
為協助確定何種配方之多重乳化劑型對益生菌的保護效果最佳,因此在腸胃道功效評估試驗之前,以糞便中益生菌變化為指標,進行預試驗。
動物實驗
選2月齡健康成年的雄性ICR小鼠,分成控制組、空白乳劑組、不同配方之多重乳化劑型益生菌組(外水相中賦形劑配方如後「結果與討論」中表3所述)以及未包覆益生菌組。每組10隻,各別口服投予蒸餾水(控制組)、空白乳劑(其配方與多重乳化劑型益生菌組相同,惟未包覆益生菌)、多重乳化劑型益生菌、以及未經包覆處理的益生菌。投予體積量為10 mL/kg. bw,而多重乳化劑型益生菌組以及未包覆益生菌組的活菌投予量則是1x108
cfu/kg.bw。投予試驗物質前一天(Pre-D1)及投予後第7天(D7)與第14天(D14)採集小鼠糞便進行益生菌分析。
正常模型
經預試驗後確定選用特定配方之乳化劑型,將多重乳化劑型益生菌對小鼠腸道功能改善評估試驗,本試驗並同時與未經包覆處理的益生菌及微膠囊包覆益生菌一起進行評估。
選2月齡健康成年的雄性ICR小鼠,分成控制組、空白乳劑組、多重乳化劑型益生菌組(外水相中賦形劑配方如後「結果與討論」中表3所述)、微膠囊包覆益生菌(外水相組成為大豆蛋白:海藻酸鈉=9:1,無油相,為一般乳化系統所製備的微膠囊)以及未包覆益生菌組。每組10隻,各別口服投予蒸餾水(控制組)、空白乳劑(其配方與多重乳化劑型益生菌組相同,惟未包覆益生菌)、多重乳化劑型益生菌、微膠囊劑型益生菌以及未經包覆處理的益生菌。投予體積量為10 mL/kg. bw,而多重乳化劑型益生菌、微膠囊劑型益生菌以及未包覆益生菌組的活菌投予量則是1x108
cfu/kg.bw。蒸餾水與試驗材料的投予是每日1次,連續3週。分別在投予試驗物質前1天(Pre-D1)及投予試驗物質後第3天(D3)、第7天(D7)與第14天(D14)分別收集小鼠糞便,進行糞便菌相分析。另外在投予試驗物質後第21天(D21)犧牲小鼠,收集小腸及盲腸以供腸道消化酶、盲腸菌叢、盲腸內容物酸鹼值、盲腸重量及即時聚合酶連鎖鏈反應等分析。
抗生素模型
對已接受廣效型抗生素投予的小鼠,再給予試驗物質,評估試驗物質對抗生素模型下小鼠腸胃功能之影響(參考文獻:Yang, LC, Lu, TJ, Lin, WC. The prebiotic arabinogalactan of Anoectochilus formosanus prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice.J Func Food
Oct 5(4); 1642-53)。
選2月齡健康成年的雄性ICR小鼠,分成控制組(未投予抗生素)、空白乳劑組、多重乳化劑型益生菌組(外水相中賦形劑配方如後「結果與討論」中表3所述)、微膠囊包覆益生菌組以及未包覆益生菌組。每組10隻,除控制組外,在投予試驗物質前於小鼠飲水中加入廣效型抗生素鏈黴素(streptomycin) 2 mg/mL為時7天。然後,各組小鼠分別投予蒸餾水(控制組)、空白乳劑、多重乳化劑型益生菌、微膠囊劑型益生菌以及未經包覆處理的益生菌。投予體積量為10 mL/kg. bw,而多重乳化劑型益生菌組、微膠囊劑型益生菌組以及未包覆益生菌組的活菌投予量則是1x108
cfu/kg.bw。蒸餾水與試驗物質的投予是每日1次,連續3週。分別在投予試驗物質前1天(Pre-D1)及投予試驗物質後第7天(D7)與第14天(D14)分別收集小鼠糞便,進行以及糞便菌相分析。另外在投予試驗物質後第21天(D21)犧牲小鼠,收集小腸及盲腸以供腸道消化酶、盲腸菌叢、盲腸內容物酸鹼值、盲腸重量及即時聚合酶連鎖鏈反應等分析。腸道消化酶分析
消化酶活性的測定,例如脂解酶(lipase)、白胺酸胺肽酶(leucine amino peptidase)及雙醣酶(disaccharidase)等之測定方法,詳如下述。
樣品處理:
犧牲後,取小鼠小腸片段,刮下腸黏膜(脂解酶活性測定不必刮下腸黏膜)。將0.2 g小腸或腸黏膜加入4°C、2 mL含蛋白酶抑制劑(1 M苯甲基磺醯氟(phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, PMSF)及2.2 mM碘乙酸(iodoacetic acid))及0.9% NaCl之溶液,以均質機均質化形成小腸均質液或腸黏膜均質液。
雙醣酶(disaccharidase)活性測定
目的:測定小腸雙醣類消化酶(麥芽糖酶與蔗糖酶)活性。
測定方法:基本上依據Dahlqvist, A.(Method for assay of intestinal disaccharidase.Anal. Biochem.
1964 Jan; 7: 18-25)所揭示的方法進行。詳言之,取30 μL的腸黏膜均質液加入15 μL的56 mM雙醣溶液(乳糖、麥芽糖或蔗糖)於37°C下作用30分鐘,再加入100 μL的0.6 N 氫氧化鈉溶液溶解細胞,再以10 μL的6 N鹽酸溶液中和腸黏膜均質液。取45 μL處理過後之腸黏膜均質液或葡萄糖標準液(0-40 mg/mL)與625 μL反應緩衝液(含50 mM三羥甲基氨基甲烷馬來酸酯(Tris-maleate)、33 mM 磷酸鉀鈉與30 mM MgCl2
,pH 6.8)、150 μL的1 mM ATP、150 μL的1 mM NADP、15 μL的330 IU/mL己醣激酶(EC 2.7.1.11)與 15 μL的170 IU/mL葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶(EC 1.1.1.49)於37°C下作用30分鐘。最後,將樣品置於冰浴上以終止其反應。反應開始時以分光光度計於340 nm波長下測定得吸光值A1,反應30分鐘後測得吸光值A2,△A = A2 - A1即為NADPH的變化量(增加量),以NADPH變化量推算葡萄糖的濃度(參照Randox GL 1611試劑套組說明書),並以改良的Lowry方法(Peterson, G.L.(1977) A simplification of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable.Anal. Biochem.
83:346-356.)測定樣品中蛋白質含量,而雙醣酶活性以 IU/mg蛋白質表示之。
脂解酶(lipase)活性測定
目的:測定小腸內脂質消化酶活性。
測定方法:基本上依據Verduin, PA等人(Studies of the determination of lipase activity.Clin Chim Acta.
1973 Jun 14; 46(1):11-9.)所揭示的方法進行。詳言之,用市售試劑組(Sigma Lipase-PSTM
)測定。將900 μL受質溶液(含1.1 mM 1,2-甘油二酯、2 mM N-乙基-N-(2-羥基-3-磺丙基)-間甲酸鈉、0.66 mM ATP、860 U/L 單甘油酯脂解酶、1340 U/L甘油激酶、40,000 U/L 3-磷酸甘油氧化酶、1340 U/L辣根過氧化酶、40,000 U/L輔脂酶與緩衝液)加至15 μL之小腸均質液或標準液(附於試劑組)中,於37°C下作用3至5分鐘,再加入300 μL活化劑(含36 mM去氧膽酸、6 mM 4-胺安替比林(4-aminoantipyrine)、0.05% 疊氮化鈉與緩衝液),於37°C下作用3分鐘後,以分光光度計於550 nm波長下測定2分鐘,並以改良的Lowry方法測定樣品中蛋白質含量,而脂解酶活性以 KU/mg蛋白質表示之。
白胺酸胺肽酶(leucine aminopeptidase, LAP)活性測定
目的:測定小腸絨毛刷狀緣膜上蛋白質消化酶活性。
測定方法:基本上參照Martinek, PG等人(Simplified estimation of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity.Clin. Chem.
1964 Dec; 10:1087-97.)所揭示的方法進行。詳言之,以市售試劑組(Sigma Diagnostics® LAP)測定。取0.5 mL腸黏膜均質液,混合0.5 mL LAP受質溶液(20 mg/dL L-白胺醯萘胺(L-leucyl-β-naphthylamine)溶於磷酸緩衝液,pH 7.1),於37°C下作用1小時,再加入0.5 mL的2 N HCl,1.5 mL處理過後之腸黏膜液或1.5 mL標準液(0-12 Sigma unit/mL)與0.5 mL亞硝酸鈉溶液,於室溫下作用3分鐘後,混合1.0 mL 0.5% (w/v)氨基磺酸銨,於室溫下作用3分鐘,再加入2.0 mL N-1-萘乙二胺酒精溶液,於室溫下作用45分鐘後,以分光光度計於580 nm波長下測定吸光值,並以改良的Lowry方法測定樣品中蛋白質含量,而白胺酸胺基之酶活性以Sigma unit/mg蛋白質表示。1 Sigma unit定義為於37°C、pH 7.1下,每1小時生成1莫爾萘胺的酶量。
判定:以上各項中之任一者有改善,即表示可改善胃腸消化之功能。盲腸菌叢分析
依試驗設計時間點,收集小鼠新鮮糞便,分析本試驗採用益生菌種在糞便中的數目。小鼠犧牲時,收集其盲腸內容物檢測腸內菌相內容,包含本試驗採用益生菌種及檢測1種有害(或無益)菌:產氣莢膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens
)。
取樣及均質方法
以按摩方式收集糞便於密閉容器內(約3至10顆),秤量糞便重量後,以1:9 (w/w)的比例在厭氧操作箱內加入無菌厭氧稀釋液(0.1% 蛋白腖溶液),然後震盪混合成均質的糞便懸浮液。而小鼠經餵養試驗後,麻醉,解剖,取出盲腸內容物,秤取約1 g,加入含9 mL無菌厭氧稀釋液之試管中,震盪混合成均質液(健康食品之胃腸功能改善評估方法. 880802衛署食字第88037803號公告; 920829衛署食字第0920401629號公告修正;及Yang, LC, Lu, TJ, Lin, WC. The prebiotic arabinogalactan of Anoectochilus formosanus prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice.J Func Food
Oct 5(4); 1642-53)。
取糞便或盲腸均質液,在厭氧操作箱內以厭氧稀釋液進行一系列十倍稀釋。取適當稀釋倍數,以表面塗抹法(spread plate method)加入培養基中,置於厭氧操作箱或於 37°C 培養24至72小時,計數菌落數。
本試驗採用益生菌種的培養基,將採用該菌種的選擇性培養基來培養。
依據ISO 7937(2004 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — Horizontal method for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens — Colony-count technique)產氣莢膜梭菌計數的水準法,產氣莢膜梭菌係以蔗糖亞硫酸鹽環糊精 (tryptose sulfite cycloserine, TSC)瓊脂培養基培養。
判定:若盲腸或糞便的益生菌明顯增加,以及產氣莢膜梭菌減少或無明顯變化者,則稱之具改善腸內細菌相功能。統計分析
實驗所得數據均以單尾變異數分析(one-way analysis of variance),並進行Dunnet或是Duncan測試,以p值小於0.05認為有顯著意義。三、結果與討論 多重乳化系統建立
於本實驗中,將乳酸菌Lactobacillus casei
搭配包含不同賦形劑之外水相,以前述方法製備成不同油包水包油型多重乳液,續將其進行噴霧乾燥以製備粉體型態乳酸菌產品(即多重乳化粉粒),藉此探討不同賦形劑對於噴霧乾燥粉末回收率和粉體活菌數之影響。外水相所添加之賦形劑配方如下表1所示。於表1及後文中,乳清濃縮蛋白簡稱WPC,辛烯基琥珀酸酯修飾澱粉簡稱修飾澱粉或OSA。
由表1可知,外水相中僅添加單純乳清濃縮蛋白之組別的粉末中乳酸菌的粉末回收率不佳(小於10%)。若以乳清濃縮蛋白搭配修飾澱粉,可提升粉末回收率。由表1可知,單純乳清濃縮蛋白組別、以及乳清濃縮蛋白與修飾澱粉比例為2:1的組別,其粉末菌數較高,噴霧乾燥製程乳酸菌存活率(存活率 = 粉末菌數 / 噴乾前菌數)較高,菌數下降小於2 log CFU/g,菌數大於6×107
CFU/g。綜合比較粉末回收率以及粉末菌數的結果,顯示乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉為2:1的組別為較佳的配方,因此後續選擇此配方進行實驗。
表1:賦形劑配方針對粉末菌數、乳酸菌存活率及回收率之影響
賦形劑 | 粉末菌數(cfu/g) | 乳酸菌存活率(%) | 粉末回收率(%) |
WPC | 6.00E+07 | 3.8 | 6.25 |
WPC:OSA=2:1 | 6.48E+07 | 3.2 | 28.8 |
WPC:OSA=1:1 | 5.38E+06 | 0.22 | 32.0 |
WPC:OSA=1:2 | 5.20E+06 | 0.38 | 24.2 |
OSA | 2.23E+07 | 1.5 | 25.4 |
選定乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉為 2:1 為主要配方後,於外水相中將賦形劑總重之5%以額外賦形劑取代(亦即乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉:額外賦形劑=38:19:3),探討不同種類之額外賦形劑(如下表2所示)對於噴霧乾燥粉末回收率和粉體活菌數之影響。
如表2所示,僅使用乳清濃縮蛋白及修飾澱粉(且其比例為2:1)的組別、以及將賦形劑總重之5%以不同種類之額外賦形劑取代的組別,粉末回收率為20%至32%。如表2所示,由粉末活菌數分析結果顯示,以羥丙基甲基纖維素和海藻酸鈉作為額外賦形劑的組別較佳,粉末菌數可達 9×107
CFU/g 和 8×107
CFU/g。如表2所示,分析噴霧乾燥製程乳酸菌存活率,以羥丙基甲基纖維素作為額外賦形劑的組別,其乳酸菌存活率達7.5%,保護效果最佳;以明膠作為額外賦形劑的組別,其乳酸菌存活率為5.8%,保護效果次佳。由於許多配方組別在噴霧乾燥時,對於乳酸菌皆有一定的保護效果以及回收率,因此,選擇配方設計中粉末活菌數大於107
CFU/g之組別進行後續研究。
表2:賦形劑配方針對粉末菌數、乳酸菌存活率及回收率之影響
賦形劑 | 粉末菌數 (cfu/g) | 乳酸菌存活率(%) | 回收率(%) |
WPC:OSA=2:1 | 6.48E+07 | 3.2 | 28.8 |
WPC:OSA:HPMC=38:19:3 | 9.17E+07 | 7.5 | 19.9 |
WPC:OSA:海藻酸鈉=38:19:3 | 8.10E+07 | 4.4 | 26.5 |
WPC:OSA:明膠=38:19:3 | 6.95E+07 | 5.8 | 32.1 |
WPC:OSA:阿拉伯膠=38:19:3 | 5.22E+07 | 2.3 | 24.9 |
為測定多重乳化系統包埋乳酸菌粉末(即乳酸菌多重乳化粉粒)之穩定性,將多重乳化粉粒樣品放置於4°C進行穩定性分析。圖1顯示放置於4°C之結果,各組別之起始菌數皆大於107
CFU/g。14天後測定活菌數,各組別之活菌數的下降幅度皆小於0.3 log cfu/g,其中存活率最低的組別為賦形劑僅使用修飾澱粉之組別,其存活率仍維持50%以上。28天後測定活菌數,相較於起始菌數,賦形劑僅使用修飾澱粉之組別的存活率為64%,其餘組別之存活率皆高於64%。所有組別於4°C下放置28天後,活菌數皆高於2×107
CFU/g,顯示以多重乳化系統包埋乳酸菌粉末之穩定性高。
針對前述多重乳化粉粒回溶於水中進行耐受性分析,將多重乳化粉回溶到水中,再加入胃酸和膽鹽模擬液,分析一定時間後的乳酸菌存活率。在耐胃酸部分,分析結果如圖2A所示,其中多重乳化粉粒各組別活菌數下降範圍介於0.7 log cfu/g至3.2 log cfu/g;耐膽鹽測試部分,分析結果如圖2B所示,其中多重乳化粉粒各組別活菌數下降範圍小於 1.0 log cfu/g。和未包埋組(菌數下降皆大於10 log cfu/g)以及微膠囊包覆組別相比,顯示多重乳化粉粒具有良好的保護效果,且所有配方組別在4°C放置28天後,活菌數皆高於 2×107
CFU/g,顯示本發明多重乳化粉粒之粉末穩定性高。動物實驗
預實驗
以包覆乳酸菌的多重乳化粉粒(外水相中賦形劑配方如下表3所示)以及空白之多重乳化粉粒分別連續口服投予小鼠14天。在試驗前一天(Pre-D1)與投予後第7天(D7)及第14天(D14)收集小鼠糞便進行塗盤,分析糞便中乳酸菌的數目。如下表4所示,組別5在第7天糞便中乳酸菌數即有顯著增加的情形。在第14天時,未包埋組(L. casei
培養液)和組別2至7其糞便中乳酸菌的含量較其空白乳劑均有顯著增加,其中以配方5至7的菌數增加最多。
表3:外水相中賦形劑配方
表 4:投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中乳酸菌數目的影響
*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001
正常小鼠模型試驗
1 | 乳清濃縮蛋白 |
2 | 乳清濃縮蛋白:辛烯基琥珀酸修飾澱粉=2:1 |
3 | 修飾澱粉 |
4 | 乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉:羥丙甲纖維素=38:19:3 |
5 | 乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉:海藻酸鈉=38:19:3 |
6 | 乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉:明膠=38:19:3 |
7 | 乳清濃縮蛋白:修飾澱粉:阿拉伯膠=38:19:3 |
組別 | Pre-D1 (CFU/g) | D7 (CFU/g) | D14 (CFU/g) |
去離子水 | 7.41 ± 0.08 | 7.40 ± 0.20 | 7.52 ± 0.30 |
L. casei 培養液 | 7.45.± 0.11 | 7.58 ± 0.11 | 7.94 ± 0.13* |
1 | 7.43 ± 0.11 | 7.60 ± 0.13 | 7.81 ± 0.13 |
2 | 7.49 ± 0.19 | 7.56 ± 0.11 | 7.99 ± 0.12* |
3 | 7.41 ± 0.08 | 7.60 ± 0.13 | 7.82 ± 0.36* |
4 | 7.40 ± 0.24 | 7.64 ± 0.16 | 7.90 ± 0.20* |
5 | 7.51 ± 0.22 | 7.70 ± 0.10* | 8.40 ± 0.09*** |
6 | 7.43 ± 0.15 | 7.58 ± 0.05 | 8.01 ± 0.12** |
7 | 7.49 ± 0.13 | 7.68 ± 0.17 | 8.18 ± 0.08 *** |
在正常小鼠模型試驗中,組別5可快速且顯著提升小鼠糞便(圖3A)及盲腸內容物(圖3B)中乳酸菌的數目、小鼠糞便(圖4A)及盲腸內容物(圖4B)中雙岐桿菌數目,以及減少小鼠糞便(圖5A)及盲腸內容物(圖5B)中產氣夾膜梭菌數目,並且增加腸道麥芽糖酶(maltolase) (圖6A)、蔗糖酶(sucrase) (圖6B)、白胺酸胺肽酶(Leucine aminopeptidase) (圖6C)和脂解酶(Lipase) (圖6D)的消化酶活性。
於前述正常模型中,小鼠投予試驗物質的時間長達3周,在這期間並未觀察到任何毒性反應,各種試驗物質對小鼠體重也無明顯的影響。在腸道菌叢生態方面,投予包覆乳酸菌的多重乳化粉粒以及微膠囊,均能提升腸道中乳酸菌、雙岐桿菌的數目,但僅包覆乳酸菌的多重乳化粉粒能顯著減少腸道中壞菌(產氣夾膜梭菌的數目)。然而,雖然投予試驗物質能改善腸道菌叢生態,但其主要的影響因子應為乳酸菌。由於乳酸菌主要定殖的位置在小腸,而非盲腸,推測這可能是盲腸數值不受試驗物質影響的原因。
前述試驗所使用之乳酸菌L. casei
是一支具澱粉分解活性的乳酸菌,因此在腸道消化酶活性試驗中可以發現,投予菌液、多重乳化粉粒或微膠囊等試驗物質,均能提高腸黏膜中雙醣分解酶的活性,且酶活性的表現和腸道乳酸菌數有正向關係。此外,投予包覆乳酸菌多重乳化粉粒的組別,其對各類型消化酶的提升最高,顯示本發明之多重乳化粉粒可顯著促進乳酸菌數目。
抗生素小鼠模型試驗
在抗生素小鼠模型試驗中,預先投予廣效性抗生素使糞便中乳酸菌數大幅下降後,組別5可快速且顯著提升小鼠糞便(圖7A)及盲腸內容物(圖7B)中乳酸菌的數目、小鼠糞便(圖8A)及盲腸內容物(圖8B)中雙岐桿菌數目,以及降低小鼠糞便(圖9A)及盲腸內容物(圖9B)中產氣夾膜梭菌數目的提升速率,並且增加腸道麥芽糖酶(圖10A)、蔗糖酶(圖10B)、白胺酸胺肽酶(圖10C)和脂解酶(圖10D)的消化酶活性。
圖7至9顯示抗生素的處理會顯著降低小鼠腸道乳酸菌、雙岐桿菌、產氣夾膜梭菌的數目;然而,停止給予抗生素並投予試驗物質後,不論是空白劑型組或是含乳酸菌的組別,在乳酸菌、雙岐桿菌、產氣夾膜梭菌等的數目都有逐漸回復的情況發生。其中投予多重乳化劑型包覆乳酸菌(即多重乳化粉粒)的組別,其在腸道乳酸菌、雙岐桿菌生長的恢復情況均較其他組別來的快;同時可能因為益生菌恢復較佳,因此在產氣夾膜梭菌的結果發現,投予多重乳化劑型包覆乳酸菌的組別其增加速度較慢。
在抗生素模型中,乳酸菌多重乳化粉粒會影響雙岐桿菌生長,但在正常模型小鼠試驗中沒有發現該情況。推測可能是因為抗生素投予後,大部分的細菌生長均受抑制,然而投予乳酸菌多重乳化粉粒可改善腸道環境,使環境有益於其他益生菌如雙岐桿菌的生長。
腸道酶分析的結果顯示,多重乳化劑型包覆益生菌的組別,可以增進雙醣分解酶、脂解酶、蛋白質水解酶的活性,此結果或可與小鼠體重變化相呼應。於腸道酶分析過程中,一併記錄小鼠體重如下表5所示。抗生素投予後,小鼠體重均下降,之後體重逐漸恢復。然而投予多重乳化劑型包覆益生菌7天後,小鼠體重即恢復至與未處理抗生素小鼠的體重相當,推測原因可能與該試驗物質改善腸道營養素消化吸收有關。
表5:
組別 | 抗生素投予 | 第0週體重(g) | 第1週體重(g) | 第2週體重(g) | 第3週體重(g) | 第4週體重(g) |
去離子水 | - | 34.5 ± 1.8 | 38.4 ± 1.1 | 39.7 ± 1.7 | 40.5 ± 1.8 | 40.8 ± 1.6 |
去離子水 | + | 34.7 ± 1.1 | 36.0 ± 1.6 | 37.1 ± 2.1 | 37.6 ± 1.6 | 38.0 ± 1.3 |
多重乳液#5 | + | 34.4 ± 1.7 | 36.0 ± 1.8 | 37.3 ± 1.6 | 37.5 ± 1.5 | 38.9 ± 1.7 |
微膠囊 | + | 34.8 ± 1.5 | 35.8 ± 1.4 | 37.0 ± 1.5 | 37.2 ± 2.1 | 38.8 ± 2.2 |
L. casei 培養液 | + | 34.3 ± 1.9 | 36.6 ± 1.8 | 37.7 ± 2.2 | 38.1 ± 1.9 | 38.6 ± 2.8 |
多重乳液#5 +L. casei | + | 34.6 ± 1.9 | 35.7 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 1.3 | 39.7 ± 1.2 | 40.6 ± 2.1 |
微膠囊+L. casei | + | 34.5 ± 1.6 | 36.3 ± 1.3 | 38.7 ± 1.5 | 38.9 ± 1.5 | 39.3 ± 1.1 |
糞便或盲腸內容物塗盤試驗均只能分析乳酸菌數目,無法得知該乳酸菌是小鼠自身腸道乳酸菌增殖或是由投予試驗物質後定殖在體內。然利用定量及時聚合酶反應,利用L. casei
特異性引子可以追蹤L. casei
在腸道定殖的情況。除空白劑型組與控制組外,每組小鼠投予固定菌數的L. casei
聚合酶反應的結果如圖11A及11B所示,結果顯示投予L. casei
後,該菌株可在腸道定殖。其中多重乳化劑型與微膠囊劑型包覆的組別之菌株定殖情況良好,與未經包覆的菌液相比可達顯著差異,推測應該是包覆劑型發揮保護目標物質通過胃酸、膽鹽等功效所致。
參照上述,藉小鼠腸道菌叢分布、腸道消化酶活性、盲腸生理數據、聚合酶反應等胃腸生理活性相關指標試驗項目,確認本發明之多重乳化粉粒確實能針對益生菌(例如乳酸菌)等活性成分發揮保護的效能,進而能提升腸胃道生理活性。
上述實施例僅為說明本發明之原理及其功效,而非限制本發明。習於此技術之人士對上述實施例所做之修改及變化仍不違背本發明之精神。本發明之權利範圍應如後述之申請專利範圍所列。
圖1顯示乳酸菌多重乳化粉粒之4°C穩定性分析結果。
圖2A顯示多重乳化粉粒回溶於水中之耐胃酸分析結果。
圖2B顯示多重乳化粉粒回溶於水中之耐膽鹽分析結果。
圖3A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中乳酸菌數目之經時變化(D3、D7、D14)。
圖3B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)盲腸內容物中所含乳酸菌數之影響。
圖4A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中雙岐桿菌數目之經時變化(D3、D7、D14)。
圖4B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)小鼠盲腸內容物中所含雙岐桿菌數之影響。
圖5A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中產氣夾膜梭菌數目之經時變化(D3、D7、D14)。
圖5B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)小鼠盲腸內容物中所含雙岐桿菌數之影響。
圖6A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道麥芽糖酶之影響。
圖6B顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道蔗糖酶之影響。
圖6C顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道白胺酸胺肽酶之影響。
圖6D顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道脂解酶之影響。
圖7A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中乳酸菌數目之經時變化(Pre-D1、D7、D14)。
圖7B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)小鼠盲腸內容物中所含乳酸菌數之影響。
圖8A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中雙岐桿菌數目之經時變化(Pre-D1、D7、D14)。
圖8B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)小鼠盲腸內容物中所含雙岐桿菌數之影響。
圖9A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠糞便中產氣夾膜梭菌數目之經時變化(Pre-D1、D7、D14)。
圖9B顯示投予試驗物質對試驗終了時(D21)小鼠盲腸內容物中所含產氣夾膜梭菌數之影響。
圖10A顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道麥芽糖酶之影響。
圖10B顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道蔗糖酶之影響。
圖10C顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道白胺酸胺肽酶之影響。
圖10D顯示投予試驗物質對小鼠腸道脂解酶之影響。
圖11A顯示投予試驗物質對正常模型小鼠之盲腸內容物中L. casei
基因表現量之影響。
圖11B顯示投予試驗物質對抗生素模型小鼠之盲腸內容物中L. casei
基因表現量之影響。
Claims (18)
- 一種製備水包油包水型多重乳液之方法,其包含: (a) 將活性成分與內水相混合形成均質混合物; (b) 將該均質混合物與油相混合形成油包水乳液; (c) 將該油包水乳液與外水相混合形成該水包油包水型多重乳液,其中該外水相包含水及賦形劑,其中該賦形劑包含乳清濃縮蛋白及修飾澱粉。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該活性成分係為益生菌。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中該益生菌係選自由嗜酸乳桿菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus )、比菲德氏菌(Bifidobacterium species )、乾酪乳酸菌(Lactobacillus casei )、洛德乳桿菌(Lactobacillus reuteri )、乳雙岐桿菌(Bifidobacterium lactis )、長雙岐桿菌(Bifidobacterium longum )及其任意組合所組成之群組。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該內水相包含水及賦形劑。
- 如請求項4之方法,其中該賦形劑係選自由羥丙基甲基纖維素(hydroxypropylmethylcellulose)、羧甲基纖維素(carboxymethyl cellulose)、海藻酸鈉(sodium alginate)、明膠(gelatin)、阿拉伯膠(gum arabic)、酪蛋白酸鈉(sodium caseinate)、大豆蛋白(soy protein)及其任意組合所組成之群組。
- 如請求項4之方法,其中該內水相進一步包含鹽類。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中該鹽類係選自由氯化鈉、氯化鉀、氯化銨、硫酸鈉、硫酸鎂、硫酸鉀、硫酸鈣、蘋果酸鈉、檸檬酸鈉、檸檬酸二鈉、檸檬酸二氫鈉、檸檬酸二氫鉀、磷酸二氫鈉、磷酸二氫鉀、磷酸氫二鈉、磷酸氫二鉀及其任意組合所組成之群組。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該油相包含植物油及親油性界面活性劑。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中該植物油係選自由葵花油、大豆油、橄欖油、芥花油、亞麻籽油及棕櫚油所組成之群組。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中該親油性界面活性劑係選自由聚甘油蓖麻醇酸酯、卵磷脂、糖酯、乳化蠟聚甘油脂肪酸酯、聚山梨酯、甘油單酸酯、甘油二酸酯及其任意組合所組成之群組。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該乳清濃縮蛋白與該修飾澱粉之重量比為4:1至1:4。
- 如請求項11之方法,其中該乳清濃縮蛋白與該修飾澱粉之重量比為2:1。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該外水相中之該賦形劑另包含選自由羥丙基甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素、海藻酸鈉、明膠、阿拉伯膠、酪蛋白酸鈉、大豆蛋白及其任意組合所組成之群的額外賦形劑。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該額外賦形劑係為羥丙基甲基纖維素。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中以該賦形劑之總重量計,該乳清濃縮蛋白之重量百分比為55~70%、該修飾澱粉之重量百分比為25~35%,及該額外賦形劑之重量百分比為1~10%。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該乳清濃縮蛋白、該修飾澱粉及該額外賦形劑之重量比為38:19:3。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其進一步包含: (d) 噴霧乾燥該水包油包水型多重乳液,以獲得多重乳化粉粒。
- 一種組合物,係由請求項1至17中任一項之方法所製得。
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