TWI636795B - 使用放射敏感劑放射敏感化腫瘤之方法 - Google Patents
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- TWI636795B TWI636795B TW104129698A TW104129698A TWI636795B TW I636795 B TWI636795 B TW I636795B TW 104129698 A TW104129698 A TW 104129698A TW 104129698 A TW104129698 A TW 104129698A TW I636795 B TWI636795 B TW I636795B
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Abstract
本發明係關於使用PARP抑制劑作為腫瘤放射敏感劑治療癌症之方法。具體而言,本發明係關於使用式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式放射敏感化腫瘤之方法。
本發明亦係關於用於放射敏感化腫瘤之PARP抑制劑之醫藥組合物。
Description
本發明係關於使用PARP抑制劑作為腫瘤放射敏感劑治療癌症之方法。具體而言,本發明係關於使用式(I)化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式放射敏感化腫瘤之方法。
本發明亦係關於用於放射敏感化腫瘤之PARP抑制劑之醫藥組合物。
放射係藉由產生DNA鏈缺口誘發細胞損傷之細胞毒性治療方式。聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶1(PARP-1)係細胞核鋅指DNA結合蛋白質,其藉由DNA放射誘發之損傷及修復活化且與DNA放射誘發之損傷及修復有關。PARP結合至DNA鏈缺口,其可起防止DNA鏈缺口受核酸酶侵襲或重組之作用。由於PARP起幫助DNA修復之作用,所以抑制劑具有增強細胞毒性劑化學敏感性及放射敏感性之潛力(Curtin,2005)。
治療失敗及癌症死亡率之最重要原因係放射/化學抵抗性。克服癌細胞對細胞毒性劑抵抗性之試劑可能係癌症治療成功之關鍵因素。直至最近,PARP抑制劑在治療上作為化學及放射敏感劑之潛在應用仍受限於該等試劑之效力、選擇性及醫藥特性(Griffin等人,1998;Bowman等人,1998;Bowman等人,2001;Chen及Pan,1998;Delany等人,2000;Griffin等人,1995;Lui等人,1999)。最近,已研發出更具效力及選擇性之PARP抑制劑(苯并咪唑-4-甲醯胺及喹唑啉-4-[3H]-酮),其在使用人類或鼠科動物白血病、淋巴瘤至中樞神經系統之轉移、結腸、肺及乳腺癌試劑之腫瘤模型時顯示在活體外及活體內增強放射作用及諸如喜樹鹼(CPT)、托泊替康(topotecan)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、順鉑、依託泊苷(etoposide)、博萊黴素(bleomycin)、BCNU及替莫唑胺(temozolomide)(TMZ)等化學治療劑作用之能力(Griffin等人,1998;Bowman等人,1998;Bowman等人,2001;Chen及Pan,1998;Delany等人,2000;Griffin等人,195;Lui等人,1999;Tentori等人,2002)。能夠敏感化腫瘤細胞適合不同種類化學治療劑及/或放射作用之PARP抑制劑可提高既定癌症治療之成功率。
PARP-1係116kD細胞核鋅指DNA結合蛋白質,其使用NAD+作為受質將ADP-核糖轉移至諸如組蛋白聚合酶、連接酶及PARP本身(自身修飾)等受體蛋白質上(Griffin等人,1998;Tentori等人,2002;Baldwin等人,2002)。PARP-1屬於當前包括18個成員之蛋白質家族,該等成員中PARP-1及PARP-2係藉由DNA損傷活化之唯一酵素(Curtin,2005;Tentori等人,2002)。PARP-2之活化亦可誘發促炎活性(Jagtap及Szabo,2005),此表明抑制腫瘤細胞中之PARP-2可具有額外治療益處。雖然藉由各種PARP同型異構體調節之病理生理及生理過程係大量研究之課題(Ame等人,2004),但是該家族中經最佳定性之成員及在腫瘤學中發現目標治療藥物之努力之主要焦點係PARP-1。
PARP在許多不同生物過程之調節中起作用,該等生物過程包括在轉錄水平之蛋白質表現、複製及分化、端粒末端轉移酶活性及細胞骨架組織。然而,正是PARP在DNA修復及保持基因組完整性中所起之作用使得使用PARP抑制劑作為化學/放射敏感劑受到關注(Smith,2001)。此作用經由使用PARP-1缺陷細胞闡釋,當暴露於電離放射或用烷基化劑治療時,PARP-1缺陷細胞顯示延遲之鹼基切除修復及高頻率姐妹染色單體互換。此外,與野生型小鼠相比,高劑量電離放射及烷基化劑引起PARP-1缺陷小鼠較高之致死率(Smith,2001;Virag及Szabo,2002)。
在PARP家族成員中,PARP-1(及PARP-2)特異性地藉由DNA鏈缺口修復活化且與DNA鏈缺口修復有關,該DNA鏈缺口直接由電離放射造成或在由於甲基化劑、拓撲異構酶I抑制劑及其他諸如順鉑及博萊黴素等化學治療劑之DNA損害之酶促修復後間接造成(Griffin等人,1998;Delany等人,2000;Tentori等人,2002;de Murcia等人,1997)。大量生物化學及基因證據表明PARP-1在亞致死程度DNA損傷後之修復及細胞存活中起作用。而且,如藉由PARP-1剔除小鼠所例示,在無DNA損傷存在下PARP-1對細胞存活之功能並不重要,此使得抑制PARP-1成為供化學及/放射療法使用之潛在可行之治療策略(Delany等人,2000;Burkle等人,1993)。
諸如3-胺基苯甲醯胺、煙醯胺及有關衍生物等較早代的PARP-1抑制劑可在人類及鼠科動物腫瘤模型中活體外及活體內增強放射、博萊黴素、CPT、順鉑及TMZ之活體外及活體內細胞毒性活性二者。該等化合物在效力、選擇性及傳遞能力方面之內在限制使得不可能將活體外及活體內所觀察到之抗腫瘤功效增強明確歸因於PARP-1抑制,尤其對該等分子之非特異性活性之抑制(Griffin等人,1998;Griffin等人,1995;Masuntani等人,2000;Kato等人,1988)。該等問題在更
具效力及選擇性之結構種類PARP-1抑制劑(包括各種苯并咪唑-4-甲醯胺及喹唑啉-4-[3H]-酮衍生物)之研發中係有影響力的。使用人類及鼠科動物腫瘤模型二者之活體外及活體內分析揭示該等化合物能夠增強化學治療劑之功效(Griffin等人,1998;Bowman等人,1998;Bowman等人,2001;Chen及Pan,1998;Delany等人,2000;Griffin等人,1995;Liu等人,1999)。
公佈於2001年11月15日之PCT公開案WO 2001085686揭示具有PARP抑制活性之咔唑化合物。
當前需要發現並研發具有對PARP之高選擇性、高效力、改良之傳遞能力及改良之耐受性性質之PARP抑制劑作為放射敏感劑以治療癌症。
本發明提供使用4-甲氧基-咔唑藉由活體內抑制PARP-1達成腫瘤放射敏感化之方法。該方法包括式(Ia)之4-甲氧基-咔唑:
及其前藥(較佳為其曼尼希(Mannich)鹼前藥)以提供溶解性及穩定性且幫助活體內傳遞活性藥物7-甲氧基-1,2,3,11-四氫-5,11-二氮雜-苯并[a]三茚-4,6-二酮。
本發明進一步提供藉由將式(I)之放射敏感劑
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式投與至患有癌症之哺乳動物並向該哺乳動物組織施加電離放射治療癌症之方法,其中X係H或如本文所定義之前藥部分基團。
本發明之另一目的係提供包含本發明化合物之醫藥組合物,其中該等組合物包含一或多種醫藥上可接受之賦形劑及治療有效量之至少一種本發明化合物或其醫藥上可接受之鹽或酯形式。
本發明之又一目的係提供式(II)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供式(I)化合物用於製備治療癌症之藥劑的用途。
本發明之該等及其他目的、特徵及優點將在該專利揭示內容之以下詳細說明中予以揭示。
圖1:顯示使用放射抵抗性U87MG惡性膠質瘤異種移植物曼尼希鹼前藥與放射之組合對腫瘤生長延遲之效果。
圖2:用組合療法之效果程度比僅用放射療法或前藥之可比方案所達成之效果程度強。
圖3:在裸小鼠中之U87MG人類惡性膠質瘤異種移植物中實例7之放射敏感化效果(未經最佳化之方案)。
圖4顯示包括在本發明範疇內之化合物及至其之前體之合成示意圖。
圖5:在裸小鼠中之U87MG人類惡性膠質瘤異種移植物中口服投與實例7之放射敏感化效果。
在第一實施例中,本發明提供藉由將式(I)之放射敏感劑
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式投與至患有癌症之哺乳動物並向該哺乳動物組織施加電離放射治療癌症之方法,其中X係H或前藥部分基團。
在一較佳實施例中,該放射敏感劑係存在於該組織內或靠近該組織以提高該所施加之電離放射轉化為局部治療效果之效率。
在一較佳實施例中,該放射敏感劑係以有效放射敏感化癌細胞之量存在。
在一較佳實施例中,該組織之電離放射係以有效破壞該等細胞之放射劑量實施。
在一較佳實施例中,對於指定癌症類型,該電離放射係臨床上
可接受或經推薦之放射治療方案。
在一較佳實施例中,該癌症係惡性的。
在一較佳實施例中,該癌症係良性的。
在一較佳實施例中,該前藥部分基團係選自由-CH2NR1R2、-CH2OC(=O)R3、-CH2OP(=O)(OH)2及-C(=O)R4組成之群;其中,R1 係H或C1-4烷基;R2 係H或C1-4烷基;另一選擇為,R1及R2連同其所連接之氮原子形成選自吡咯基、吡咯啶基、六氫吡啶基、嗎啉基、硫嗎啉基及哌嗪基之雜環基,其中該雜環基視情況經C1-4烷基取代;R3 係選自由以下組成之群:-C1-4烷基-NR1R2、-C1-4烷基-OR5、吡啶基、-苯基(CH2NR1R2)及-CH(R6)NH2;R4 係選自由-O-(C1-4烷基)-NR1R2、-O-(C1-4烷基)-OR5及-CH(R6)NH2組成之群;R5 係H或C1-4烷基;且R6 係天然存在胺基酸之側鏈。
在一較佳實施例中,該前藥部分基團係-CH2NR1R2,R1係H或C1-4烷基;R2係H或C1-4烷基;及另一選擇為,R1及R2連同其所連接之氮原子形成選自吡咯基、吡咯啶基、六氫吡啶基、嗎啉基、硫嗎啉基及哌嗪基之雜環基,其中該雜環基視情況經C1-4烷基取代。
在一較佳實施例中,該前藥部分基團係曼尼希鹼。
在一較佳實施例中,該曼尼希鹼係選自4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基甲基-、嗎啉-4-基甲基-及5-二乙基胺基甲基-。
在一較佳實施例中,該曼尼希鹼係4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基甲基。
在一較佳實施例中,投與途徑係靜脈內、皮下、口服或腹膜腔
內。
在一較佳實施例中,投與途徑係靜脈內。
在一較佳實施例中,癌症係選自頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、星形細胞瘤、少突神經膠質瘤、少突星形細胞瘤、腦脊髓膜瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、軟組織肉瘤、骨肉瘤、在cns處之血液惡性腫瘤、乳腺癌(導管原位癌)、甲狀腺癌(乳頭狀及濾泡狀)、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、肝細胞癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、膽管肉瘤、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金(Hodgkins)及非霍奇金類型)、白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)及膀胱癌。
在一較佳實施例中,癌症係選自頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金及非霍奇金類型)及白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明提供藉由投與式7-甲氧基-1,2,3,11-四氫-5,11-二氮雜-苯并[a]三茚-4,6-二酮之放射敏感劑治療癌症之方法。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明提供藉由投與式7-甲氧基-1,2,3,11-四氫-5,11-二氮雜-苯并[a]三茚-4,6-二酮之放射敏感劑治療癌症之方法。
在第二實施例中,本發明提供用於放射敏感化癌細胞之醫藥組合物,該醫藥組合物包含放射敏感化量之式(I)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式(其中X係H或前藥部分基團)及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
在一較佳實施例中,該前藥部分基團係選自由-CH2NR1R2、-CH2OC(=O)R3、-CH2OP(=O)(OH)2及-C(=O)R4組成之群;R1 係H或C1-4烷基;R2 係H或C1-4烷基;另一選擇為,R1及R2連同其所連接之氮原子形成選自吡咯基、吡咯啶基、六氫吡啶基、嗎啉基、硫嗎啉基及哌嗪基之雜環基,其中該雜環基視情況經C1-4烷基取代;R3 係選自由以下組成之群:-C1-4烷基-NR1R2、-C1-4烷基-OR5、吡啶基、-苯基(CH2NR1R2)及-CH(R6)NH2;R4 係選自由-O-(C1-4烷基)-NR1R2、-O-(C1-4烷基)-OR5及-CH(R6)NH2組成之群;R5 係H或C1-4烷基;且R6 係天然存在胺基酸之側鏈。
在一較佳實施例中,該前藥部分基團係-CH2NR1R2,R1 係H或C1-4烷基;R2 係H或C1-4烷基;及另一選擇為,R1及R2連同其所連接之氮原子形成選自吡咯基、吡咯啶基、六氫吡啶基、嗎啉基、硫嗎啉基及哌嗪基之雜環基,其中該
雜環基視情況經C1-4烷基取代。
在一較佳實施例中,該化合物係
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式。
在一較佳實施例中,該化合物係
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式。
在第三實施例中,本發明提供式(II)化合物:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式。
在第四實施例中,本發明提供式(I)化合物用於製備治療癌症之藥劑的用途。
在一較佳實施例中,本發明提供式(II)化合物用於製備治療癌症
之藥劑的用途。
應瞭解,本發明為清楚起見而闡述於分開實施例上下文中之某些特徵亦可在單一實施例中組合提供。相反,本發明為簡便起見而闡述於單一實施例上下文中之各種特徵亦可單獨或以任何適宜之子組合形式提供。
本文所包含之以下術語及表達係如下定義:本文所用術語「約」係指給定數值之±10%之數值範圍。例如,短語「約50毫克」包括50之±10%,或自45至55毫克。
本文所用術語「烷基」係指具有1至4個碳原子之直鏈或具支鏈烷基,例如甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、異丁基、第二丁基及第三丁基。諸如「C1-C4烷基」等名稱係指含有1至4個碳原子之烷基基團。
本文所用術語「胺基酸」意指含有胺基及羧基二者之分子。其包括「α-胺基酸」,α-胺基酸作為在與羧基相鄰之碳原子上具有胺基官能團之羧酸已為熟習此項技術者所熟知。胺基酸可為天然存在或非天然存在的。「天然存在之胺基酸」包括丙胺酸、精胺酸、天冬醯胺、天冬胺酸、半胱胺酸、麩胺酸、麩胺醯胺、甘胺酸、組胺酸、異白胺酸、白胺酸、離胺酸、甲硫胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、脯胺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、色胺酸、酪胺酸及纈胺酸。
本文所用術語「雜環基」係指含有碳原子及至少選自O、N或S之雜原子之5或6員環基,其中該雜環基可係飽和或不飽和的且其中該雜環基可係經取代或未經取代的。該氮與硫雜原子可視情況經氧化。雜環基之實例包括吡咯基、吡咯啶基、六氫吡啶基、嗎啉基、硫嗎啉基、哌嗪基及甲基哌嗪基。
本文所用術語「哺乳動物」係指諸如小鼠、大鼠、貓、犬、猴或人類等溫血動物,較佳係人類或人類幼兒,其患有或可能患有一或
多種本文所述之疾病或病況。
本文所用「醫藥上可接受之」組份係適用於人類及/或動物而無過度之不利副作用(例如毒性、刺激及過敏性反應)並與合理益處/風險比相稱者。
本文所用術語「安全且有效量」係指當以本發明之方式使用組份時足以產生與合理益處/風險比相稱之期望治療反應而無過度之不利副作用(例如毒性、刺激或過敏性反應)之該組份用量。所謂「治療有效量」係指有效產生期望治療反應之本發明化合物用量。例如,有效延遲癌瘤生長或癌瘤(肉瘤或淋巴瘤)發生或使癌瘤皺縮或防止轉移的用量。該具體的安全且有效量或治療有效量會隨該等如下因素變化:所治療之特定病況、患者之身體狀況、所治療之哺乳動物或動物類型、治療期程、(若可能有之)併行療法之性質及所採用之具體調配物及化合物或其衍生物之結構。
在本發明中,術語「電離放射」意指包含具有足夠能量或可經由核相互作用產生足夠能量引起電離作用(獲得或失去電子)之粒子或光子的放射。電離放射之一較佳實例係x-放射。用於將x-放射傳遞至目標組織或細胞之手段係相關技藝所熟知。在指定細胞中所需電離放射的量通常端視彼細胞之性質而定。用於確定放射有效量之手段已為相關技藝所熟知。本文所用術語電離放射之「有效劑量」意指當與本發明化合物結合投與時提高細胞損傷或死亡之電離放射劑量。
x-射線之劑量介於長時期(3至4週)之50至200倫琴(roentgen)之日劑量至2000至6000倫琴之單次劑量之間。放射性同位素之劑量範圍差異較大且端視同位素之半衰期、所發射之放射線強度及類型及贅生性細胞之吸收而定。
在本發明中可使用任何適宜傳遞放射線至組織之手段。傳遞放射線至組織之普遍手段係藉助所治療身體外部之電離放射源。用於傳
遞放射線至組織之其他方法包括(例如)首先在活體內傳遞與腫瘤抗原發生免疫反應之標記放射性之抗體,隨後在活體內傳遞有效量之標記放射性之抗體至腫瘤。此外,可利用放射性同位素傳遞電離放射至組織或細胞。另外,可藉助擬放射劑傳遞放射。本文所用「擬放射劑」係化學治療劑,例如美法侖(melphalan),其造成與放射療法相同類型之細胞損傷,但並不施加放射。
本文所用術語「前藥部分基團」意指可在生理條件下將該前藥藉由許多化學及生物學機制轉化為生物活性藥物。在一實施例中,倘若前藥部分基團係可經水化學或酶促水解的,則前藥至生物活性藥物之轉化可藉由前藥部分基團之水解達成。與水之反應一般達成移除前藥部分基團並釋放生物活性藥物。本發明又一態樣提供藉由將前藥部分基團還原之前藥至生物活性藥物之轉化。一般地,在該實施例中,在生理條件下於還原酶促作用存在下該前藥部分基團係可還原的。該還原較佳達成移除前藥部分基團並釋放生物活性藥物。在另一實施例中,前藥至生物活性藥物之轉化亦可藉由將前藥部分基團氧化達成。
一般地,在該實施例中,在生理條件下於氧化酶促作用存在下該前藥部分基團係可氧化的。該氧化較佳達成移除前藥部分基團並釋放生物活性藥物。本發明另一態樣涵蓋藉由將前藥部分基團消去之前藥至生物活性藥物之轉化。一般而言,在該實施例中,前藥部分基團係在生理條件下經化學或生物反應移除。該消去達成移除前藥部分基團並釋放生物活性藥物。當然,本發明之任一前藥化合物可經歷上述詳細機制之任一組合將前藥轉化為生物活性化合物。例如,一特定化合物可經歷水解、氧化、消去及還原將前藥轉化為生物活性化合物。同樣地,一特定化合物可僅經歷該等機制之一種將前藥轉化為生物活性化合物。
本文所用「癌症」係指在哺乳動物中發現之所有類型之癌症或
贅瘤或惡性或良性腫瘤,其包括癌瘤及肉瘤。癌症之實例係腦癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、子宮頸癌、結腸癌、頭及頸癌、腎臟癌、肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、黑素瘤、間皮瘤、卵巢癌、肉瘤、胃癌、子宮癌及髓母細胞瘤。
術語「白血病」廣義上係指進行性、惡性造血器官疾病且通常其特徵在於血液及骨髓中粒細胞及其前體之不正常增殖及發育。臨床上對白血病進行分類通常係基於:(1)期程及疾病特徵-急性或慢性;(2)所涉及之細胞類型:骨髓性(骨髓內產生的)、淋巴性(成淋巴的)或單核細胞性;及(3)在血液-白血病或白血球缺乏症(亞白血病)中異常細胞數目之增加或不增加。廣泛認為P388白血病模型係活體內抗白血病活性之預兆。據認為在P388試驗中測試陽性之化合物在活體內通常會展示某種程度之抗白血病活性,不管所治療白血病之類型。因此,本發明包括治療白血病之方法,且較佳係治療下述白血病之方法:急性非淋巴細胞性白血病、慢性淋巴細胞性白血病、急性粒細胞性白血病、慢性粒細胞性白血病、急性前髓細胞性白血病、成人T-細胞白血病、白血球缺乏性白血病、白血球性白血病、嗜鹼細胞性白血病、幹細胞性白血病、牛白血病、慢性髓細胞性白血病、皮膚白血病、胚胎性白血病、嗜酸細胞性白血病、格羅斯氏白血病(Gross' leukaemia)、毛細胞白血病、成血細胞性白血病(hemoblastic leukaemia)、成血細胞性白血病(hemocytoblastic leukaemia)、組織細胞性白血病、幹細胞白血病、急性單核細胞白血病、白血球減少白血病、淋巴白血病、成淋巴細胞白血病、淋巴細胞性白血病、淋巴原白血病、淋巴性白血病、淋巴肉瘤細胞性白血病、肥大細胞白血病、巨核細胞白血病、小原粒型白血病、單核細胞白血病、成髓細胞白血病、髓細胞性白血病、骨髓性粒細胞白血病(myeloid granulocytic leukaemia)、骨髓單核細胞白血病、奈格利白血病(Naegeli leukaemia)、漿細胞白血病(plasma cell
leukaemia)、漿細胞性白血病(plasmacytic leukaemia)、前髓細胞性白血病、裏德爾細胞白血病(Rieder cell leukaemia)、希林氏白血病(Schilling's leukaemia)、幹細胞白血病、亞白血病性白血病及未分化細胞白血病。
術語「肉瘤」通常係指由類似於胚性結締組織之物質構成且通常由包埋於纖維或同類物質中之緊密堆積的細胞組成之腫瘤。可用4-甲氧基-咔唑及放射療法治療之肉瘤包括軟骨肉瘤、膽管肉瘤、纖維肉瘤、淋巴肉瘤、黑素肉瘤、黏液肉瘤、骨肉瘤、艾伯內西氏(Abemethy's sarcoma)肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、脂肉瘤、泡狀軟組織肉瘤、成釉細胞肉瘤、葡萄狀肉瘤、綠色瘤性肉瘤(chloroma sarcoma)、絨毛膜肉瘤(chorio sarcoma)、胚胎性肉瘤、維爾姆斯氏腫瘤肉瘤(Wilms' tumour sarcoma)、子宮內膜肉瘤、間質肉瘤、尤因氏肉瘤(Ewing's sarcoma)、筋膜肉瘤、纖維母細胞肉瘤、巨細胞肉瘤、粒細胞肉瘤、何傑金氏肉瘤(Hodgkin's sarcoma)、特發性多發性色素沉著出血性肉瘤、B細胞之免疫母細胞肉瘤、淋巴瘤、T細胞之免疫母細胞肉瘤、晏森氏肉瘤(Jensen's sarcoma)、卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma)、庫普弗細胞肉瘤(Kupffer cell sarcoma)、血管肉瘤、白血病性肉瘤、惡性間葉瘤肉瘤、骨膜外肉瘤、網狀細胞肉瘤、勞氏肉瘤(Rous sarcoma)、漿液囊性肉瘤、軟組織肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤及毛細血管擴張性肉瘤(telangiectaltic sarcoma)。
所採用術語「黑素瘤」係指由皮膚及其它器官之黑素細胞系統產生之腫瘤。可用4-甲氧基-咔唑及放射療法治療之黑素瘤包括(例如)肢端著色斑性黑素瘤、無黑色素性惡性黑素瘤、良性幼年型黑素瘤、克勞德曼氏黑素瘤(Cloudman's melanoma)、S91黑素瘤、哈-帕二氏黑素瘤(Harding-Passey melanoma)、幼年型黑素瘤、惡性雀斑樣黑素瘤、惡性黑素瘤、結節性黑素瘤、甲下黑素瘤及淺表擴展性黑素瘤。
術語「癌(carcinoma)」係指由傾向於浸入到周圍組織中並引起轉移瘤之上皮細胞構成之惡性新生長腫瘤。可用4-甲氧基-咔唑及放射療法治療之實例性癌包括(例如)腺泡癌(acinar carcinoma、acinous carcinoma)、腺樣囊性癌(adenocystic carcinoma、adenoid cystic carcinoma)、乳腺癌、腺瘤癌(carcinoma adenomatosum)、腎上腺皮質癌、蜂窩狀癌、肺泡細胞癌、基底細胞癌(basal cell carcinoma、carcinoma basocellulare)、類基底細胞癌、基底鱗狀細胞癌、細支氣管肺泡癌、細支氣管癌、支氣管癌、腦狀癌(cerebriform carcinoma)、膽管細胞癌、絨毛膜癌、膠狀癌(colloid carcinoma)、結腸直腸癌、子宮頸癌、粉刺狀癌、子宮體癌、篩狀癌、胸廓癌、皮膚癌、柱狀癌、柱狀細胞癌、管癌、硬癌(carcinoma durum)、胚胎性癌、類腦狀癌(encephaloid carcinoma)、表皮樣癌、腺樣上皮細胞癌、外植癌、潰瘍性癌、纖維癌、胃癌、膠樣癌(gelatiniform carcinoma、gelatinous carcinoma)、巨細胞癌(giant cell carcinoma、carcinoma gigantocellulare)、腺癌(glandular carcinoma)、粒層細胞癌、發母質癌、類血樣癌(haematoid carcinoma)、肝細胞癌、許特耳細胞癌(Hurthle cell carcinoma)、玻璃質癌(hyaline carcinoma)、腎上腺樣癌、嬰兒胚胎性癌、原位癌、表皮內癌、上皮內癌、克羅姆佩柯赫爾氏腫瘤(Krompecher's carcinoma)、庫爾契茨基氏細胞癌(Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma)、大細胞癌、豆狀癌(lenticular carcinoma、carcinoma lenticulare)、脂瘤樣癌、肺癌、淋巴上皮癌、髓樣癌(carcinoma medullare、medullary carcinoma)、黑色素癌、軟癌、黏蛋白性腺癌(mucinous carcinoma)、黏液癌(carcinoma muciparum)、黏液細胞癌、黏液表皮樣癌、黏液癌(carcinoma mucosum、mucous carcinoma)、黏液瘤樣癌、鼻咽癌、燕麥細胞癌、骨化性癌、類骨質癌(osteoid carcinoma)、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、乳頭狀癌、門脈周癌、前
侵襲癌、棘細胞癌、粉刺癌、腎臟腎細胞癌、貯備細胞癌、肉瘤樣癌、施奈德氏癌(schneiderian carcinoma)、硬癌(scirrhous carcinoma)、陰囊癌、印戒細胞癌、單純癌、小細胞癌、馬鈴薯狀癌、球狀細胞癌、梭形細胞癌、海綿體癌、鱗狀癌、鱗狀上皮細胞癌、繩捆癌、血管擴張性癌(carcinoma telangiectaticum、carcinoma telangiectodes)、睾九癌、移行細胞癌、甲狀腺癌、結節性皮癌(carcinoma tuberosum、tuberous carcinoma)、疣狀癌及絨毛狀癌。
較佳之可用本發明化合物治療之癌症包括頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、星形細胞瘤、少突神經膠質瘤、少突星形細胞瘤、腦脊髓膜瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、軟組織肉瘤、骨肉瘤、在cns處之血液惡性腫瘤、乳腺癌(導管原位癌)、甲狀腺癌(乳頭狀及濾泡狀)、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、肝細胞癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、膽管肉瘤、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金及非霍奇金類型)、白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)及膀胱癌。
更佳之可用本發明化合物治療之癌症包括頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金及非霍奇金類型)及白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)。
本文所用術語「4-甲氧基-咔唑」用以指彼等具有下式之化學
品:
或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式,其中X係H或前藥部分基團。
本發明化合物可包括前藥部分基團。本發明所涵蓋之前藥部分基團之實例可選自磷酸酯、胺基酸酯、胺基酸醯胺、胺基甲酸胺基烷基酯、胺基甲酸烷氧基烷基酯、胺基甲酸羥基烷基酯、烷氧基烷基酯、羥基烷基酯、苯甲酸酯、煙酸酯、哌嗪乙酸酯、嗎啉乙酸酯及曼尼希鹼。本發明所涵蓋之前藥部分基團之實例可選自:
較佳之前藥部分基團係曼尼希鹼。較佳之曼尼希鹼包括(但不限於)4-甲基-哌嗪-1-基甲基-、嗎啉-4-基甲基-及二乙基胺基甲基-。
本發明化合物亦可採取藥理學上可接受之鹽、水合物、溶合物或代謝產物形式。藥理學上可接受之鹽包括無機及有機酸之鹼性鹽,該等無機及有機酸包括但不限於氫氯酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、蘋果酸、乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、乳酸、富馬酸、琥珀酸、馬來酸、水楊酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸、扁桃酸、抗壞血酸、葡萄糖酸及諸如此類。當本發明化合物包含酸性官能團(例如羧基)時,則對於羧基適宜之醫藥上可接受之陽離子對已為彼等熟習此項技術者所熟知且包括鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨、四級銨陽離子及諸如此類。本發明涵蓋當本發明化合物採取藥理學上可接受之鹽形式時,該鹽形式可原位或作為經分離固體產生。
本發明化合物(尤其呈剛剛所述之鹽形式者)可與此項技術中熟知之各種賦形劑媒劑及/或佐劑組合,該等賦形劑媒劑及/或佐劑起醫藥上可接受之載劑之作用以容許藥物以下列形式投與:例如注射劑、懸浮液、乳液、錠劑、膠囊及軟膏。包含放射敏感化量之所述化合物之
該等醫藥組合物可藉由能達成缺氧腫瘤細胞放射敏感化之任一可接受之手段投與。對於溫血動物且尤其對於經受放射療法治療之人類,投與可係口服、皮下、腹膜腔內或靜脈內投與。為破壞缺氧腫瘤細胞,包含放射敏感劑之醫藥組合物係以有效放射敏感化缺氧腫瘤細胞之量投與。所投與之具體劑量會端視如下因素而定:患者總體健康及身體狀況以及其年齡及重量、患者疾病狀況之階段及任何並存治療之存在等。
投與有效量之方法亦端視所治療之病症或疾病而變化。據認為,藉由靜脈內施用4-甲氧基-咔唑來治療係將該等化合物投與至溫血動物之較佳方法,該4-甲氧基-咔唑經適當載劑、額外癌症抑制化合物或稀釋劑調配以便於施用。
本文所述化合物可以純淨形式、與其他活性成份組合形式或與醫藥上可接受之無毒賦形劑或載劑組合形式投與。口服組合物通常會包含惰性稀釋載劑或可食用載劑。亦可納入醫藥上相容之黏結劑及/或佐劑材料作為該組合物之一部分。錠劑、丸劑、膠囊、口含錠及諸如此類可包含任一以下成份或具有相似性質之化合物:黏結劑,例如微晶纖維素、黃蓍膠或明膠;賦形劑,例如澱粉或乳糖;分散劑,例如海藻酸、澱粉羥基乙酸鈉或玉米澱粉;潤滑劑,例如硬脂酸鎂;滑動劑,例如膠質二氧化矽;甜味劑,例如蔗糖或糖精;或矯味劑,例如薄荷、水楊酸甲酯或橙味矯味劑。當劑量單元形式係膠囊時,其除上述類型材料外亦可包含諸如脂肪油等液體載劑。另外,劑量單元形式可包含各種能改良該劑量單元物理形式之其他材料,例如糖、蟲膠或腸溶試劑包衣。此外,糖漿可包含(除活性化合物外)作為甜味劑之蔗糖及某些防腐劑、染劑、著色劑及矯味劑。
投與至患者之化合物的量應足以放射敏感化擬治療之惡性贅瘤但在可引起毒性作用之量以下。該量會端視腫瘤類型、所治療患者之
種類、擬定之指示劑量及患者重量或體表而定。可將放射以多種不同分級方案投與至人類,即總放射劑量在數天至數週之時間段內按份數給出。該等最可能自每日(即每週5次)劑量投與多達6週至每週1次劑量投與4至6週變化。
投與至患者之放射敏感化量之化合物可在放射治療之前、放射治療期間或放射治療之後給出。然而,本發明化合物較佳係在放射治療之前投與。
在將放射敏感組合物投與至缺氧腫瘤細胞及足以增強該等缺氧腫瘤細胞放射敏感化之時間間隔段後,用有效破壞缺氧腫瘤細胞之放射劑量照射該等缺氧腫瘤細胞。一般而言,患者會接受約2倫琴/天之放射劑量5天。一般而言,患者在7至8週內會接受約70至約80倫琴之總放射劑量,每一單獨放射劑量在投與放射敏感劑後約1-4小時內給出。根據需要重複該等順序之放射敏感治療及照射以緩和且(最佳)減輕或消除惡性腫瘤擴散。然而,彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,日放射劑量及總放射劑量會端視患者之腫瘤類型、治療方案及身體狀況而變化。例如,本發明化合物之日劑量並無特別限制,而是可隨患者年齡、癌症、體重及當前治療方案及/或藥劑變化。此外,本發明化合物可用作放射敏感劑且可在暴露於放射之前以一或多種劑量(即一至數種劑量)投與。
細胞照射誘發檢查點關卡,此使得細胞能夠用促進DNA損傷修復之活性PARP修復DNA損傷。假設PARP抑制劑與單劑量或分級放射之組合投與會降低經照射細胞修復DNA損傷之能力並增加細胞殺傷。因而,PARP抑制劑應與分級放射協同起作用以延長腫瘤生長延遲。用實例7/實例6之該假設之初始試驗在裸小鼠中之放射抵抗性U87MG
人類惡性膠質瘤異種移植物中實施。如圖3所示,在具有成形腫瘤之小鼠中單獨投與實例7、單獨投與放射、及投與實例7與放射之組合(在放射之前100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次,2天,及與7.5倫琴放射組合投與3天)。以單一試劑投與之實例7對腫瘤生長無效果。經媒劑或實例7治療之腫瘤分別在10.0天或9.6天後達到腫瘤體積為2000毫米3(p=0.798,相對於對照)。單獨投與放射使達到2000毫米3之時間延長至16.1天,6.1天之腫瘤生長延遲(TGD)延長(p=0.033,相對於對照)。相比之下,實例7與放射療法之投與使達到2000毫米3之時間延長至24.8天,對應於14.8天TGD。組合療法效果之程度比僅實例7(p=0.001)或僅放射(p=0.006)之可比方案所見效果之程度強,此表明實例7顯示真正放射敏感劑之性質。在與功效有關之Cmax處實例6之血漿濃度(在100毫克/公斤下實例7)係23μM,與彼等在此劑量下於化學敏感化研究中所達成者相當。
隨後之放射敏感化研究係對實例7(30及100毫克/公斤,皮下注射)與臨床上相關之分級放射療法方案(2倫琴X 5天)之組合實施評價。在放射5天後0.5小時投與實例7,且在放射方案完成後繼續給藥實例7達16天。該給藥方案之基本原理係基於如下事實:自放射損傷之DNA修復發生在放射後10-12天,因而連續給藥實例7及調節PARP活性可覆蓋細胞週期關卡及DNA修復時間,此應與分級放射協同起作用來增加放射敏感性及腫瘤生長延遲。如圖1及2中所示,與經媒劑治療之腫瘤相比,單獨投與放射(2倫琴X 5天)達成2.5天之TGD。投與實例7(CEP 30,30毫克/公斤皮下注射)將TGD延長至15天,與單獨投與放射(p0.05)相比延長4倍;及26天,與單獨投與實例7(p0.001)相比延長6倍。在與放射敏感化功效有關之Cmax處實例6之血漿濃度係5.5
μM。實例7(100毫克/公斤,皮下注射)與分級放射療法之投與達成顯著之抗腫瘤功效,至第11天為止僅80%死亡率。在100毫克/公斤,皮下注射劑量下Cmax處之血漿濃度係21μM,與在此劑量下於化學敏感化研究及上文所述初始放射敏感化研究中所達成之暴露濃度一致。
該等數據顯示在較低濃度實例7(CEP 30,30毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次,X21天)下使用臨床上相關之分級給藥方案可觀察到TGD之較大延長。此外,單獨實例7(CEP 30,30毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次,X21天)對腫瘤生長抑制無效果表明實例7起「真正」放射敏感劑之作用。
為評價治療增益,在骨髓及空腸隱窩分析中對實例7(30及100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射)加上2倫琴放射X 5天實施評價以確定實例7是否增強放射誘導之正常組織(NT)毒性。骨髓及腸黏膜之評價揭示實例7(30及100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射)並不增強該等組織之放射毒性。研究顯示當口服投與CEP-9722時,其發揮放射敏感化作用。該等組合數據顯示在放射抵抗性神經膠質瘤模型中實例7藉由以大於加性之方式增加分級放射療法之有效性而起到放射敏感劑之作用且並不增強放射誘導之NT毒性。
本發明化合物可以彼等熟習此項技術者所熟知之多種方法(包括但不限於彼等下文所述者)製備,或藉由使用彼等熟習有機合成技術者所知之標準技術對該等方法之改良製備。本發明涵蓋,結合本發明所揭示之所有方法可以任何規模實踐,包括毫克、克、多克、公斤、多公斤或商業工業規模。
本發明之特徵在於製備本文所述可用作PARP抑制劑之多環化合物之方法。該方法由自4-甲氧基吲哚開始之多步合成組成。具體而言,用(例如)丁基鋰、二氧化碳、第三丁基鋰及酮B對4-甲氧基吲哚A
實施連續處理以提供2-經取代之4-甲氧基吲哚三級醇C。消去該三級醇(例如在酸性條件下使用氫氯酸或甲苯磺酸)以獲得經取代之2-乙烯基吲哚D。用親二烯物(例如(但不限於)馬來醯亞胺(E))之D之Diels-Alder環加成反應獲得環加成中間體F。環加成中間體之芳構化作用(例如用氧氣在觸媒(例如鈀或鉑)存在下或用氧化劑(例如DDQ或四氯苯醌))產生咔唑G。
用烷基化或醯化試劑之G之進一步處理得到本發明之吲哚-N-經取代之咔唑衍生物。用於選擇及製備適宜前藥衍生物之習用程序在(例如)Prodrugs,Sloane,K.B.編輯;Marcel Dekker:New York,1992中予以闡述,其全文以引用方式併入本文中。
本發明化合物係PARP抑制劑。該抑制劑之效力可藉由活體外或活體內量測PARP之活性測定。一較佳試驗對經放射性標記之ADP-核糖單元自[32P]NAD+至蛋白質受體(例如組蛋白或PARP本身)之轉移實施測試。PARP之常規試驗在Purnell及Whish,Biochem.J. 1980,185,775中予以揭示,其以引用方式併入本文中。
U87MG人類惡性膠質瘤細胞係在市售最低必需培養基(MEM)中用1.5克/公升碳酸氫鈉、0.1nM非必需胺基酸、1.0nM丙酮酸鈉加上10%胎牛血清(FBS)培養。
收集按指數規律生長之細胞並注射((2x106)細胞/小鼠)至市售無胸腺NCR NUM裸小鼠之右肋腹中。根據大小將具有200-400毫米3腫瘤之動物隨機分成適當之治療組(n=10)。每隔3-4天使用遊標卡尺量測腫瘤。使用以下公式計算腫瘤體積:
V(毫米3)=0.5236 x長度(毫米)x寬度(毫米)[長度(毫米)+寬度(毫米)/2]。
方法:將U87MG人類惡性膠質瘤細胞經皮下注射(s.c.)至無胸腺NCR NUM小鼠之右後肢並使其生長至平均腫瘤體積為200毫米3。在照射之前用100毫克/公斤氯胺酮+10毫克/公斤甲苯噻嗪或37.5毫克/公斤氯胺酮+0.2毫克/公斤乙醯丙嗪(皮下注射)對接受放射療法之小鼠實施麻醉以提供25-30分鐘鎮靜。將經麻醉小鼠置於符合動物身體大小及形狀無過度壓力之可延展鉛屏蔽中。藉助鉛屏蔽身體。用適當劑量照射具有腫瘤之腿及暴露之腫瘤。在對腫瘤實施照射後,將小鼠返回在加熱墊上之籠中直至自麻醉劑恢復過來。在放射(RT)後儘快(在30分鐘內)服用實例7。圖3:將小鼠隨機分成如下治療組(n=10):1)媒劑;2)僅放射(7.5倫琴3天);3)僅實例7(100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次,5天);及4)實例7加上放射。在第1-5天及在第2、3及4天之放射後30分鐘皮下注射投與實例7或媒劑。使用混合效應回歸來模擬作為時間及治療之函數之腫瘤體積之以10為底的對數實施數據分析。在SAS 8.3(SAS Institute公司,Cary,NC)中實施分析。圖1及2:將小鼠隨機分成如下治療組並投與:1)媒劑;2)RT(5 X 2倫琴);3)RT加上實例7(30或100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次X 21天)或4)僅實例7(30或100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次X 21天)。在第1-21天提供實例7且在第1-5天提供RT。在同一天對所有動物實施量測。在對數轉化線性模型中對單個腫瘤體積量測進行模擬並確定腫瘤達到約2000毫米3之最佳擬合時間。單因子變異數分析及此後之分析用以確定顯著性。P值0.05視為顯著的。
結果:所有組皆以200毫米3之相似大小腫瘤開始治療(在第0天比
較各組P=0.83)。如圖3所示,在具有成形腫瘤之小鼠中單獨投與實例7、單獨投與放射、及投與實例7與放射組合(在放射之前100毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射,每天1次,2天,及與7.5倫琴放射組合投與3天)。以單一試劑投與之實例7對腫瘤生長無效果。經僅媒劑或僅實例7治療之腫瘤分別在10.0天或9.6天後達到腫瘤體積為2000毫米3(P=0.798,相對於對照)。單獨投與放射使達到2000毫米3之時間延長至16.1天,6.1天之腫瘤生長延遲(TGD)延長(P=0.033,相對於對照)。實例7與放射療法之組合療法使腫瘤達到2000毫米3之時間延長至24.8天,對應於14.8天TGD。組合療法效果之程度比僅實例7(P=0.001)或僅放射(P=0.006)之可比方案所見效果之程度強,此表明實例7顯示真正之放射敏感劑性質。如圖1及2所示,實例7(CEP 30,30毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,皮下注射)與RT之組合投與使TGD延長至15天,與單獨投與放射(P0.05)相比延長4倍及26天,與單獨投與實例7(P0.001)相比延長6倍。實例7(100毫克/公斤,皮下注射)與分級放射療法之投與達成顯著之抗腫瘤功效,至11天為止僅80%死亡率。該等數據顯示在較低濃度之實例7(CEP 30,30毫克/公斤)下使用臨床上相關之分級給藥方案可觀察到TGD之較大延長。此外,單獨投與實例7對腫瘤生長抑制無效果表明實例7起「真正」放射敏感劑之作用。
抗體:可使用針對磷酸組蛋白H2AX(Cell Signaling,#2577,1:1000)及GAPDH(Abcam,#9484,1:5000)之一級抗體。二級抗體可係山羊抗小鼠IRDye800(Rockland,#610-132-121)及山羊抗兔Alexa fluor 700(Molecular Probes,#A21038)。
可用3倫琴或5倫琴放射線照射U87MG細胞,隨後在放射後0.5小
時用實例6(300nM及1μM)處理。在加入實例6後0.5、1及4小時收集樣品。隨後將該等細胞在冰上,於加上抑制劑混合物(Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Set III,Calbiochem)之RIPA緩衝液(150mM NaCl、1% NP-40、0.5%脫氧膽酸鈉、0.1% SDS、50mM Tris pH 8.0)中裂解,添加1mM Na3VO4且隨後使用BCA蛋白質分析試劑盒(Pierce #23225)定量。藉由電泳(15微克蛋白質)使用4-12% bis tris凝膠(Novex #NP0336)與MES SDS緩衝液(Novex,#NP0002)在140伏特下解析樣品,隨後藉由半乾式轉移器(18伏特35分鐘)使用2X轉移緩衝液(Novex,#NP0006)轉移至硝化纖維素膜(Biorad,#162-0145)。隨後在室溫下在經1X TBS以1:1稀釋之Odyssey阻斷緩衝液(Licor # 927-40000)中將膜阻斷1小時,隨後在4℃下與兩種一級抗體在經1X TBS-T 0.05%以1:1稀釋之Odyssey阻斷緩衝液中培育過夜。次日,可用1X TBS-T 0.2%將膜洗滌4次,每次洗滌10分鐘並隨後用兩種二級抗體以1:10,000(在經1X TBS-T 0.05% 1:1稀釋之Odyssey阻斷緩衝液中)在室溫下避光培育1.5小時。可用1X TBS-T 0.2%洗滌墨點4次,每次洗滌10分鐘(避光)並隨後在Odyssey Infrared Imager上讀取。可使用800奈米信號顯像觀看GAPDH並隨後用700奈米檢測磷酸-H2AX。磷酸組蛋白H2AX之預期大小係15kDa且GAPDH之預期大小係36kDa。
可以3倫琴或5倫琴放射線照射對U87MG細胞並隨後在放射後0.5小時用實例6(300nM及1μM)處理。隨後在加入實例6後之8、24及48小時(或由熟習此項技術者決定之任何時間)收集樣品。細胞在4℃下於100%乙醇中固定過夜。次日,在室溫下用細胞週期試劑(Guava Technologies #4500-0220)將細胞避光培育1小時。可藉由流式細胞儀(Guava EasyCyte;採用熟習此項技術者熟知之設定,例如427 X8;採
集數據5,000次/樣品)分析經染色之核。在細胞週期每一階段中之細胞的百分比可使用Cell Cycle分析軟體(Guava Technologies)確定。
步驟1:向4-甲氧基吲哚(2.0克,13.1毫莫耳)存於無水THF(20毫升)中之冷卻(-78℃)溶液緩慢添加存於己烷中之正BuLi(2.5M,5.2毫升,13.1毫莫耳)。將混合物在-78℃下另外攪拌30分鐘並隨後在反應混合物中通入CO2氣體15分鐘,繼之再攪拌15分鐘。在減壓下移除過量CO2及一半THF體積。將額外之無水THF(10毫升)添加至冷卻回-78℃之反應混合物中。將1.7M第三BuLi(7.7毫升,13.1毫莫耳)在30分鐘內緩慢添加至反應混合物中。在-78℃下持續攪拌2小時,繼之緩慢添加存於無水THF(5毫升)中之環戊酮(1.7克,20.4毫莫耳)溶液。在於-78℃下再攪拌1小時後,藉由逐滴添加水(5毫升),繼之飽和NH4Cl溶液(20毫升)將反應混合物淬滅。添加乙醚(50毫升)並在室溫下將混合物攪拌10分鐘。分離有機層,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮得到醇(1-(4-甲氧基-1H-吲哚-2-基)-環戊醇)與二烯(2-環戊-1-烯基-4-甲氧基-1H-吲哚)之混合物。向存於丙酮(15毫升)中之該混合物添加2N HCl(5毫升)。將混合物再攪拌10分鐘,添加水(50毫升)並收集二烯產物2-環戊-1-烯基-4-甲氧基-1H-吲哚並在真空下乾燥。藉由矽膠層析法(EtOAC/己烷9:1)對產物實施純化。1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ 1.9-2.1(m,3 H),2.6-2.75(m,3H),3.9(s,3H),6.1(s,1H),6.3(s,1H),6.4(m,1H),6.9-7.0(m,2H),
11.1(s,1H)。將該產物直接用於下一步驟。
步驟2:將2-環戊-1-烯基-4-甲氧基-1H-吲哚(0.1克,0.47毫莫耳)與馬來醯亞胺(0.09克,0.91毫莫耳)存於乙酸(5毫升)中之混合物在室溫下攪拌1小時。添加水並用EtOAc萃取產物,將產物用2N Na2CO3溶液、水及飽和NaCl溶液洗滌並乾燥(MgSO4)。藉由過濾移除乾燥劑並濃縮溶劑得到0.13克;MS:m/z 309(M-H)。
步驟3:將存於甲苯(2毫升)及乙酸(3毫升)中之自步驟2之產物(0.123克,0.4毫莫耳)添加至2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基-1,4-苯醌(DDQ,185毫克,0.8毫莫耳)中。在於0℃下攪拌30分鐘後,將混合物濃縮並用EtOAC及抗壞血酸處理。在30分鐘後,用2N Na2CO3使混合物成鹼性。用水、飽和NaCl溶液洗滌EtOAc層,乾燥(MgSO4)並濃縮得到0.095毫克產物;MS:m/z 305(M-H)+。1H NMR(DMSO-d6)δ 2.26-2.31(m,2H),3.1-3.2(m,2H),3.3-3.4(m,2H),3.9(s,3H),6.7(m,1H),7.1(m 1H),6.4(m,1H),7.4(m,1H),10.6(s,1H),11.9(s,1H)。
在0.5小時內,向實例6(10.0克,30毫莫耳)及N-甲基哌嗪(12.4克,124毫莫耳)存於乙醇(950毫升)中之漿液添加低聚甲醛(5.60克,62.4毫莫耳)並攪拌24小時。將漿液蒸發至乾燥。向殘留物添加己烷
(500毫升),超聲波處理15分鐘,攪拌1.5小時並在0℃下冷卻15分鐘。收集黃色固體並用冷己烷洗滌。將該產物溶解在溫四氫呋喃(THF)(250毫升)中並過濾。將濾液逐滴添加至己烷(3公升)中,攪拌15分鐘並收集到實例7沉澱並用己烷洗滌(12.0克,96%產率)。1H NMR(DMSO-d6)2.12(s,3H),2.35(m,8H),2.53(m,4H),3.18(m,2H),4.44(s,3H),6.70(d,1H),7.10(d,1H),7.40(t,1H),11.96(s,1H)。MS m/z 419(M+H)。
向實例6(50毫克,0.16毫莫耳)存於DMF(5毫升)中之漿液添加低聚甲醛(73毫克,0.81毫莫耳)、二乙基胺(84微升,0.81毫莫耳)並在室溫下攪拌1天。蒸發反應並用己烷研磨殘留物並蒸發得到兩種油狀產物(比例6-1,16b:16c)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6)0.98(t,3H),1.11(t,3H),2.27(m,2H),2.53(m,8H),2.57(m,15H),3.17(t,2H),3.50(m,1H),3.97(s,3H),4.14(d,2H),4.71(d,2H),6.82(t,2H),6.75(d,2H),7.13(d,2H),7.33(m,1H),7.46(t,3H),7.52(m,1H),11.95(s,1H)。16b:MS m/z 392。16c:MS m/z 476。
向實例6(15毫克,0.049毫莫耳)存於DMF(1毫升)中之漿液添加低聚甲醛(42毫克,0.05微升)、嗎啉(160毫克,1.9毫莫耳)並在70℃下加熱18小時。蒸發該混合物。用己烷研磨殘留物,隨後溶解在CH2Cl2中,過濾並蒸發。用Et2O研磨殘留物並收集到黃色固體狀實例9(5毫克,20%),1H NMR(DMSO-d6)7.52(t,1H),7.39(d,1H),6.82(d,1H),5.0(s,2H),4.46(s,2H),3.98(s,3H),3.56(s,6H),3.49(s,4H),2.50(s,6H),2.49(s,4H),2.45(m,2H);MS m/z 505(M+H)。
向實例6(50毫克,0.16毫莫耳)存於乙醇(10毫升)中之漿液添加低聚甲醛(72毫克,0.8毫莫耳)、嗎啉(100克,1.1莫耳)並在50℃下加熱5小時。蒸發反應,添加水(15毫升)並收集黃色固體(59毫克)。1H NMR
(DMSO-d6)11.98(s,1H),7.45(t,1H),7.13(d,1H),6.75(d,1H),4.44(s,2H),3.97(s,3H),3.56(s,4h),3.18(t,2h),2.29(t,2h)。MS m/z 406(M+H)。
PARP活性係藉由將經放射性標記之ADP-核糖單元自[32P]NAD+轉移至蛋白質受體(例如組蛋白或PARP本身)測試。在最終之100微升體積中該分析混合物包含100mM Tris(pH 8.0)、2mM DTT、10mM MgCl2、20微克/毫升DNA(藉由超聲波處理切斷)、20毫克/毫升組蛋白H1、5奈克重組人類PARP及抑制劑或DMSO(<2.5%(v/v))。藉由添加補充有2μCi[32P]NAD+/毫升之100μM NAD+引發反應並在室溫下保持12分鐘。藉由添加100μM 50% TCA停止試驗並在96-孔過濾板(Millipore,MADP NOB 50)上收集經放射性標記之沉澱,用25% TCA洗滌。在Wallac MicroBeta閃爍記數器中對酸不溶性放射性的量(對應於聚ADP-核糖基化蛋白質)實施定量。
單點抑制數據係藉由對在抑制劑存在下PARP、VEGFR2或MLK3之活性與僅在DMSO存在下之活性進行比較計算。化合物之抑制曲線係藉由將抑制百分比對化合物濃度之log10作圖產生。IC50值係藉由非線性回歸使用S形劑量反應(可變斜率)方程在GraphPad Prism中如下進行計算:y=底點+(頂點-底點)/(1+10(log IC 50 -x)*斜率)
其中y係在指定化合物濃度下之%活性;x係化合物濃度之對數;底點係在所測試之最低化合物濃度下之%抑制且頂點係在所研究之最高化合物濃度下之%抑制。分別將底點及頂點之值確定為0及100。IC50值以至少三個單獨測定值之平均值呈現。
利用本文所揭示之試驗,下表2展示本發明化合物對PARP抑制之效果。若本發明化合物之IC50值小於50μM,則視其為活性的。在下表中,對於PARP抑制,具有「+」之本發明化合物係小於10000nM;具有「++」之本發明化合物係小於1000nM;且具有「+++」之本發明化合物對於PARP抑制之IC50係小於100nM。未闡釋IC50值,數據仍需測定。
實施初步研究以測定口服投與實例7之放射敏感化能力。
收集按指數規律生長之細胞並注射(2x106細胞/小鼠)至市售無胸腺NCR nu/nu裸小鼠之右肋腹中。根據大小將具有200-400毫米3腫瘤之動物隨機分成適當之治療組(n=4)。每隔3-4天使用遊標卡尺量測腫瘤。使用以下公式計算腫瘤體積:V=a2b/2,其中a及b分別為短尺寸及長尺寸。
方法:將U87MG人類惡性膠質瘤細胞皮下注射(s.c.)至無胸腺NCR nu/nu裸小鼠之右後肢並使其生長至平均腫瘤體積為200毫米3。在照射之前用100毫克/公斤氯胺酮+10毫克/公斤甲苯噻嗪或37.5毫克/公斤氯胺酮+0.2毫克/公斤乙醯丙嗪(皮下注射)對接受放射療法之小鼠實施麻醉以提供25-30分鐘鎮靜。將經麻醉小鼠置於符合動物身體
大小及形狀無過度壓力之可延展鉛屏蔽中。藉助鉛屏蔽身體。用適當劑量照射具有腫瘤之腿及暴露之腫瘤。在對腫瘤實施照射後,將小鼠返回在加熱墊上之籠中直至自麻醉劑恢復過來。在放射(RT)後儘快(在30分鐘內)服用實例7。將小鼠隨機分成如下治療組並投與:1)媒劑;2)RT(2倫琴X 5天);3)RT加上實例7(200或300毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,口服,每天1次X 21天)或4)僅實例7(200或300毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,口服,每天1次X 21天)。在第1-21天提供實例7且在第1-5天提供RT。在同一天對所有動物實施量測。在對數轉化線性模型中對單個腫瘤體積量測進行模擬並確定腫瘤達到約2000毫米3之最佳擬合時間。
結果:如圖5所示,投與實例7(Cep 300,300毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,口服,每天1次X 21天)加上RT(2倫琴X 5天)達成自第8天開始且持續整個研究期間(第31天)之腫瘤生長停滯,而投與實例7(Cep 200,200毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,口服,每天1次X 21天)加上RT(2倫琴X 5天)及單獨投與實例7(200及300毫克/公斤之實例6之等效劑量,口服,每天1次X 21天)與單獨投與RT相比對腫瘤生長無效果。所獲得之單獨投與實例7對腫瘤生長無效果之指示證實了自皮下注射給藥所獲得之數據。
彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,可對本發明之較佳實施例做眾多改變及修改,且可在不背離本發明精神之情形下做該等改變及修改。因此,隨附申請專利範圍擬涵蓋所有屬於本發明真實精神及範疇之該等等效變體。
本文所引用之所有參考文獻之全部內容皆以引用方式併入本文中。
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Claims (12)
- 一種式(I)之放射敏感劑或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式的用途:其中X係選自由-CH2OC(=O)R3、-CH2OP(=O)(OH)2及-C(=O)R4組成之群;其中,R3係選自由以下組成之群:-C1-4烷基-NR1R2、-C1-4烷基-OR5、吡啶基、-苯基(CH2NR1R2)及-CH(R6)NH2;R4係選自由-O-(C1-4烷基)-NR1R2、-O-(C1-4烷基)-OR5及-CH(R6)NH2組成之群;R1係H或C1-4烷基;R2係H或C1-4烷基;R5係H或C1-4烷基;且R6係天然存在胺基酸之側鏈;或其中X係選自由以下所組成之群: 其係用於製備一種藥劑,該藥劑在哺乳動物組織中與電離放射組合使用以治療該哺乳動物之癌症。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該放射敏感劑係存在於該組織內或靠近該組織以提高該所施加之電離放射轉化為局部治療效果之效率。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中該放射敏感劑之含量可有效放射敏感化癌細胞。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中該組織之電離放射係採用有效破壞該等細胞之放射劑量進行。
- 如請求項4之用途,其中該電離放射對於指定癌症類型係臨床上可接受或經推薦之放射治療方案。
- 如請求項4之用途,其中該癌症係惡性。
- 如請求項4之用途,其中該癌症係良性。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該藥劑之投與途徑係靜脈內、皮下、口服或腹膜腔內。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該藥劑之投與途徑係靜脈內。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該癌症係選自頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、星形細胞瘤、少突神經膠質瘤、少突星形細胞瘤、腦脊髓膜瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、軟組織肉瘤、骨肉瘤、在cns處之血液惡性腫瘤、乳腺癌(導管原位癌)、甲狀腺癌(乳頭狀及濾泡狀)、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、肝細胞癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、膽管肉瘤、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金(Hodgkins)及非霍奇金類型)、白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)及膀胱癌。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該癌症係選自頭及頸鱗狀細胞癌(眼睛、嘴唇、口腔、咽、喉、鼻、舌癌及食管癌)、黑素瘤、鱗狀細胞癌(表皮)、惡性膠質瘤、神經母細胞瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、肺癌(細支氣管肺泡癌、小細胞肺癌、混合性小細胞/大細胞癌、複合性小細胞癌、非小細胞肺癌、鱗狀細胞癌、大細胞癌及肺腺癌)、淋巴瘤(T-及B-細胞性霍奇金及非霍奇金類型)及白血病(骨髓性及淋巴性急性及慢性白血病)。
- 一種醫藥組合物之用途,其係用於製備放射敏感化癌細胞之藥物,其中該組合物包含放射敏感化量之式(I)化合物:或其醫藥上可接受之鹽形式,其中X係選自由-CH2OC(=O)R3、-CH2OP(=O)(OH)2及-C(=O)R4組成之群;其中,R3係選自由以下組成之群:-C1-4烷基-NR1R2、-C1-4烷基-OR5、吡啶基、-苯基(CH2NR1R2)及-CH(R6)NH2;R4係選自由-O-(C1-4烷基)-NR1R2、-O-(C1-4烷基)-OR5及-CH(R6)NH2組成之群;R1係H或C1-4烷基;R2係H或C1-4烷基;R5係H或C1-4烷基;且R6係天然存在胺基酸之側鏈;或其中X係選自由以下所組成之群:及醫藥上可接受之載劑。
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SG178852A1 (en) * | 2009-08-26 | 2012-04-27 | Cephalon Inc | Novel forms of a multicyclic compound |
TWI482621B (zh) | 2009-12-23 | 2015-05-01 | Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceuti | 青蒿素基藥物與其他化學治療劑的抗癌組合物 |
TWI573792B (zh) | 2012-02-01 | 2017-03-11 | 歐陸斯迪公司 | 新穎治療劑 |
WO2015121876A1 (en) * | 2014-02-14 | 2015-08-20 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Novel tricyclic compounds and preparation thereof |
US9771325B2 (en) | 2014-02-14 | 2017-09-26 | Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research | Tricyclic compounds and preparation thereof |
GB201409471D0 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2014-07-09 | Euro Celtique Sa | Pharmaceutical composition |
GB201409488D0 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2014-07-09 | Euro Celtique Sa | Pharmaceutical composition |
GB201409485D0 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2014-07-09 | Euro Celtique Sa | Pharmaceutical composition |
US10150772B2 (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2018-12-11 | Cephalon, Inc. | Crystalline forms of PARP inhibitors |
CN104961798A (zh) * | 2015-06-28 | 2015-10-07 | 杨洋 | 作为parp抑制剂的化合物 |
AU2016426574B2 (en) | 2016-10-11 | 2023-07-13 | Euro-Celtique S.A. | Hodgkin lymphoma therapy |
GB201709406D0 (en) | 2017-06-13 | 2017-07-26 | Euro-Cletique S A | Compounds for treating TNBC |
GB201709403D0 (en) | 2017-06-13 | 2017-07-26 | Euro Celtique Sa | Compounds for treating sarcoma |
GB201709402D0 (en) | 2017-06-13 | 2017-07-26 | Euro Celtique Sa | Compounds for treating t-pll |
GB201709405D0 (en) | 2017-06-13 | 2017-07-26 | Euro Celtique Sa | Compounds for treating ovarian cancer |
CN113952452A (zh) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-01-21 | 苏州伊瑞斯科技有限公司 | 一种基于碳点的肿瘤放疗增敏剂及其应用 |
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US6635642B1 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 2003-10-21 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | PARP inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods of using same |
US6197785B1 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 2001-03-06 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Alkoxy-substituted compounds, methods, and compositions for inhibiting PARP activity |
EP1077944A1 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2001-02-28 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Carboxamide compounds, compositions, and methods for inhibiting parp activity |
US20060276497A1 (en) * | 2000-05-09 | 2006-12-07 | Cephalon, Inc. | Novel multicyclic compounds and the use thereof |
MXPA04001353A (es) * | 2001-08-15 | 2004-10-27 | Icos Corp | 2h-ftalazin-1-onas y metodos para su uso. |
BRPI0515567A (pt) * | 2004-09-22 | 2008-07-29 | Pfizer | combinações terapêuticas compreendendo inibidor de poli (adp-ribose) polimerase |
US7728026B2 (en) * | 2005-04-11 | 2010-06-01 | Abbott Laboratories, Inc. | 2-substituted-1 h-benzimidazile-4-carboxamides are PARP inhibitors |
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AR063869A1 (es) | 2009-02-25 |
AU2007321987B2 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
ES2352817T3 (es) | 2011-02-23 |
IL198519A0 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
EP2086525A1 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
MX2009005292A (es) | 2009-08-13 |
TW200829276A (en) | 2008-07-16 |
CL2007003331A1 (es) | 2008-07-04 |
DE602007009717D1 (de) | 2010-11-18 |
PT2086525E (pt) | 2010-12-09 |
NZ595522A (en) | 2013-04-26 |
JP5542444B2 (ja) | 2014-07-09 |
CA2671517C (en) | 2015-01-27 |
US20080146556A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
CN101784268A (zh) | 2010-07-21 |
NZ576693A (en) | 2011-12-22 |
IL198519A (en) | 2014-07-31 |
JP2010510312A (ja) | 2010-04-02 |
EP2086525B1 (en) | 2010-10-06 |
TWI519313B (zh) | 2016-02-01 |
ATE483456T1 (de) | 2010-10-15 |
CN101784268B (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
HK1137347A1 (en) | 2010-07-30 |
WO2008063644A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
AU2007321987A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
TW201601762A (zh) | 2016-01-16 |
CA2671517A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
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