TWI619853B - 自酸性銅電鍍浴液向基板上之通孔中電鍍銅之方法 - Google Patents
自酸性銅電鍍浴液向基板上之通孔中電鍍銅之方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI619853B TWI619853B TW105133091A TW105133091A TWI619853B TW I619853 B TWI619853 B TW I619853B TW 105133091 A TW105133091 A TW 105133091A TW 105133091 A TW105133091 A TW 105133091A TW I619853 B TWI619853 B TW I619853B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- copolymer
- plating bath
- moiety
- acid
- Prior art date
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title description 18
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- -1 halide ion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000428 triblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000006732 (C1-C15) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 20
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229920000359 diblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 9
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004593 Epoxy Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000004404 heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000879 optical micrograph Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1CO1 GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OBDVFOBWBHMJDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCCS OBDVFOBWBHMJDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XHLKOHSAWQPOFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-1h-imidazole Chemical compound N1C=NC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 XHLKOHSAWQPOFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005749 Copper compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012433 hydrogen halide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000039 hydrogen halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCS(O)(=O)=O KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium disulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-][S-] SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N (2E)-2-Tetradecenal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=O WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006527 (C1-C5) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGJCBBASTRWVJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione Chemical compound SC1=NCCS1 WGJCBBASTRWVJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazole Substances C=1N=NNN=1 KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHTDDANQIMVWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-pyridine-4-thione Chemical compound SC1=CC=NC=C1 FHTDDANQIMVWKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]ethanol Chemical compound OCCC1=CC=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C1 RILZRCJGXSFXNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXEXMVJHQLWNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3,3-disulfopropyldisulfanyl)propane-1,1-disulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(S(O)(=O)=O)CCSSCCC(S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O YXEXMVJHQLWNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRBSVISDQAINGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CN(C)C(=S)SCCCS(O)(=O)=O WRBSVISDQAINGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LAIUFBWHERIJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylheptane Chemical group CCCCC(C)CC LAIUFBWHERIJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- REEBJQTUIJTGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-pyridin-1-ium-1-ylpropane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)CCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 REEBJQTUIJTGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJJQSQDVWVIPGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC2=C(NC(=S)N2CCO)N=C1 Chemical compound C1=CC2=C(NC(=S)N2CCO)N=C1 AJJQSQDVWVIPGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100493710 Caenorhabditis elegans bath-40 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005682 EO-PO block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GMEHFXXZSWDEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-ethylthiourea Chemical compound CCNC(N)=S GMEHFXXZSWDEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMVFTKYDJQMBRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Cu++].[O-]S(=O)(=O)Cc1ccccc1.[O-]S(=O)(=O)Cc1ccccc1 Chemical compound [Cu++].[O-]S(=O)(=O)Cc1ccccc1.[O-]S(=O)(=O)Cc1ccccc1 RMVFTKYDJQMBRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001556 benzimidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001164 benzothiazolyl group Chemical group S1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003354 benzotriazolyl group Chemical class N1N=NC2=C1C=CC=C2* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YRNNKGFMTBWUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) perchlorate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O YRNNKGFMTBWUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RIOSFUBRIQHOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOSFUBRIQHOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IJCCOEGCVILSMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;dichlorate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O IJCCOEGCVILSMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SSOVMNXYUYFJBU-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;ethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CCS([O-])(=O)=O.CCS([O-])(=O)=O SSOVMNXYUYFJBU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BSXVKCJAIJZTAV-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;methanesulfonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CS([O-])(=O)=O.CS([O-])(=O)=O BSXVKCJAIJZTAV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MNEVGNCIZWZKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;phenol Chemical compound [Cu].OC1=CC=CC=C1.OC1=CC=CC=C1 MNEVGNCIZWZKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPSDYIWFLLIHOT-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CCCS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCS([O-])(=O)=O NPSDYIWFLLIHOT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005265 dialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005266 diarylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicopper;2-oxidopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- WIYCQLLGDNXIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;3-(3-sulfonatopropyldisulfanyl)propane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CCCSSCCCS([O-])(=O)=O WIYCQLLGDNXIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002228 disulfide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001715 oxadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940044652 phenolsulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940044654 phenolsulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum nitride Chemical compound [Ta]#N MZLGASXMSKOWSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
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- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
- H01L21/76873—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers for electroplating
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- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
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- H01L21/76877—Filling of holes, grooves or trenches, e.g. vias, with conductive material
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- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
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Abstract
含有一級醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物及環氧乙烷/環氧丙烷無規共聚物且具有特定HLB範圍的銅電鍍浴液適於用銅填充通孔,其中此類銅沈積物實質上無空隙且實質上無表面缺陷。
Description
本發明針對一種自酸性銅電鍍浴液向基板上之通孔中電鍍銅的方法。更具體而言,本發明針對一種自酸性銅電鍍浴液向基板上之通孔中電鍍銅的方法,其中所述銅沈積物具有實質上無空隙的通孔填充及無缺陷表面。
銅廣泛用於製造電子裝置,包含積體電路(integrated circuit,IC)裝置。舉例而言,用於製造積體電路的銅鑲嵌製程涉及形成嵌花銅佈線圖案,同時在金屬層之間形成通孔連接。在此類製程中,銅電解沈積。已開發出多種銅電鍍調配物來滿足沈積極小尺寸特徵(諸如150nm)之銅的獨特需要,所述極小尺寸特徵的銅用於製造IC中的鑲嵌金屬化製程中。此類銅電鍍浴液通常需要加速劑、調平劑及抑制劑作為有機添加劑來獲得無缺陷銅沈積物。
半導體行業中提高IC裝置密度的近期趨勢已導致三維(three-dimensional,3-D)封裝及3-D IC,此兩者都利用矽通孔(through-silicon vias,TSV)。TSV為穿過晶圓或晶粒的豎直電連接,且通常由銅形成。通常,TSV具有5至400
μm的深度,1至100μm的直徑,以及諸如3:1至50:1的高縱橫比。TSV的尺寸對於在合理時間量內用來自常規電鍍浴液的銅填充使得所得銅沈積物無空隙且無表面缺陷而言是有挑戰的。TSV銅沈積物中的空隙可導致電路斷裂。表面缺陷需要額外拋光來將其移除,以在隨後處理之前獲得平坦表面。
已專門開發出特定銅電鍍浴液在TSV中沈積銅。舉例而言,美國專利第7,670,950號揭示使用不含抑制劑的銅電鍍浴液用銅無空隙填充TSV。然而,此專利未解決此類銅沈積物中的表面缺陷問題。因此,仍需要提供亦無表面缺陷的無空隙沈積物的銅電鍍浴液。
一種使用銅填充電子裝置中的通孔的方法,其包括:a)提供酸性銅電鍍浴液,其包括銅離子源、酸電解質、鹵離子源、加速劑、調平劑、具有以下結構的一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物:
其中R為直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C15)烷基部分或直鏈或分支鏈(C2-C15)烯基部分,且m及n可相同或不同且為各部分之莫耳數,其中一級醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量為500g/mol至20,000g/mol,以及包含環氧乙烷及環氧丙烷部分之無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB為16至35,且銅電鍍浴液的表面張力<40mN/m;b)提供電子裝置基板作為陰極,所述基板具有一個或多
個打算用銅填充的通孔且具有導電表面;c)使電子裝置基板與所述銅電鍍浴液接觸;以及d)施加電勢持續足以用銅沈積物填充所述通孔的時間段;其中所述通孔中的所述銅沈積物實質上無空隙且實質上無表面缺陷。
一種酸性銅電鍍浴液組合物,其包括:銅離子源、酸電解質、鹵離子源、加速劑、調平劑、具有以下結構的一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物:
其中R為直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C15)烷基部分或直鏈或分支鏈(C2-C15)烯基部分,且m及n可相同或不同且為各部分之莫耳數,其中一級醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量為500g/mol至20,000g/mol,以及包含環氧乙烷及環氧丙烷部分之無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB為16至35,且銅電鍍浴液的表面張力<40mN/m。
酸性銅電鍍方法及酸性銅電鍍浴液使能夠形成實質上無空隙通孔及光亮銅沈積物。酸性銅電鍍方法及酸性銅電鍍浴液非常適於填充TSV。
圖1為顯示用具有本發明之抑制劑的銅電鍍浴液鍍覆的銅填充TSV的截面的60X光學顯微照片。
圖2為顯示用含有PO/EO一級烷基烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物及HLB為38.6的EO/PO/EO三嵌段共聚物的銅電鍍浴液
鍍覆的具有空隙的銅填充TSV的截面的60X光學顯微照片。
圖3為顯示用含有R-O-(PO)m-(EO)n-H一級烷基烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物及HLB為9.5的烷基封端的EO/PO嵌段共聚物的銅浴液鍍覆的具有空隙的銅填充TSV的60X光學顯微照片。
如本說明書通篇所使用,除非上下文另外明確指示,否則以下縮寫將具有以下含義:℃=攝氏度;g=公克;mL=毫升;ppm=百萬分率=mg/L;L=公升;mN=毫牛頓;m=公尺;dm=分米;cm=公分;mm=micron=微米;nm=奈米;Å=埃;min.=分鐘;A=安培;mA=毫安;EO=環氧乙烷=-CH2-CH2-O-;PO=環氧丙烷=-CH2-CH2(CH3)-O-或-CH(CH3)-CH2-O-;Mw=以g/mol為單位的重量平均分子量;Mn=數目平均分子量;且HLB=親水親油平衡。除非另外指出,否則所有量均為重量百分比(「重量%」)且所有比率均為重量比。除非另外指出,否則所有重量百分比均為以組合物的總重量計。所有數值範圍均為包含性的且可按任何順序組合,但顯然此類數值範圍限制於總計100%。
除非上下文另外指出,否則冠詞「一」及「所述」係指單數及複數。術語「部分」意謂分子的一部分或官能基。術語「部分」及「基團」在本說明書通篇可互換使用。如本說明書全文所用,除非上下文另作明確指示,否則術語「鍍覆」係指電鍍。「沈積」及「鍍覆」在本說明書通篇中可互換使用。「缺陷」係指銅沈積物的表面缺陷,諸如突出物、凹坑及渦流缺陷,以及銅沈積物內的空隙。「加速劑」(亦稱為「增亮劑」)
係指提高電鍍期間的銅沈積速率的有機添加劑。術語「抑制劑」(亦稱為「載劑」)係指抑制電鍍期間的銅沈積速率的有機添加劑。「調平劑」係指能夠提供實質上平坦的銅沈積物的有機添加劑。術語「調平劑(leveler)」及「調平劑(leveling agent)」在本申請案通篇中可互換使用。術語「親水性」意謂具有與水混合、溶解於水中或經水濕潤的趨勢。術語「親脂性」意謂具有與脂質、脂肪及非極性溶劑混合的趨勢。術語「疏水性」意謂傾向於排斥與水混合或無法與水混合。術語「鹵化物」係指氟化物、氯化物、溴化物及碘化物。
本發明之銅電鍍浴液包含重量平均分子量為500g/mol至20,000g/mol的一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物界面活性劑與HLB為16至35的無規或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物界面活性劑的組合。此兩種界面活性劑充當酸性銅電鍍浴液中的抑制劑。一級醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物具有結構:
其中R為直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C15)烷基部分或直鏈或分支鏈(C2-C15)烯基部分且m及n相同或不同且為各部分之莫耳數,其中一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物的重量平均分子量為500g/mol至20,000g/mol。較佳地,R為直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C15)烷基部分,更佳地,R為直鏈或分支鏈(C5-C12)烷基部分。較佳地,重量平均分子量為500g/mol至15,000g/mol,更佳地800g/mol至10,000g/mol。
本發明之一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物可以藉由文獻中已知的多種方法製備。通常,一級醇烷氧基化物二
嵌段共聚物藉由使環氧乙烷及環氧丙烷嵌段共聚物與一級醇反應製備。市售一級醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物的實例為ECOSURFTM EH-14界面活性劑,可以自密歇根州米德蘭的陶氏化學公司(the Dow Chemical Company,Midland,MI)購得。
無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物具有通式:R1O-[(EO) a (PO) b ]-R2 (II)
其中在共聚物(諸如二嵌段或三嵌段排列)中的嵌段中,親水性EO部分接合在一起且疏水性PO部分接合在一起,或親水性EO部分及疏水性PO部分無規分散於整個共聚物中,R1及R2可相同或不同且選自氫及直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C15)烷基部分,且a及b可相同或不同且為各部分之莫耳數,其中無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB為16至35。較佳地,R1及R2可相同或不同且選自氫及直鏈或分支鏈(C1-C5)烷基。更佳地,R1及R2為氫。較佳地,HLB為17至25,更佳地,HLB為18至25。
較佳地,烷氧基化物共聚物為具有以下結構的三嵌段共聚物:
其中R1及R2如上文所定義且a及b可相同或不同,且為各部分之莫耳數,使得三嵌段共聚物的HLB為16至35,較佳地17至25,更佳地18至25。
更佳地,烷氧基化物共聚物為具有以下結構的三嵌段共聚物:
其中a及b如上文所定義,使得HLB為16至35,較佳17至25,更佳18至25。
三嵌段共聚物可以藉由此項技術中及文獻中已知的方法製備。市售EO/PO/EO三嵌段共聚物的實例為獲自巴斯夫(BASF)的PLURONICTM P84界面活性劑及PLURONICTM P85界面活性劑。
藉由戴維斯方法(Davies' method)使用以下等式計算無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB值:
其中此處,變數m為分子中親水性基團的數目,Hi為第i個親水性基團的值且n為分子中親脂性基團的數目。三嵌段聚合物的PO基團及-CH2-基團或烷基部分為親脂性的,而EO基團及羥基為親水性。無規及嵌段共聚物的親水性基團及親脂性基團的數目可變化,只要基於戴維斯方法的共聚物的HLB在範圍16至35內。較佳地,無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物中的EO基團在40%至50%範圍內。
由上文式(I)表示的烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物及HLB為16-35的無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的組合允許電鍍用於TSV的實質上無缺陷及空隙的銅沈積物。
HLB為16至35的無規及嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的Mw通常在2000g/mol或更高,通常2000g/mol至10,000g/mol範圍內。三嵌段共聚物的Mw在2000g/mol至10,000
g/mol,較佳地3000g/mol至8000g/mol,更佳地4000g/mol至5000g/mol範圍內。
適用於本發明之電鍍浴液中的典型銅離子源為在電鍍浴液中可溶的任何銅化合物。適合銅離子源包含(但不限於)銅鹽,諸如硫酸銅、過硫酸銅、鹵化銅、氯酸銅、過氯酸銅、烷磺酸銅、烷醇磺酸銅、芳基磺酸銅、氟硼酸銅、硝酸銅、乙酸銅以及檸檬酸銅。例示性烷磺酸銅包含甲烷磺酸銅、乙烷磺酸銅及丙烷磺酸銅。例示性芳基磺酸銅包含苯磺酸銅、甲苯磺酸銅及酚磺酸銅。硫酸銅、烷磺酸銅及芳基磺酸銅是較佳的,且硫酸銅最佳。可使用銅化合物的混合物。此類銅離子源一般而言市場有售且可未經進一步純化就使用。銅離子源可以相對寬的濃度範圍用於本發明電鍍浴液中。通常,銅離子源以足以在電鍍浴液中提供10至80g/L,較佳20至80g/L且更佳25至75g/L範圍內的量的銅離子的量存在。
與銅離子源及其他組分相容的任何酸可適合地用作本發明電鍍浴液中的電解質。適合酸包含(但不限於):硫酸;乙酸;氟硼酸;硝酸;胺基磺酸;磷酸;鹵化氫酸,諸如鹽酸;烷磺酸,諸如甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸及丙烷磺酸;芳基磺酸,諸如甲苯磺酸、酚磺酸及苯磺酸;以及鹵化酸,諸如三氟甲基磺酸及鹵基乙酸。較佳地,酸為硫酸、烷磺酸或芳基磺酸,且更佳為硫酸。可以使用酸混合物。適合酸一般市場有售且可未經進一步純化就使用。酸以足以賦予電鍍浴液導電性的量用於本發明組合物中。用於本發明電鍍浴液的酸電解質的總量通常為0.01至75g/L,較佳0.1至75g/L,且更佳1至70g/L。應瞭解某些應用可使用較高量的酸。熟習此項技術
者另外應瞭解,藉由使用硫酸銅、烷磺酸銅或芳基磺酸銅作為銅離子源,可以不單獨添加任何酸就獲得酸性電解質。
本發明之銅電鍍浴液為酸性的,pH<7。較佳地,本發明之電鍍浴液pH2,更佳<2,且甚至更佳地1。
本發明電鍍浴液中可使用任何適合鹵離子。氯離子及溴離子為較佳鹵離子,氯離子更佳。可使用鹵離子混合物,諸如氯離子與溴離子的混合物。可採用廣泛範圍的鹵離子濃度,諸如電鍍浴液中0.1至125ppm,較佳25至125ppm,且更佳40至100ppm鹵離子。可添加此類鹵化物作為相應鹵化氫酸或作為可溶於電鍍浴液中的任何適合鹽。
本發明銅電鍍浴液中可採用多種加速劑。較佳地,加速劑為含雙硫鍵的化合物。適合含雙硫鍵的加速劑的分子量為5000或更小且較佳1000或更小。亦具有磺酸基的含雙硫鍵的加速劑更佳,諸如具有下式的加速劑:R3-S-S-R4-SO3X (V)
其中R4為視情況經取代之烷基、視情況經取代之雜烷基或視情況經取代之芳基;X為氫或抗衡離子,諸如鈉或鉀;以及R3為氫或有機殘基,諸如下式的基團:-R4-SO3X (VI)
其中較佳地,R4為烷基,更佳C1-16烷基,且最佳未經取代之C1-8烷基。雜烷基的烷基鏈中具有一個或多個雜(N、O或S)原子,且具有1至16個碳,且較佳1至8個碳。芳基較佳地為碳環,諸如苯基或萘基。雜芳族基團含有一個或多個N、O及S原子中的1至3個以及1至3個獨立或稠合環,且包含例如香豆素基、喹啉基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、呋喃
基、吡咯基、噻吩基、噻唑基、噁唑基、噁二唑基、三唑基、咪唑基、吲哚基、苯并呋喃基以及苯并噻唑基。雜烷基包含諸如具有1至3個N、O及S原子中的一個或多個以及1至3個獨立或稠合環的雜脂環基。經取代之烷基、雜烷基及芳基的取代基包含例如C1-8烷氧基、C1-8烷基、鹵素(諸如F、Cl及Br)、氰基以及硝基。本發明組合物中可使用一種或多種加速劑,且較佳使用一種加速劑。適合含雙硫鍵的加速劑一般市場有售,諸如來自拉西(Raschig),且可未經進一步純化即使用。較佳含雙硫鍵的加速劑為具有下式的加速劑:XO3S-R4-S-S-R4-SO3X(VII)或XO3S-Ar-S-S-Ar-SO3X (VIII)
其中R4為視情況經取代之C1-6烷基;Ar為視情況經取代之芳基;且X為氫或適合抗衡離子。較佳地,R4為視情況經取代之C1-4烷基,且更佳C1-4烷基。較佳地,Ar選自視情況經取代之苯基及視情況經取代之萘基,且更佳選自苯基及萘基。X的較佳抗衡離子為鈉及鉀。適合較佳含雙硫鍵的加速劑為雙-磺基丙基二硫化物及雙-鈉-磺基丙基二硫化物。
視情況而言,不含二硫基的額外加速劑可與本發明含雙硫鍵的加速劑組合使用。典型額外加速劑含有一個或多個硫原子且可為(但不限於)硫醇(thiol)、硫醇(mercaptan)、硫化物及有機磺酸。舉例而言,此類額外加速劑化合物可具有下式:XO3S-R"-SH (IX)
其中R"為視情況經取代之C1-6烷基,以及較佳地未經取代之C1-4烷基;且X為氫或適合抗衡離子,諸如鈉或鉀。例
示性額外加速劑在此項技術中熟知且包含(但不限於)N,N-二甲基-二硫胺基甲酸(3-磺基丙基)酯;3-巰基-丙基磺酸-(3-磺基丙基)酯;3-巰基-丙基磺酸(鈉鹽);與3-巰基-1-丙烷磺酸(鉀鹽)的碳酸-二硫基-o-乙酯-s-酯;3-(苯并噻唑基-s-硫基)丙基磺酸(鈉鹽);吡啶鎓丙基磺基甜菜鹼;1-鈉-3-巰基丙-1-磺酸酯;;以及上述的組合。適合額外加速劑亦描述於美國專利第3,770,598號;第3,778,357號;第4,374,709號;第4,376,685號;第4,555,315號;以及第4,673,469號。此類額外加速劑可單獨使用或作為兩種或更多種的混合物使用。本發明組合物較佳不含此類額外加速劑。
新鮮製備的本發明之銅電鍍浴液中存在的含雙硫鍵的加速劑的量為0.05至500ppm。較佳地,含雙硫鍵的加速劑化合物以0.1至250ppm,更佳0.5至100ppm,更佳0.5至50ppm,且甚至更優地0.5至25ppm的量存在。本發明之銅電鍍浴液中存在的任何額外加速劑以上文針對含雙硫鍵的加速劑所述的量使用。
多種調平劑為此項技術中已知且可適合地用於本發明銅電鍍組合物中。調平劑通常以0.5至500ppm,較佳0.5至100ppm且更佳0.5至50ppm的量用於本發明電鍍組合物中。較佳地,調平劑為含氮化合物。例示性調平劑包含(但不限於)1-(2-羥基乙基)-2-咪唑啶硫酮;4-巰基吡啶;2-巰基噻唑啉;伸乙基硫脲;硫脲;烷基化聚伸烷基亞胺;美國專利第3,956,084號中揭露的二甲基苯基吡唑酮鎓化合物;胺與含環氧基的化合物的反應產物;尤其此項技術中已知的。此類反應產物一般市場有售,諸如來自拉西,或可藉由此項技術中已
知的方法製備。此類調平劑化合物可經或未經進一步純化即使用。
較佳調平劑為胺與環氧化合物的反應產物,所述環氧化合物諸如表鹵代醇、縮水甘油基醚、烷烴二氧化物、環烷烴二氧化物或其他適合含環氧基的化合物。適合胺包含(但不限於)一級胺、二級胺或三級胺、雜環胺、雜芳族胺及其類似胺。例示性胺包含(但不限於)二烷基胺、三烷基胺、芳基烷基胺(arylalylamine)、二芳基胺、咪唑、三唑、四唑、苯并咪唑、苯并三唑、哌啶、嗎啉、哌嗪、吡啶、吡嗪、噁唑、苯并噁唑、嘧啶、喹啉以及異喹啉。較佳地,胺為雜環或雜芳族的,且更佳雜芳族的。咪唑、苯并咪唑、吡啶及吡嗪為較佳胺。適合胺可經取代或未經取代。「經取代」意謂胺上的一個或多個氫置換為一個或多個取代基,諸如烷基、芳基、烷氧基、鹵基及烯基。較佳環氧化合物為表氯醇、C1-16烷烴或環烷烴的二縮水甘油基醚以及含二環氧基的C1-16烷烴或環烷烴。尤其較佳調平劑為咪唑、苯并咪唑、吡啶及吡嗪中的一個或多個(其各自可經取代或未經取代)與選自表氯醇、C1-16烷烴或環烷烴的二縮水甘油基醚以及含二環氧基的C1-16烷烴或環烷烴的一種或多種含環氧基的化合物的反應產物。胺與環氧化合物的適合反應產物為美國專利第4,038,161號;第6,610,192號;第8,262,895號;第8,268,157號;第8,268,158號;第8,454,815號;以及第8,747,643號中揭露者。較佳為美國專利第8,262,895號;第8,268,157號;第8,268,158號;第8,454,815號;以及第8,747,643號中揭示的胺與環氧化合物的反應產物。一種或多種胺與一種或多種環氧化合物的反應產物可用
作本發明組合物中的調平劑。
本發明組合物中可使用抑制劑,其限制條件為如使用克魯斯BP100氣泡張力計(Krüss BP100 bubble tensiometer)在25℃的溶液溫度及30秒的表面年齡下所量測,此類抑制劑提供動態表面張力40mN/m的銅電鍍浴液。銅電鍍浴液的動態表面張力40mN/m且較佳地<40mN/m。動態表面張力不存在具體下限,但較佳表面張力在1至40mN/m,更佳10至40mN/m且仍更佳25至39mN/m範圍內。儘管不受理論約束,但一級醇烷氧基化物提供表面張力中的大部分降低,因此移除大表面膨脹缺陷。無規或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物在表面張力減小劑與其他浴液添加劑之間的相互作用,獲得光亮表面。
抑制劑可按提供如下銅電鍍浴液的任何量添加至本發明電鍍組合物中:如在25℃下使用克魯斯氣泡壓力張力計量測,動態表面張力40mN/m;在30℃的溫度下保持澄清(即不變混濁)持續2天;在TSV中沈積銅,其中銅沈積物實質上無空隙,較佳無空隙,且實質上無表面缺陷,且更佳無空隙且無表面缺陷。如本文所用,「實質上無空隙」意謂在退火之前不具有0.1μm尺寸的空隙。「實質上無表面缺陷」意謂在任何維度中都不具有>2μm的表面缺陷。較佳地,銅鍍覆浴液中抑制劑的總量為0.1mg/L至1000mg/L的量。較佳地,一級醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物為100mg/L或更高的量,更佳地120mg/L至150mg/L的量。較佳地,無規或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物以40mg/L至250mg/L的量添加。
儘管並非較佳,但本發明之銅電鍍浴液亦可含有
大量其他合金元素,諸如(但不限於)錫、鋅、銦、銻及其類似元素。此類合金元素以任何適合浴液-溶液鹽的形成添加至電鍍浴液中。因此,適用於本發明之銅電鍍浴液可沈積銅或銅合金。較佳地,本發明之銅電鍍浴液實質上不含合金金屬,且更佳不含合金金屬。「實質上不含」意謂電鍍浴液含有的此類合金金屬少於0.01ppm。
本發明電鍍浴液可藉由以任何順序組合銅離子源、酸電解質、加速劑、調平劑、抑制劑及任何視情況選用之組分製備。本發明銅電鍍浴液亦含有水。水可以許多不同量存在。可使用任何類型的水,諸如蒸餾水、去離子(DI)水或自來水。
可根據以下步驟用銅填充電子裝置基板中的通孔(諸如TSV):提供包括銅離子源、酸電解質、鹵離子源、加速劑、調平劑以及抑制劑的酸性銅電鍍浴液,其中銅電鍍浴液的動態表面張力40mN/m;提供具有一個或多個打算用銅填充的通孔且具有導電表面的電子裝置基板作為陰極;使電子裝置基板與銅電鍍浴液接觸;以及施加電勢持續足以用銅沈積物填充所述通孔的時間;其中通孔中的銅沈積物實質上無空隙且實質上無表面缺陷。
可根據本發明用銅鍍覆多種電子裝置基板,尤其適用於3-D積體電路及3-D封裝的電子裝置基板。適合電子裝置基板包含適用於RF裝置、MEM裝置CMOS裝置、存儲裝置(包含閃存、DRAM及SRAM)、邏輯裝置,以及使用3-D堆疊的裝置的彼等基板。此類基板通常為具有一個或多個TSV的晶圓或晶粒,所述TSV隨後完全穿過晶圓或晶粒。通
常,TSV具有5至600μm的深度,1至200μm的直徑,及諸如3:1至20:1的高縱橫比,但TSV可具有其他適合尺寸。縱橫比定義為通孔開口處TSV的深度比TSV的直徑的比率。TSV的具體尺寸及縱橫比取決於整體3-D方法中的哪個階段包含TSV。
使用此項技術中眾所周知的技術在諸如晶圓等電子裝置基板中形成TSV。TSV自基板的前表面延伸至基板的後表面。TSV的高度由基板的厚度決定。上面具有有效裝置的基板的表面通常稱為前表面。因為基板不導電,所以TSV的側壁必須導電以在通孔中電沈積銅。首先,諸如藉由化學氣相沈積(CVD)、原子層沈積(ALD)或物理氣相沈積(PVD)在通孔的壁上沈積諸如鉭、氮化鉭、鎢、鈦、氮化鈦、釕或鎢鈦等銅擴散屏障。隨後,在障壁層上沈積導電晶種層提供用於電鍍的均勻導電表面。導電晶種層可藉由CVD、ALD或PVD技術沈積。
具有TSV的電子裝置基板接著與本發明銅電鍍浴液接觸。電子裝置基板(即晶圓或晶粒)用作陰極。施加電勢以將銅沈積至TSV中以及沈積至基板的表面上。可使用任何適合電勢,包含脈衝電流、直流電、週期反向電流、週期脈衝反向電流、階躍電流或其他適合電流,較佳直流電。本發明電鍍浴液可在10至65℃或更高溫度的任何溫度下使用。電鍍浴液的溫度較佳為10至35℃且更佳為15至30℃。通常,本發明電鍍浴液在使用期間攪拌。本發明可使用任何適合攪拌法且此類方法為此項技術中熟知的。適合攪拌法包含(但不限於)空氣噴射、工件攪拌、撞擊、旋轉及其類似方法。當使用
本發明之銅電鍍浴液鍍覆電子裝置基板中的TSV時,所述基板諸如用於製造積體電路的晶圓,晶圓可以諸如1至150RPM旋轉。本發明之電鍍浴液諸如藉由將浴液泵送或噴灑至晶圓上來接觸旋轉晶圓。在替代方案中,若電鍍浴液的流動速率足以提供所要金屬沈積,則晶圓無需旋轉。施加足夠電勢持續足以用銅填充TSV的時間,其中TSV中的銅沈積物實質上無空隙,且其中銅沈積物的表面實質上無表面缺陷。適合電流密度在0.1至50mA/cm2,且較佳0.4至6mA/cm2範圍內。適合鍍覆時間自5至120分鐘變化,但此類時間取決於具體TSV特徵尺寸。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,第一階段可使用第一相對低電流密度來起始銅鍍覆,隨後增加電流密度持續隨後時段。電流密度可持續增加,或以逐步方式增加,其中可使用兩個或更多個步驟。最佳電流密度及持續時間一般用實驗方式測定且可視TSV的縱橫比及尺寸而變化。在銅鍍覆之後,經鍍覆的基板可視情況沖洗、乾燥以及平坦化,隨後進行後續加工步驟。
本發明銅電鍍浴液提供TSV的超填充,即由下而上生長。在超填充時,銅優先沈積於諸如TSV的通孔的底部。此類由下而上填充對於在通孔中提供實質上無空隙,且較佳無空隙的銅沈積物而言至關重要。銅電鍍浴液中的調平劑及抑制劑用於減緩基板表面處的鍍覆速率,而加速劑提高通孔底部的鍍覆速率。加速劑、抑制劑及調平劑的選擇以及量的平衡使得無空隙的填充通孔。已出乎意料地發現提供動態表面張力40mN/m的銅電鍍浴液的本發明抑制劑不僅提供TSV的超填充,而且顯著減少所得沈積物上的表面缺陷(諸如渦流
缺陷),且提供光亮表面。
藉由首先組合60g/L來自CuSO4˙5H2O的Cu2+、60g/L H2SO4以及50mg/L來自1N HCl的Cl-,接著添加6mg/L來自儲備溶液的加速劑雙(磺基丙基)二硫化鈉、17.5mg/L為丁基二縮水甘油醚的反應產物的調平劑、75% 4-苯基咪唑以及25%來自儲備溶液的咪唑,製備銅電鍍浴液。各浴液包含下表1中所示的量的抑制劑1及2。
R為分支鏈2-乙基己烷部分。使用戴維斯方法測得三嵌段共聚物的HLB為19。下表中為用於藉由戴維斯方法計算HLB的變數:
對具有5μm直徑×55μm深度的TSV的多個測試晶圓試片進行通孔填充測試。試片用導電銅帶連接至分段鍍覆器的鍍覆頭,其接著用鍍覆器帶(3M,明尼阿波利斯,明尼蘇達)覆蓋。在鍍覆之前,全部試片都進行5分鐘去離子水噴灑。各晶圓試片用作陰極且藉由品內儀器MSRX旋轉器
以50rpm旋轉,且與來自實例1的電鍍浴液接觸。電鍍浴液的溫度為25℃。表3中報道用於監測表面(渦流)缺陷的鍍覆波形,其中CD為電流密度。在25℃下,使用克魯斯BP100氣泡壓力張力計在30秒表面年齡下量測各鍍覆浴液的動態表面張力,且測得為36.7mN/m。
在銅鍍覆以填充TSV之後,晶圓試片交叉分段且藉由光學顯微鏡在60X放大倍數下成像。評估光學影像來測定鍍覆浴液的填充能力。所有TSV開起來都經銅填充。未觀測到空隙。圖1為檢驗空隙的樣品中的一個的光學顯微照片。圖1顯示TSV中無空隙。另外,樣品的全部表面看起來都光亮。銅表面上不存在可觀測的缺陷或渦流。
重複實例2揭露的方法,但抑制劑組合具有表4中的組分。
R如上文實例1中所定義。使用戴維斯方法測得三嵌段共聚物的HLB為24。下表中為用於計算HLB的變數:
填充TSV之後,藉由與實例2中所述相同的方法對其進行分析。樣品中未觀測到空隙。樣品的橫截面看起來與圖1中所示實質上相同。全部樣品都具有光亮銅表面。銅沈積物上不存在可觀測的缺陷。
重複實例2揭露的方法,但抑制劑組合具有表6中的組分。
R在上文實例1中定義。測得HLB為15.8。下表中為用於計算HLB的變數:
填充TSV之後,藉由與實例2中所述相同的方法對其進行分析。樣品中未觀測到空隙。然而,銅沈積物顯示沿邊緣存在一些缺陷。
藉由首先組合60g/L來自CuSO4˙5H2O的Cu2+、60g/L H2SO4以及50mg/L來自1N HCl的Cl-,接著添加6mg/L來自儲備溶液的加速劑雙(磺基丙基)二硫化鈉、15.5mg/L為丁基二縮水甘油醚的反應產物的調平劑、75% 4-苯基咪唑以及25%來自儲備溶液的咪唑,製備銅電鍍浴液。包含抑制劑的各浴液顯示於表8中。
其中R如上文實例1中所定義。測得HLB為38.6。下表中為用於計算HLB的變數:
對具有5μm直徑×55μm深度的TSV的多個測試晶圓試片進行通孔填充測試。試片用導電銅帶連接至分段鍍覆器的鍍覆頭,其接著用鍍覆器帶(3M,明尼阿波利斯,明尼蘇達)覆蓋。在鍍覆之前,全部試片都進行5分鐘去離子水噴灑。各晶圓試片充當陰極且藉由品內儀器MSRX旋轉器
以50rpm旋轉,且與上文所述的電鍍浴液接觸。電鍍浴液的溫度為25℃。用於監測表面(渦流)缺陷的鍍覆波形報道於實例2中的表3中,其中CD為電流密度。在25℃下,使用克魯斯BP100氣泡壓力張力計在30秒表面年齡下量測各鍍覆浴液的動態表面張力,且發現其為36.7mN/m。
在銅鍍覆以填充TSV之後,晶圓試片交叉分段且藉由光學顯微鏡在60X放大倍數下成像。評估光學影像來測定鍍覆浴液的填充能力。實質上所有銅沈積物都具有光亮表面;然而,全部TSV都具有如圖2所示的空隙。
重複實例6的方法,但銅鍍覆浴液中包含的抑制劑為下表10中的抑制劑。
抑制劑2的HLB測得為9.5。下表為用於計算HLB的變數:
所有TSV看起來都具有如圖3所示的空隙且實質上所有銅沈積物都具有混濁表面。
Claims (10)
- 一種使用銅填充電子裝置中的通孔的方法,其包括:a)提供酸性銅電鍍浴液,其包括銅離子源、酸電解質、鹵離子源、加速劑、調平劑、具有下式的一級醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中所述烷氧基化共聚物為具有下式的三嵌段共聚物:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中所述無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB為17至25。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述的方法,其中所述無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB為18至25。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中所述導電表面為晶種層。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述的方法,其中所述晶種層為銅晶種層。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中所述電子裝置為晶圓或晶粒。
- 一種酸性銅電鍍浴液組合物,其包括:銅離子源、酸電解質、鹵離子源、加速劑、調平劑、具有下式的一級醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物:
- 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的酸性銅電鍍浴液組合物,其中所述烷氧基化共聚物為具有下式的三嵌段共聚物:
- 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的酸性銅電鍍浴液組合物,其中所述無規或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB為17至25。
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