CN106609384A - 从酸性铜电镀浴液向衬底上的通孔中电镀铜的方法 - Google Patents
从酸性铜电镀浴液向衬底上的通孔中电镀铜的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106609384A CN106609384A CN201610908320.6A CN201610908320A CN106609384A CN 106609384 A CN106609384 A CN 106609384A CN 201610908320 A CN201610908320 A CN 201610908320A CN 106609384 A CN106609384 A CN 106609384A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- copolymer
- hlb
- electroplating bath
- bath liquid
- Prior art date
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- Granted
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 133
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title claims description 36
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- -1 halogen ion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920000428 triblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000006732 (C1-C15) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 58
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 14
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- LEVWYRKDKASIDU-QWWZWVQMSA-N D-cystine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](N)CSSC[C@@H](N)C(O)=O LEVWYRKDKASIDU-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229960003067 cystine Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 229920000359 diblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910006127 SO3X Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000011218 segmentation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical group ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005055 alkyl alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002619 bicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229940006460 bromide ion Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJCCOEGCVILSMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;dichlorate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O IJCCOEGCVILSMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COCC1CO1 GYZLOYUZLJXAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UTEFBSAVJNEPTR-RGEXLXHISA-N loprazolam Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1\C=C/1C(=O)N2C3=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C3C(C=3C(=CC=CC=3)Cl)=NCC2=N\1 UTEFBSAVJNEPTR-RGEXLXHISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960003019 loprazolam Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005606 polypropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCS(O)(=O)=O KCXFHTAICRTXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium disulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-][S-] SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N (2E)-2-Tetradecenal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=O WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFJCNSLCJOQHKM-CLFAGFIQSA-N (z)-1-[(z)-octadec-9-enoxy]octadec-9-ene Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC FFJCNSLCJOQHKM-CLFAGFIQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGJCBBASTRWVJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione Chemical compound SC1=NCCS1 WGJCBBASTRWVJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O LBLYYCQCTBFVLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- LAIUFBWHERIJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylheptane Chemical group CCCCC(C)CC LAIUFBWHERIJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005749 Copper compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- PDQAZBWRQCGBEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenethiourea Chemical compound S=C1NCCN1 PDQAZBWRQCGBEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNVMUORYQLCPJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocarbamate Chemical compound NC([S-])=O GNVMUORYQLCPJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012661 block copolymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VKUSBGMTLPOBET-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].OC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1.OC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 VKUSBGMTLPOBET-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YPUSVVUFFQUOSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound [Cu].CCS(O)(=O)=O YPUSVVUFFQUOSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGQHONKCYQCCHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Cu].CCCS(O)(=O)=O VGQHONKCYQCCHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000956 coumarin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001671 coumarin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005265 dialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicopper;2-oxidopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)CO GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinuclear copper ion Chemical compound [Cu].[Cu] ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002228 disulfide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002955 immunomodulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940121354 immunomodulator Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002584 immunomodulator Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-hydroxy-2-propan-2-ylsulfonylethanimidamide Chemical compound CC(C)S(=O)(=O)CC(N)=NO LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000879 optical micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001715 oxadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002916 oxazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004968 peroxymonosulfuric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940044654 phenolsulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003053 piperidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
含有伯醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物和环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷无规共聚物且具有特定HLB范围的铜电镀浴液适于用铜填充通孔,其中此类铜沉积物基本上无空隙并且基本上无表面缺陷。
Description
技术领域
本发明针对一种从酸性铜电镀浴液向衬底上的通孔中电镀铜的方法。更具体来说,本发明针对一种从酸性铜电镀浴液向衬底上的通孔中电镀铜的方法,其中所述铜沉积物具有基本上无空隙的通孔填充和无缺陷表面。
背景技术
铜广泛用于制造电子装置,包括集成电路(integrated circuit,IC)装置。举例来说,用于制造集成电路的铜镶嵌工艺涉及形成嵌花铜布线图案,同时在金属层之间形成通孔连接。在此类工艺中,铜电解沉积。已经开发出多种铜电镀调配物来满足沉积极小尺寸特征(例如≤150nm)的铜的独特需要,所述极小尺寸特征的铜用于制造IC中的镶嵌金属化工艺中。此类铜电镀浴液通常需要加速剂、调平剂和抑制剂作为有机添加剂来获得无缺陷铜沉积物。
半导体行业中提高IC装置密度的近期趋势已导致三维(three-dimensional,3-D)包装和3-D IC,这两者都利用硅通孔(through-silicon vias,TSV)。TSV为穿过晶片或晶粒的竖直电连接,且通常由铜形成。通常,TSV具有5到400μm的深度,1到100μm的直径,以及例如3:1到50:1的高纵横比。TSV的尺寸对于在合理时间量内用来自常规电镀浴液的铜填充使得所得铜沉积物无空隙且无表面缺陷来说是有挑战的。TSV铜沉积物中的空隙可导致电路断裂。表面缺陷需要额外抛光来将其去除,以在随后处理之前获得平坦表面。
已专门开发出特定铜电镀浴液在TSV中沉积铜。举例来说,美国专利第7,670,950号披露使用不含抑制剂的铜电镀浴液用铜无空隙填充TSV。然而,这一专利未解决此类铜沉积物中的表面缺陷问题。因此,仍需要提供还无表面缺陷的无空隙沉积物的铜电镀浴液。
发明内容
一种使用铜填充电子装置中的通孔的方法,其包含:
a)提供酸性铜电镀浴液,其包含铜离子源、酸电解质、卤离子源、加速剂、调平剂、具有以下结构的伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物:
其中R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分或直链或分支链(C2-C15)烯基部分,并且m和n可相同或不同且为各部分的摩尔数,其中伯醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol,以及包括环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷部分的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB为16到35,并且铜电镀浴液的表面张力<40mN/m;
b)提供电子装置衬底作为阴极,所述衬底具有一个或多个打算用铜填充的通孔并且具有导电表面;
c)使电子装置衬底与所述铜电镀浴液接触;以及
d)施加电势持续足以用铜沉积物填充所述通孔的时间段;其中所述通孔中的所述铜沉积物基本上无空隙并且基本上无表面缺陷。
一种酸性铜电镀浴液组合物,其包含:铜离子源、酸电解质、卤离子源、加速剂、调平剂、具有以下结构的伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物:
其中R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分或直链或分支链(C2-C15)烯基部分,并且m和n可相同或不同且为各部分的摩尔数,其中伯醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol,以及包括环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷部分的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB为16到35,并且铜电镀浴液的表面张力<40mN/m。
酸性铜电镀方法和酸性铜电镀浴液使能够形成基本上无空隙通孔和光亮铜沉积物。酸性铜电镀方法和酸性铜电镀浴液非常适于填充TSV。
附图说明
图1为显示用具有本发明的抑制剂的铜电镀浴液镀覆的铜填充TSV的截面的60X光学显微照片。
图2为显示用含有PO/EO伯烷基烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物和HLB为38.6的EO/PO/EO三嵌段共聚物的铜电镀浴液镀覆的具有空隙的铜填充TSV的截面的60X光学显微照片。
图3为显示用含有R-O-(PO)m-(EO)n-H伯烷基烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物和HLB为9.5的烷基封端的EO/PO嵌段共聚物的铜浴液镀覆的具有空隙的铜填充TSV的60X光学显微照片。
具体实施方式
如本说明书通篇所使用,除非上下文另外明确指示,否则以下缩写将具有以下含义:℃=摄氏度;g=克;mL=毫升;ppm=百万分率=mg/L;L=升;mN=毫牛顿;m=米;dm=分米;cm=厘米;mm=micron=微米;nm=纳米;min.=分钟;A=安培;mA=毫安;EO=环氧乙烷=-CH2-CH2-O-;PO=环氧丙烷=-CH2-CH2(CH3)-O-或-CH(CH3)-CH2-O-;Mw=以g/mol为单位的重量平均分子量;Mn=数目平均分子量;且HLB=亲水亲油平衡。除非另外指出,否则所有量都是重量百分比(“重量%”)并且所有比率都是重量比。除非另外指出,否则所有重量百分比都是以组合物的总重量计。所有数值范围都是包括性的并且可按任何顺序组合,但显然此类数值范围限制于总计100%。
除非上下文另外指出,否则冠词“一”和“所述”是指单数和复数。术语“部分”意指分子的一部分或官能团。术语“部分”和“基团”在本说明书通篇可互换使用。如本说明书全文所用,除非上下文另作明确指示,否则术语“镀覆”是指电镀。“沉积”和“镀覆”在本说明书通篇中可互换使用。“缺陷”是指铜沉积物的表面缺陷,例如突出物、凹坑和涡流缺陷,以及铜沉积物内的空隙。“加速剂”(也称为“增亮剂”)是指提高电镀期间的铜沉积速率的有机添加剂。术语“抑制剂”(也称为“载剂”)是指抑制电镀期间的铜沉积速率的有机添加剂。“调平剂”是指能够提供基本上平坦的铜沉积物的有机添加剂。术语“调平剂(leveler)”和“调平剂(leveling agent)”在本申请案通篇中可互换使用。术语“亲水性”意指具有与水混合、溶解于水中或经水湿润的趋势。术语“亲脂性”意谓具有与脂质、脂肪和非极性溶剂混合的趋势。术语“疏水性”意指倾向于排斥与水混合或无法与水混合。术语“卤化物”是指氟化物、氯化物、溴化物和碘化物。
本发明的铜电镀浴液包括重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol的伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物表面活性剂与HLB为16到35的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物表面活性剂的组合。这两种表面活性剂充当酸性铜电镀浴液中的抑制剂。伯醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物具有结构:
其中R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分或直链或分支链(C2-C15)烯基部分并且m和n相同或不同且为各部分的摩尔数,其中伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物的重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol。优选地,R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分,更优选地,R为直链或分支链(C5-C12)烷基部分。优选地,重量平均分子量为500g/mol到15,000g/mol,更优选地800g/mol到10,000g/mol。
本发明的伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物可以通过文献中已知的多种方法制备。通常,伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物通过使环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物与伯醇反应制备。市售伯醇烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物的实例为ECOSURFTM EH-14表面活性剂,可以从密歇根州米德兰的陶氏化学公司(the Dow Chemical Company,Midland,MI)购得。
无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物具有通式:
R1O-[(EO)a(PO)b]-R2 (II)
其中在共聚物(例如二嵌段或三嵌段排列)中的嵌段中,亲水性EO部分接合在一起且疏水性PO部分接合在一起,或亲水性EO部分和疏水性PO部分无规分散于整个共聚物中,R1和R2可相同或不同并且选自氢和直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分,且a和b可相同或不同并且为各部分的摩尔数,其中无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB为16到35。优选地,R1和R2可相同或不同并且选自氢和直链或分支链(C1-C5)烷基。更优选地,R1和R2为氢。优选地,HLB为17到25,更优选地,HLB为18到25。
优选地,烷氧基化物共聚物为具有以下结构的三嵌段共聚物:
其中R1和R2如上文所定义并且a和b可相同或不同,且为各部分的摩尔数,使得三嵌段共聚物的HLB为16到35,优选地17到25,更优选地18到25。
更优选地,烷氧基化物共聚物为具有以下结构的三嵌段共聚物:
其中a和b如上文所定义,使得HLB为16到35,优选17到25,更优选18到25。
三嵌段共聚物可以通过所属领域中和文献中已知的方法制备。市售EO/PO/EO三嵌段共聚物的实例为获自巴斯夫(BASF)的PLURONICTM P84表面活性剂和PLURONICTM P85表面活性剂。
通过戴维斯方法(Davies'method)使用以下等式计算无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB值:
其中此处,变数m为分子中亲水性基团的数目,Hi为第i个亲水性基团的值并且n为分子中亲脂性基团的数目。三嵌段聚合物的PO基团和-CH2-基团或烷基部分为亲脂性的,而EO基团和羟基为亲水性。无规和嵌段共聚物的亲水性基团和亲脂性基团的数目可变化,只要基于戴维斯方法的共聚物的HLB在范围16到35内。优选地,无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物中的EO基团在40%到50%范围内。
由上文式(I)表示的烷氧基化物二嵌段共聚物和HLB为16-35的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的组合允许电镀用于TSV的基本上无缺陷和空隙的铜沉积物。
HLB为16到35的无规和嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的Mw通常在2000g/mol或更高,通常2000g/mol到10,000g/mol范围内。三嵌段共聚物的Mw在2000g/mol到10,000g/mol,优选地3000g/mol到8000g/mol,更优选地4000g/mol到5000g/mol范围内。
适用于本发明的电镀浴液中的典型铜离子源为在电镀浴液中可溶的任何铜化合物。适合铜离子源包括(但不限于)铜盐,例如硫酸铜、过硫酸铜、卤化铜、氯酸铜、过氯酸铜、烷磺酸铜、烷醇磺酸铜、芳香基磺酸铜、氟硼酸铜、硝酸铜、乙酸铜以及柠檬酸铜。示范性烷磺酸铜包括甲烷磺酸铜、乙烷磺酸铜和丙烷磺酸铜。示范性芳香基磺酸铜包括苯磺酸铜、甲苯磺酸铜和酚磺酸铜。硫酸铜、烷磺酸铜和芳香基磺酸铜是优选的,且硫酸铜是最优选的。可使用铜化合物的混合物。此类铜离子源一般来说市场有售且可未经进一步纯化就使用。铜离子源可以相对宽的浓度范围用于本发明电镀浴液中。通常,铜离子源以足以在电镀浴液中提供10到80g/L,优选20到80g/L且更优选25到75g/L范围内的量的铜离子的量存在。
与铜离子源和其它组分相容的任何酸可适合地用作本发明电镀浴液中的电解质。适合酸包括(但不限于):硫酸;乙酸;氟硼酸;硝酸;氨基磺酸;磷酸;卤化氢酸,例如盐酸;烷磺酸,例如甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸和丙烷磺酸;芳香基磺酸,例如甲苯磺酸、酚磺酸和苯磺酸;以及卤化酸,例如三氟甲基磺酸和卤基乙酸。优选地,酸为硫酸、烷磺酸或芳香基磺酸,且更优选为硫酸。可以使用酸混合物。适合酸一般市场有售且可未经进一步纯化就使用。酸以足以赋予电镀浴液导电性的量用于本发明组合物中。用于本发明电镀浴液的酸电解质的总量通常为0.01到75g/L,优选0.1到75g/L,且更优选1到70g/L。应了解某些应用可使用较高量的酸。所属领域的技术人员另外应了解,通过使用硫酸铜、烷磺酸铜或芳香基磺酸铜作为铜离子源,可以不单独添加任何酸就获得酸性电解质。
本发明的铜电镀浴液为酸性的,pH<7。优选地,本发明的电镀浴液pH≤2,更优选<2,且甚至更优选地≤1。
本发明电镀浴液中可使用任何适合卤离子。氯离子和溴离子为优选卤离子,氯离子更优选。可使用卤离子混合物,例如氯离子与溴离子的混合物。可采用广泛范围的卤离子浓度,例如电镀浴液中0.1到125ppm,优选25到125ppm,且更优选40到100ppm卤离子。可添加此类卤化物作为相应卤化氢酸或作为可溶于电镀浴液中的任何适合盐。
本发明铜电镀浴液中可采用多种加速剂。优选地,加速剂为含双硫键的化合物。适合含双硫键的加速剂的分子量为5000或更小且优选1000或更小。还具有磺酸基的含双硫键的加速剂更优选,例如具有下式的那些:
R3—S—S—R4—SO3X (V)
其中R4为任选地经取代的烷基、任选地经取代的杂烷基或任选经取代的芳基;X为氢或抗衡离子,例如钠或钾;以及R3为氢或有机残基,例如下式的基团:
-R4-SO3X (VI)
其中优选地,R4为烷基,更优选C1-16烷基,并且最优选未经取代的C1-8烷基。杂烷基的烷基链中具有一个或多个杂(N、O或S)原子,且具有1到16个碳,且优选1到8个碳。芳香基优选地为碳环,例如苯基或萘基。杂芳香族基团含有一个或多个N、O和S原子中的1到3个以及1到3个独立或稠合环,且包括例如香豆素基、喹啉基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、呋喃基、吡咯基、噻吩基、噻唑基、噁唑基、噁二唑基、三唑基、咪唑基、吲哚基、苯并呋喃基以及苯并噻唑基。杂烷基包括例如具有1到3个N、O和S原子中的一个或多个以及1到3个独立或稠合环的杂脂环基。经取代的烷基、杂烷基和芳香基的取代基包括例如C1-8烷氧基、C1-8烷基、卤素(例如F、Cl和Br)、氰基以及硝基。本发明组合物中可使用一种或多种加速剂,且优选使用一种加速剂。适合含双硫键的加速剂一般市场有售,例如来自拉西(Raschig),且可未经进一步纯化即使用。优选含双硫键的加速剂为具有下式的加速剂:
XO3S-R4-S-S-R4-SO3X(VII)或XO3S-Ar-S-S-Ar-SO3X(VIII)
其中R4为任选地经取代的C1-6烷基;Ar为任选地经取代的芳香基;且X为氢或适合抗衡离子。优选地,R4为任选地经取代的C1-4烷基,且更优选C1-4烷基。优选地,Ar选自任选地经取代的苯基和任选地经取代的萘基,且更优选选自苯基和萘基。X的优选抗衡离子为钠和钾。适合优选含双硫键的加速剂为双-磺基丙基二硫化物和双-钠-磺基丙基二硫化物。
任选地,不含二硫基的额外加速剂可与本发明含双硫键的加速剂组合使用。典型额外加速剂含有一个或多个硫原子且可为(但不限于)硫醇(thiol)、硫醇(mercaptan)、硫化物和有机磺酸。举例来说,此类额外加速剂化合物可具有下式:
XO3S-R"-SH (IX)
其中R"为任选经取代的C1-6烷基,以及优选地未经取代的C1-4烷基;且X为氢或适合抗衡离子,例如钠或钾。示范性额外加速剂在所属领域中众所周知且包括(但不限于)N,N-二甲基-二硫氨基甲酸(3-磺基丙基)酯;3-巯基-丙基磺酸-(3-磺基丙基)酯;3-巯基-丙基磺酸(钠盐);与3-巯基-1-丙烷磺酸(钾盐)的碳酸-二硫基-o-乙酯-s-酯;3-(苯并噻唑基-s-硫基)丙基磺酸(钠盐);吡啶鎓丙基磺基甜菜碱;1-钠-3-巯基丙-1-磺酸酯;;以及上述的组合。适合额外加速剂还描述于美国专利第3,770,598号;第3,778,357号;第4,374,709号;第4,376,685号;第4,555,315号;以及第4,673,469号。此类额外加速剂可单独使用或作为两种或更多种的混合物使用。本发明组合物优选不含此类额外加速剂。
新鲜制备的本发明的铜电镀浴液中存在的含双硫键的加速剂的量为0.05到500ppm。优选地,含双硫键的加速剂化合物以0.1到250ppm,更优选0.5到100ppm,更优选0.5到50ppm,且甚至更优地0.5到25ppm的量存在。本发明的铜电镀浴液中存在的任何额外加速剂以上文针对含双硫键的加速剂所述的量使用。
多种调平剂为所属领域中已知且可适合地用于本发明铜电镀组合物中。调平剂通常以0.5到500ppm,优选0.5到100ppm且更优选0.5到50ppm的量用于本发明电镀组合物中。优选地,调平剂为含氮化合物。示范性调平剂包括(但不限于)1-(2-羟基乙基)-2-咪唑烷硫酮;4-巯基吡啶;2-巯基噻唑啉;亚乙基硫脲;硫脲;烷基化聚亚烷基亚胺;美国专利第3,956,084号中揭露的二甲基苯基吡唑酮鎓化合物;胺与含环氧基的化合物的反应产物;尤其所属领域中已知的。此类反应产物一般市场有售,例如来自拉西,或可通过所属领域中已知的方法制备。此类调平剂化合物可经或未经进一步纯化即使用。
优选调平剂为胺与环氧化合物的反应产物,所述环氧化合物例如表卤代醇、缩水甘油基醚、烷烃二氧化物、环烷烃二氧化物或其它适合含环氧基的化合物。适合胺包括(但不限于)伯胺、仲胺或叔胺、杂环胺、杂芳香族胺等。示范性胺包括(但不限于)二烷基胺、三烷基胺、芳香基烷基胺(arylalylamine)、二芳香基胺、咪唑、三唑、四唑、苯并咪唑、苯并三唑、哌啶、吗啉、哌嗪、吡啶、吡嗪、噁唑、苯并噁唑、嘧啶、喹啉以及异喹啉。优选地,胺为杂环或杂芳香族的,且更优选杂芳香族的。咪唑、苯并咪唑、吡啶和吡嗪为优选胺。适合胺可经取代或未经取代。“经取代”意指胺上的一个或多个氢置换为一个或多个取代基,例如烷基、芳香基、烷氧基、卤基和烯基。优选环氧化合物为表氯醇、C1-16烷烃或环烷烃的二缩水甘油基醚以及含二环氧基的C1-16烷烃或环烷烃。尤其优选调平剂为咪唑、苯并咪唑、吡啶和吡嗪中的一个或多个(其各自可经取代或未经取代)与选自表氯醇、C1-16烷烃或环烷烃的二缩水甘油基醚以及含二环氧基的C1-16烷烃或环烷烃的一种或多种含环氧基的化合物的反应产物。胺与环氧化合物的适合反应产物为美国专利第4,038,161号;第6,610,192号;第8,262,895号;第8,268,157号;第8,268,158号;第8,454,815号;以及第8,747,643号中揭露的那些。优选为美国专利第8,262,895号;第8,268,157号;第8,268,158号;第8,454,815号;以及第8,747,643号中披露的胺与环氧化合物的反应产物。一种或多种胺与一种或多种环氧化合物的反应产物可用作本发明组合物中的调平剂。
本发明组合物中可使用抑制剂,其限制条件为如使用克鲁斯BP100气泡张力计(Krüss BP100bubble tensiometer)在25℃的溶液温度和30秒的表面年龄下所测量,此类抑制剂提供动态表面张力≤40mN/m的铜电镀浴液。铜电镀浴液的动态表面张力≤40mN/m并且优选地<40mN/m。动态表面张力不存在具体下限,但优选表面张力在1到40mN/m,更优选10到40mN/m并且仍更优选25到39mN/m范围内。尽管不受理论约束,但伯醇烷氧基化物提供表面张力中的大部分降低,因此去除大表面膨胀缺陷。无规或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物在表面张力减小剂与其他浴液添加剂之间的相互作用,获得光亮表面。
抑制剂可按提供如下铜电镀浴液的任何量添加到本发明电镀组合物中:如在25℃下使用克鲁斯气泡压力张力计测量,动态表面张力≤40mN/m;在30℃的温度下保持澄清(即不变混浊)持续2天;在TSV中沉积铜,其中铜沉积物基本上无空隙,优选无空隙,且基本上无表面缺陷,且更优选无空隙且无表面缺陷。如本文所用,“基本上无空隙”意指在退火之前不具有≥0.1μm尺寸的空隙。“基本上无表面缺陷”意指在任何维度中都不具有>2μm的表面缺陷。优选地,铜镀覆浴液中抑制剂的总量为0.1mg/L到1000mg/L的量。优选地,伯醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物为100mg/L或更高的量,更优选地120mg/L到150mg/L的量。优选地,无规或嵌段烷氧基化物聚合物以40mg/L到250mg/L的量添加。
尽管并非优选,但本发明的铜电镀浴液还可含有大量其它合金元素,例如(但不限于)锡、锌、铟、锑等。此类合金元素以任何适合浴液-溶液盐的形成添加到电镀浴液中。因此,适用于本发明的铜电镀浴液可沉积铜或铜合金。优选地,本发明的铜电镀浴液基本上不含合金金属,且更优选不含合金金属。“基本上不含”意指电镀浴液含有的此类合金金属少于0.01ppm。
本发明电镀浴液可通过以任何顺序组合铜离子源、酸电解质、加速剂、调平剂、抑制剂和任何任选组分制备。本发明铜电镀浴液还含有水。水可以许多不同量存在。可使用任何类型的水,例如蒸馏水、去离子(DI)水或自来水。
可根据以下步骤用铜填充电子装置衬底中的通孔(例如TSV):提供包含铜离子源、酸电解质、卤离子源、加速剂、调平剂以及抑制剂的酸性铜电镀浴液,其中铜电镀浴液的动态表面张力≤40mN/m;提供具有一个或多个打算用铜填充的通孔且具有导电表面的电子装置衬底作为阴极;使电子装置衬底与铜电镀浴液接触;以及施加电势持续足以用铜沉积物填充所述通孔的时间;其中通孔中的铜沉积物实质上无空隙且基本上无表面缺陷。
可根据本发明用铜镀覆多种电子装置衬底,尤其适用于3-D集成电路和3-D包装的电子装置衬底。适合电子装置衬底包括适用于RF装置、MEM装置CMOS装置、存储装置(包括闪存、DRAM和SRAM)、逻辑装置,以及使用3-D堆叠的装置的那些衬底。此类衬底通常为具有一个或多个TSV的晶片或晶粒,所述TSV随后完全穿过晶片或晶粒。通常,TSV具有5到600μm的深度,1到200μm的直径,和例如3:1到20:1的高纵横比,但TSV可具有其它适合尺寸。纵横比定义为通孔开口处TSV的深度比TSV的直径的比率。TSV的具体尺寸和纵横比取决于整体3-D方法中的哪个阶段包括TSV。
使用所属领域中众所周知的技术在例如晶片等电子装置衬底中形成TSV。TSV从衬底的前表面延伸到衬底的后表面。TSV的高度由衬底的厚度决定。上面具有有效装置的衬底的表面通常称为前表面。因为衬底不导电,所以TSV的侧壁必须导电以在通孔中电沉积铜。首先,例如通过化学气相沉积(CVD)、原子层沉积(ALD)或物理气相沉积(PVD)在通孔的壁上沉积例如钽、氮化钽、钨、钛、氮化钛、钌或钨钛等铜扩散屏障。随后,在障壁层上沉积导电晶种层提供用于电镀的均匀导电表面。导电晶种层可通过CVD、ALD或PVD技术沉积。
具有TSV的电子装置衬底接着与本发明铜电镀浴液接触。电子装置衬底(即晶片或晶粒)用作阴极。施加电势以将铜沉积到TSV中以及沉积到衬底的表面上。可使用任何适合电势,包括脉冲电流、直流电、周期反向电流、周期脉冲反向电流、阶跃电流或其它适合电流,优选直流电。本发明电镀浴液可在10到65℃或更高温度的任何温度下使用。电镀浴液的温度优选为10到35℃且更优选为15到30℃。通常,本发明电镀浴液在使用期间搅拌。本发明可使用任何适合搅拌法且此类方法为所属领域中众所周知的。适合搅拌法包括(但不限于)空气喷射、工件搅拌、撞击、旋转等。当使用本发明的铜电镀浴液镀覆电子装置衬底中的TSV时,所述衬底例如用于制造集成电路的晶片,晶片可以例如1到150RPM旋转。本发明的电镀浴液例如通过将浴液泵送或喷洒到晶片上来接触旋转晶片。在替代方案中,如果电镀浴液的流动速率足以提供所要金属沉积,那么晶片无需旋转。施加足够电势持续足以用铜填充TSV的时间,其中TSV中的铜沉积物基本上无空隙,且其中铜沉积物的表面基本上无表面缺陷。适合电流密度在0.1到50mA/cm2,且优选0.4到6mA/cm2范围内。适合镀覆时间从5到120分钟变化,但此类时间取决于具体TSV特征尺寸。所属领域的技术人员应了解,第一阶段可使用第一相对低电流密度来起始铜镀覆,随后增加电流密度持续随后时段。电流密度可持续增加,或以逐步方式增加,其中可使用两个或更多个步骤。最佳电流密度和持续时间一般用实验方式测定且可视TSV的纵横比和尺寸而变化。在铜镀覆之后,经镀覆的衬底可任选地冲洗、干燥以及平坦化,随后进行后续加工步骤。
本发明铜电镀浴液提供TSV的超填充,即由下而上生长。在超填充时,铜优先沉积于例如TSV的通孔的底部。此类由下而上填充对于在通孔中提供基本上无空隙,且优选无空隙的铜沉积物来说至关重要。铜电镀浴液中的调平剂和抑制剂用于减缓衬底表面处的镀覆速率,而加速剂提高通孔底部的镀覆速率。加速剂、抑制剂和调平剂的选择以及量的平衡使得无空隙的填充通孔。已出乎意料地发现提供动态表面张力≤40mN/m的铜电镀浴液的本发明抑制剂不仅提供TSV的超填充,而且显著减少所得沉积物上的表面缺陷(例如涡流缺陷),且提供光亮表面。
实例1
通过首先组合60g/L来自CuSO4·5H2O的Cu2+、60g/L H2SO4以及50mg/L来自1N HCl的Cl-,接着添加6mg/L来自储备溶液的加速剂双(磺基丙基)二硫化钠、17.5mg/L为丁基二缩水甘油醚的反应产物的调平剂、75%4-苯基咪唑以及25%来自储备溶液的咪唑,制备铜电镀浴液。各浴液包括下表1中所示的量的抑制剂1和2。
表1
R为分支链2-乙基己烷部分。使用戴维斯方法测得三嵌段共聚物的HLB为19。下表中为用于通过戴维斯方法计算HLB的变数:
表2
EO% | Mw EO | Mw PO | #EO基团 | #PO基团 | #CH基团 | #醚基 | #OH基团 |
40 | 1680 | 2520 | 38 | 43 | 205 | 81 | 2 |
实例2
对具有5μm直径×55μm深度的TSV的多个测试晶片试片进行通孔填充测试。试片用导电铜带连接到分段镀覆器的镀覆头,其接着用镀覆器带(3M,明尼阿波利斯,明尼苏达)覆盖。在镀覆之前,全部试片都进行5分钟去离子水喷洒。各晶片试片用作阴极且通过品内仪器MSRX旋转器以50rpm旋转,且与来自实例1的电镀浴液接触。电镀浴液的温度为25℃。表3中报道用于监测表面(涡流)缺陷的镀覆波形,其中CD为电流密度。在25℃下,使用克鲁斯BP100气泡压力张力计在30秒表面年龄下测量各镀覆浴液的动态表面张力,且测得为36.7mN/m。
表3
在铜镀覆以填充TSV之后,晶片试片交叉分段且通过光学显微镜在60X放大倍数下成像。评估光学影像来测定镀覆浴液的填充能力。所有TSV开起来都经铜填充。未观测到空隙。图1为检验空隙的样品中的一个的光学显微照片。图1显示TSV中无空隙。另外,样品的全部表面看起来都光亮。铜表面上不存在可观测的缺陷或涡流。
实例3
重复实例2揭露的方法,但抑制剂组合具有表4中的组分。
表4
R如上文实例1中所定义。使用戴维斯方法测得三嵌段共聚物的HLB为24。下表中为用于计算HLB的变数:
表5
EO% | Mw EO | Mw PO | #EO基团 | #PO基团 | #CH基团 | #醚基 | #OH基团 |
50 | 2300 | 2300 | 52 | 40 | 224 | 92 | 2 |
填充TSV之后,通过与实例2中所述相同的方法对其进行分析。样品中未观测到空隙。样品的横截面看起来与图1中所示基本上相同。全部样品都具有光亮铜表面。铜沉积物上不存在可观测的缺陷。
实例4(比较例)
重复实例2揭露的方法,但抑制剂组合具有表6中的组分。
表6
R在上文实例1中定义。测得HLB为15.8。下表中为用于计算HLB的变数:
表7
EO% | Mw EO | Mw PO | #EO基团 | #PO基团 | #CH基团 | #醚基团 | #OH基团 |
30 | 1725 | 4025 | 39 | 69 | 285 | 108 | 2 |
填充TSV之后,通过与实例2中所述相同的方法对其进行分析。样品中未观测到空隙。然而,铜沉积物显示沿边缘存在一些缺陷。
实例5(比较例)
通过首先组合60g/L来自CuSO4·5H2O的Cu2+、60g/L H2SO4以及50mg/L来自1N HCl的Cl-,接着添加6mg/L来自储备溶液的加速剂双(磺基丙基)二硫化钠、15.5mg/L为丁基二缩水甘油醚的反应产物的调平剂、75%4-苯基咪唑以及25%来自储备溶液的咪唑,制备铜电镀浴液。包括抑制剂的各浴液显示于表8中。
表8
其中R如上文实例1中所定义。测得HLB为38.6。下表中为用于计算HLB的变数:
表9
EO% | Mw EO | Mw PO | #EO基团 | #PO基团 | #CH基团 | #醚基 | #OH基团 |
80 | 3760 | 940 | 85 | 16 | 218 | 101 | 2 |
对具有5μm直径×55μm深度的TSV的多个测试晶片试片进行通孔填充测试。试片用导电铜带连接到分段镀覆器的镀覆头,其接着用镀覆器带(3M,明尼阿波利斯,明尼苏达)覆盖。在镀覆之前,全部试片都进行5分钟去离子水喷洒。各晶片试片充当阴极且通过品内仪器MSRX旋转器以50rpm旋转,且与上文所述的电镀浴液接触。电镀浴液的温度为25℃。用于监测表面(涡流)缺陷的镀覆波形报导于实例2中的表3中,其中CD为电流密度。在25℃下,使用克鲁斯BP100气泡压力张力计在30秒表面年龄下测量各镀覆浴液的动态表面张力,且发现其为36.7mN/m。
在铜镀覆以填充TSV之后,晶片试片交叉分段且通过光学显微镜在60X放大倍数下成像。评估光学影像来测定镀覆浴液的填充能力。基本上所有铜沉积物都具有光亮表面;然而,全部TSV都具有如图2所示的空隙。
实例6(比较例)
重复实例6的方法,但铜镀覆浴液中包括的抑制剂为下表10中的抑制剂。
表10
抑制剂2的HLB测得为9.5。下表为用于计算HLB的变数:
表11
EO% | Mw EO | Mw PO | #EO基团 | #PO基团 | #CH基团 | #醚基 | #OH基团 |
50 | 456.5 | 456.5 | 10 | 8 | 48 | 18 | 1 |
所有TSV看起来都具有如图3所示的空隙且基本上所有铜沉积物都具有混浊表面。
Claims (12)
1.一种使用铜填充电子装置中的通孔的方法,其包含:
a)提供酸性铜电镀浴液,其包含铜离子源、酸电解质、卤离子源、加速剂、调平剂、具有下式的伯醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物:
其中R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分或直链或分支链(C2-C15)烯基部分且m和n可以相同或不同并且为各部分的摩尔数,其中所述伯醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol,以及包含环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷部分的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB为16到35且所述铜电镀浴液的表面张力<40mN/m;
b)提供电子装置衬底作为阴极,所述衬底具有一个或多个打算用铜填充的通孔并且具有导电表面;
c)使电子装置衬底与所述铜电镀浴液接触;以及
d)施加电势持续足以用铜沉积物填充所述通孔的时间段;其中所述通孔中的所述铜沉积物基本上无空隙并且基本上无表面缺陷。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述烷氧基化共聚物为具有下式的三嵌段共聚物:
其中R1和R2相同或不同并且选自氢和直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基,并且a和b可相同或不同并且是各部分的摩尔数,且所述三嵌段共聚物的所述HLB为16到35。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述三嵌段共聚物具有式:
其中a和b可相同或不同并且为各部分的摩尔数,且所述三嵌段共聚物的所述HLB为16到35。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB为17到25。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB为18到25。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述导电表面为晶种层。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述晶种层为铜晶种层。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述电子装置为晶片或晶粒。
9.一种酸性铜电镀浴液组合物,其包含:铜离子源、酸电解质、卤离子源、加速剂、调平剂、具有下式的伯醇烷氧基化物嵌段共聚物:
其中R为直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基部分或直链或分支链(C2-C15)烯基部分且m和n可以相同或不同并且为各部分的摩尔数,其中所述伯醇烷氧基化物的重量平均分子量为500g/mol到20,000g/mol,以及包含环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷部分的无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的HLB为16到35且所述铜电镀浴液的表面张力<40mN/m。
10.根据权利要求9所述的酸性铜电镀浴液组合物,其中所述烷氧基化共聚物为具有下式的三嵌段共聚物:
其中R1和R2相同或不同并且选自氢和直链或分支链(C1-C15)烷基,并且a和b可相同或不同并且是各部分的摩尔数,且所述三嵌段共聚物的所述HLB为16到35。
11.根据权利要求10所述的酸性铜电镀浴液组合物,其中所述三嵌段共聚物具有式:
其中a和b可相同或不同并且为各部分的摩尔数,且所述三嵌段共聚物的所述HLB为16到35。
12.根据权利要求9所述的酸性铜电镀浴液组合物,其中所述无规或嵌段烷氧基化物共聚物的所述HLB为17到25。
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CN106609384B (zh) | 2018-11-06 |
KR101805642B1 (ko) | 2017-12-07 |
US10988852B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 |
EP3162921A1 (en) | 2017-05-03 |
JP6276363B2 (ja) | 2018-02-07 |
TWI619853B (zh) | 2018-04-01 |
TW201715089A (zh) | 2017-05-01 |
US20170114469A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
EP3162921B1 (en) | 2018-11-28 |
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