TWI594451B - 形成太陽能電池元件的方法以及在基板上形成適用於薄膜電晶體之結構的方法 - Google Patents

形成太陽能電池元件的方法以及在基板上形成適用於薄膜電晶體之結構的方法 Download PDF

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TWI594451B
TWI594451B TW100135551A TW100135551A TWI594451B TW I594451 B TWI594451 B TW I594451B TW 100135551 A TW100135551 A TW 100135551A TW 100135551 A TW100135551 A TW 100135551A TW I594451 B TWI594451 B TW I594451B
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layer
gaas
gallium arsenide
substrate
type
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TW201222863A (en
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辛庫榭爾K
維瑟爾羅伯特詹
拉歐斯林肯特
古莫巴斯卡
卡莫特克萊兒J
阿奈巴里蘭卡拉歐
那拉馬蘇歐卡藍
薩拉福高拉福
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應用材料股份有限公司
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Description

形成太陽能電池元件的方法以及在基板上形成適用於薄膜電晶體之結構的方法
本發明之實施例大體上關於太陽能電池及形成該太陽能電池的方法。更特定言之,本發明之實施例係關於一種砷化鎵(GaAs)系太陽能電池。
太陽能電池將太陽輻射及其他光線轉化成可使用的電能。光電效應(photovoltaic effect)造成能量轉化作用的發生。可由結晶材料或由無定形或微晶材料形成太陽能電池。一般而言,現今大量製造的太陽能電池主要有兩種,分別是結晶矽太陽能電池及薄膜太陽能電池。結晶矽太陽能電池一般使用單晶基板(即,由純矽構成的單一結晶基板)或多種結晶矽基板(由多結晶基板或多晶矽基板)任一者。可於該等矽基板上沉積附加膜層,藉以增進光捕集率、形成該等電路及保護該等元件。適合的基板包括玻璃基板、金屬基板和聚合物基板。已發現當薄膜太陽能電池暴露於光線下時,薄膜太陽能電池的性質會隨時間降低,而可導致該元件的穩定性低於期望。可能降低的典型太陽能電池性質係該填充因子(FF)、短路電流及開路電壓(Voc)。
由於薄膜矽太陽能電池成本低廉且可進行無定形微晶矽吸收層的大面積沉積,因此薄膜矽太陽能電池獲得相當大的市場占有率。薄膜太陽能電池利用沉積於適當基板上的多種材料薄膜形成一個或一個以上的p-n接合區。通常,不同的材料層在該太陽能電池中執行不同功能。形成於該基板上之太陽能電池中的某些材料層係配置用以反射及散射光線,以幫助光線留在該太陽能電池中以達到較長時間的電流生成。在一些實施例中,某些材料層可作為具有高光捕捉效應的光吸收層。該吸收層中的光捕捉效應能吸收光線以產生高電流。通常,該光吸收層係配置用以吸收光子且在該等光子抵達該等太陽能電池電極並產生光電流之前具有最小的復合作用(recombination)。然而,某些吸收層經常具有高密度之復合位點的缺點,該等復合位點會對該等太陽能元件的效率造成重大不利影響。
因此,需要具有最小電子-電洞對復合作用以增進太陽能電池之轉化效率的改良薄膜太陽能電池及用於形成該等太陽能電池的方法和設備。
本發明之實施例提供一種由溶液型前驅物形成含有或不含摻雜劑之砷化鎵(GaAs)系層的方法。由該溶液型前驅物所形成的該砷化鎵(GaAs)系層可併入太陽能電池元件中以增進光吸收作用及轉化效率。在一實施例中,形成太陽能電池元件的方法包含在基板的表面上形成於層內摻雜有第一種摻雜劑的第一層,在該第一層上形成砷化鎵系層以及在該砷化鎵系層上形成層內摻雜有第二種摻雜劑的第二層。
在另一實施例中,形成太陽能電池元件的方法包含供應置於溶劑中的含砷化鎵之前驅物至處理腔室,該含砷化鎵之前驅物內具有p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑,以及在該處理腔室內使該具有p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑的含砷化鎵之前驅物的溶劑蒸發,藉以在該基板上形成經p-型摻雜或n-型摻雜的GaAs層。
在又另一實施例中,太陽能電池元件包括設置在基板上之第一層且該第一層內具有第一種摻雜劑、形成於該第一層上的砷化鎵系層,以及形成於該砷化鎵系層上的第二層。
使用薄膜沉積製程形成的太陽能電池元件通常包含以許多不同方式配置在一起之不同組成的諸多材料層或薄膜。用於此類元件中的大多數薄膜含有半導體元素,半導體元素可能包括矽、鍺、鎵、砷、銦、碳、硼、磷、氮、氧、氫及諸如此類元素。該等不同沉積膜層的特性包括結晶度、摻雜劑種類、摻雜劑濃度、能帶隙、薄膜折射率、薄膜消光係數、薄膜透明度、薄膜吸收度及導電度。
通常藉由一個或一個以上的光吸收層提供光電製程期間的電荷產生作用。一般而言,該電子-電洞對的生成作用主要發生在本質層中,本質層係用以將p-i-n型薄膜太陽能電池元件中該等相對的經摻雜之p-n區域隔開。「本質層」一詞一般用以區分該本質層與存在於太陽能電池中的該等各種經摻雜之膜層。該本質層可具有不同的薄膜性質,該等性質會影響薄膜的光吸收特性及電子-電洞對的生成。本發明之態樣大體上提供一種用於形成砷化鎵系光吸收層的元件結構及方法,該砷化鎵系光吸收層具有期望的光學性質以幫助吸收廣波長範圍內的光線。利用砷化鎵系光吸收層與無定形矽層及/或微晶矽層一起形成太陽能電池元件中的光電接合區(photovoltaic junction),可獲得高的光吸收率及轉化效率。
第1圖係單接合區太陽能電池元件之一實施例150的剖面圖,該太陽能電池元件150之方位係朝向發光源或太陽輻射101。太陽能電池元件150包含基板100,例如玻璃基板、聚合物基板或其他合適之基板,且該基板100上形成有多個薄膜。該太陽能電池元件150進一步包含形成在該基板100上的第一透明導電氧化物(TCO)層102、形成在該第一TCO層102上的p-i-n接合區114、形成於該p-i-n接合區114上的第二透明導電氧化物(TCO)層110以及形成在該第二TCO層110上的金屬背層112。
可選用性地使用濕式處理技術、電漿處理技術、離子轟擊處理技術及/或機械加工處理技術使該基板及/或形成於該基板上之一個或一個以上的薄膜紋理化,以藉著增強光線捕捉作用而增進光吸收作用。在一實施例中,該第一TCO層102中的界面表面係經紋理化(圖中未圖示),使得沉積在該界面表面上的該等後續薄膜將大致遵循該膜下方之該表面的紋理形貌。
在一實施例中,該第一TCO層102及該第二TCO層110可各自包含氧化錫、氧化鋅、氧化鋅鋁、氧化錫鋁、氧化銦錫、錫酸鎘、上述化合物之組合或其他合適之材料。可理解該等TCO材料亦可包含附加的摻雜劑與成分。例如,氧化鋅可進一步包含摻雜劑,例如鋁、鎵、硼及其他合適之摻雜劑。氧化鋅包含5原子百分比(%)或低於5原子%之摻雜劑,例如可包含2.5原子%或低於2.5原子%的鋁。在某些實例中,玻璃製造商可提供已具備該第一TCO層102的該基板100。
該第一p-i-n接合區114包含p-型層104、形成在該p-型層104上方的本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層106以及形成在該本質型砷化鎵系層106上方的n-型層108。在一實施例中,該p-型層104係配置為p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104,以及該n-型層108係配置為n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108,且該p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104和該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108兩者皆由一個或一個以上的砷化鎵系層或經摻雜之砷化鎵(GaAs)系層所形成。設置在該p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104與該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108之間的該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106可在寬廣光波長範圍內提供比習知薄膜太陽能電池元件更大量的光線吸收作用且具有更高的載子移動率。以下將參照第2圖至第5圖進一步描述形成太陽能電池元件150中之該等p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層104、本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106及n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層108的方法和製程。雖相信利用溶液型砷化鎵前驅物(將進一步說明如下)可最佳地獲得該等p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層104、本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106及n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層108,但注意亦可利用任何其他合適之方式獲得該等p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層104、本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106及n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)層108。在某些實施例中,該p型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104具有介於約60至約300的厚度。在某些實施例中,該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層106具有介於約1500至約3500之間的厚度。在某些實施例中,該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108具有介於約200至約500之間的厚度。
該金屬背層112可包含但不限於選自由鋁(Al)、銀(Ag)、鈦(Ti)、鉻(Cr)、金(Au)、銅(Cu)、鉑(Pt)、上述金屬之合金及上述金屬之組合物所構成之群組中的一材料。可執行其他製程以形成該太陽能電池元件150,例如雷射劃線製程。亦可於金屬背層112上方提供其他薄膜、材料、基板及/或封裝以完成該太陽能電池元件。可互相連接所形成的該等太陽能電池以形成模組,且依次連接該等模組以形成太陽能電池陣列。
可選地,在一實施例中該太陽能電池元件150包含多接合區太陽能電池元件。在此結構配置中,可在該第一p-i-n接合區114與該第二TCO層110之間或在該第一TCO層102與該第一p-i-n接合區114之間形成一個或一個以上的附加p-i-n接合區,此等配置將參照第2圖進一步討論如下。可由與該第一p-i-n接合區114中之該等膜層具有相似或不同組成的膜層形成該一個或一個以上的附加p-i-n接合區。例如,該等附加接合區之一者或多者可包含本質層,且該本質層係由與該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106具有不同之能帶隙的材料所形成。
主要藉由該p-i-n接合區114的該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106吸收太陽輻射101,並且使該太陽輻射101轉化成電子-電洞對。在該p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104與該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108之間創造出延伸跨越該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106的電場,造成電子流向該等n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108且電洞流向該等p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104而產生電流。由於該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106能夠捕捉較廣範圍的太陽能輻射光譜,因此所形成之太陽能電池100將比習知太陽能電池元件更有效率。
在另一實施例中,存在於該p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104中的p-型摻雜劑可選自於由含鋅材料、含鎂材料、含碳材料或諸如此類材料所構成之群組中。該等含鋅材料之合適實例包括金屬鋅摻雜劑、二甲基鋅(DMZ)、二乙基 鋅(DEZ)或其他合適的含鋅材料。含鎂材料之合適實例包括金屬鎂摻雜劑、環戊二烯基鎂或其他合適之含鎂材料。含碳材料之合適實例包括四氯化碳(CCl4)、四溴化碳(CBr4)或諸如此類者。存在於該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108中的n-型摻雜劑可選自於由含硫材料、含矽材料、含硒材料或諸如此類之材料。含硫材料之合適實例包括硫化氫(H2S)、硫磺或諸如此類者。含矽材料之合適實例包括甲矽烷(SiH4)、二矽烷(Si2H6)或諸如此類者。含硒材料之合適實例包括硒化氫(H2Se)、硒(Se)或諸如此類者。在一實例中,用以形成該p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層104的該p-型摻雜劑係含鋅材料,從而形成摻雜鋅的的砷化鎵(GaAs)層。用以形成該n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層108的該n-型摻雜劑係含矽材料,從而形成摻雜矽的的砷化鎵(GaAs)層。以下將參照第5圖至第6圖進一步說明有關如何使摻雜劑摻雜至該砷化鎵(GaAs)系層中的細節。
或者,在一些實施例中,在該第一p-i-n接合區114中所形成的該p-型層104和該n-型層108可為矽基層(silicon based layer),例如層內摻雜有p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑的含矽層。該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106形成在該p-型含矽層104上,且該n-型含矽層108形成在該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106上。該p-型矽層104及n-型矽層108可由一個或一個以上的p-型或n-型微晶矽層或由一個或多個p-型或n-型無定形矽層所形成。設置在該p-型矽層104與該n-型矽層108之間的該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106可在寬廣光波長範圍內提供比習知矽基薄膜太陽能電池元件更大量的光線吸收作用且具有更高的載子移動率。雖相信利用溶液型砷化鎵前驅物(將參照第3圖至第6圖進一步說明如下)可最佳地獲得該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106,但注意亦可利用所屬技術領域中可取得的任何其他適合方式來獲得該本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)層106。在某些實施例中,該p-型含矽層104係無定形矽層,且該無定形矽層可形成介於約60至約300之間的厚度。在某些實施例中,該n-型含矽層108可形成介於約1500至約3500之間的厚度。在某些實施例中,該n-型含矽層108係n-型無定形矽層,且該無定形矽層可形成介於約100至約400之間的厚度。
在該p-型層104與n-型層108是含矽層的此特定例示性實施例中,在該p-型含矽層104中所形成的p-型摻雜劑通常是III族元素,例如硼或鋁。在該n-型含矽層108中所形成的n-型摻雜劑通常是V族元素,例如磷、砷或銻。在大部份的實施例中,係使用硼作為該p-型摻雜劑且使用磷作為該n-型摻雜劑。藉著於該沉積製程期間使該反應混合物包含一種含硼化合物或一種含磷化合物可將此等摻雜劑添加至該等n-型層104及n-型層108中。合適的硼化合物及磷化合物通常包含經取代或未經取代的低級硼烷和膦寡聚物。一些合適的硼化合物包括三甲基硼(B(CH3)3或TMB)、二硼烷(B2H6)、硼烷(BH3)、三氟化硼(BF3)及三乙基硼(B(C2H5)3或TEB)。膦類化合物(phosphine)係最常用的磷化合物。通常利用載氣(例如,氫氣、氦氣、氬氣及其他適當氣體)供應該等摻雜劑。
在一實施例中,藉著提供氫氣與矽烷氣體約20:1或更低之體積比的氣體混合物可沉積該p-型含矽層104。可用介於約1sccm/L至約10sccm/L的流速提供矽烷氣體。可用介於約5sccm/L至約60sccm/L的流速提供氫氣。可用介於約0.005sccm/L至約0.05sccm/L的流速提供三甲基硼。若於載氣中提供0.5莫耳%或體積%濃度的三甲基硼,則可用介於約1sccm/L至約10sccm/L之間的流速供應該摻雜劑/載氣之混合物。施加介於約15mW/cm2(毫瓦特/平方公分)至約200mW/cm2之射頻(RF)功率且使腔室壓力介於約0.1托耳(Torr)至約20托耳之間,例如介於約1托耳至約4托耳之間,將以約100Å/分鐘或100Å/分鐘以上的速度沉積p-型無定形矽層。
在所形成之n-型含矽層108為n-型無定形矽層的實施例中,藉著提供氫氣與矽烷氣體約20:1或更低之體積比(例如約5.5:1或7.8:1)的氣體混合物可沉積該n-型含矽層108。可用介於約0.1sccm/L至約10sccm/L之間的流速,例如介於約1sccm/L至約10sccm/L、介於約0.1sccm/L至約5sccm/L或介於0.5sccm/L至約3sccm/L之間的流速(例如約1.42sccm/L或5.5sccm/L)提供矽烷氣體。可用介於約1sccm/L至約40sccm/L之間的流速,例如介於約4sccm/L至約40sccm/L或介於約1sccm/L至約10sccm/L之間的流速(例如約6.42sccm/L或27sccm/L) 提供氫氣。可用介於約0.0005sccm/L至約0.075sccm/L之間的體積流速,例如介於約0.0005sccm/L至約0.0015sccm/L或介於約0.015sccm/L至約0.03sccm/L之間的體積流速(例如約0.0095sccm/L或0.023sccm/L)提供膦類化合物。若於載氣中提供0.5莫耳%或體積%濃度的膦類化合物,則可用介於約0.1sccm/L至約15sccm/L之間的流速,例如介於約0.1sccm/L至約3sccm/L、介於約2sccm/L至約15sccm/L或介於約3sccm/L至約6sccm/L之間的流速(例如約1.9sccm/L或約4.71sccm/L)提供該摻雜劑/載氣之混合物。施加介於約25mW/cm2至約250mW/cm2(例如約60mW/cm2或約80mW/cm2)的射頻功率且使腔室壓力介於約0.1托耳至約20托耳之間,例如介於約0.5托耳至約4托耳之間(例如約1.5托耳),將以約100Å/分鐘或100Å/分鐘以上的速度,例如約200Å/分鐘或200Å/分鐘以上的速度(例如約300Å/分鐘或600Å/分鐘的速度)沉積n-型無定形矽層。
第2圖係串接接合區太陽能電池之實施例200之概要圖,該串接接合區太陽能電池200之位向係面向光線或太陽輻射101。該太陽能電池200包含與第1圖描述之結構類似的元件結構,該元件結構包含形成於該基板100上的該第一透明導電氧化物(TCO)層102、形成於該第一TCO層102上的該第一p-i-n接合區114。除了形成在該第一TCO層102上的該第一p-i-n接合區114之外,在該第一p-i-n接合區114上形成第二p-i-n接合區208。 該第二p-i-n接合區208包含第二p-型層202、第二本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層204及第二n-型層206。在一實施例中,該第二p-型層202可為第二p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層202,該第二p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層202係類似於在砷化鎵(GaAs)系層內摻雜有期望p-型摻雜劑之該第一p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層102。該第二本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層204係類似該第一本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層106,該第一本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層106係不含摻雜劑的砷化鎵(GaAs)層。該第二n-型層206可為第二n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層,該第二n-型砷化鎵系層係類似於層內摻雜有期望n-型摻雜劑的該第一n-型砷化鎵系層108。在另一實施例中,可如上述般,該第二p-型層202可為層內含有p-型摻雜劑的矽基層,同時該第二n-型層206可為層內摻雜有n-型摻雜劑的n-型矽層。
在一實例中,選擇用於摻雜至該第二p-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層202中的該p-型摻雜劑係含鋅材料,且選擇用於摻雜至該第二n-型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層206中的該n-型摻雜劑係含矽材料。在該第一p-i-n接合區114上形成該第二p-i-n接合區208之後,接著以類似形成以上參照第1圖描述形成該太陽能電池元件150的方法,於該第二p-i-n接合區208上形成該第二TCO層110及該金屬背層112。
注意到,雖然第1圖及第2圖所示之該等實施例皆為p-i-n接合區結構,然而如有需要,亦可採反向順序形成該等接合區,例如n-i-p接合區,該n-i-p接合區係先具 有經n-型摻雜之GaAs層或經n-型摻雜之含矽層且之後為本質型GaAs層及經p-型摻雜之GaAs層或經p-型摻雜之含矽層。再者,在一些配置中,亦可剔除該本質型GaAs層,僅留下形成在基板上的p-n接合區(例如,具有緊鄰經n-型摻雜之GaAs層而形成的經p-型摻雜之GaAs層)。在某些實施例中,如有需要亦可使用多個經摻雜之膜層(例如一個以上的經p-型摻雜之GaAs層或經n-型摻雜之GaAs層)以形成p-i-n、n-i-p、p-n或n-p接合區。
第3圖圖示形成用於太陽能電池元件中之溶液型GaAs層的處理方法300之實施例的流程圖,該用於太陽能電池元件中之溶液型GaAs層係例如第1圖及第2圖圖示形成於太陽能電池元件150、200中的該等GaAs層106、204。在將該等p-型層104、202及該等n-型層108、206配置為GaAs系材料的實施例中,亦可藉由如第3圖所述之處理方法300製造此等膜層。請注意第3圖圖示該製造本質型GaAs層106、204的製程僅為解說之用,且非意欲限制本發明範圍或可製造之膜層的某些種類。應注意,由於適合在該方法中添加或刪除一或多個步驟及/或將一或多個步驟重新排序而不偏離本案所述發明之基本範圍,因此第3圖中所示步驟的數目與順序非意欲用以限制本案所述發明之範圍。
該處理方法300始於步驟302以提供一基板100,該基板100係配置用以在該基板上形成如第1圖所示之太陽能電池元件。在一實施例中,該基板100可為透明基 板、塑膠基板、含矽基板(例如單晶矽基板、多晶矽基板)、玻璃基板、石英基板或其他合適材料。類似形成在該太陽能電池元件150中的該等膜層,該基板100可具有第一TCO層102及形成在該第一TCO層102上的p-型層104。接著於該p-型層104上執行該處理方法300中的下個步驟,即步驟304,以在該p-型層104上形成GaAs層,例如第1圖中圖示的該GaAs層106。請注意該基板100上可形成有不同材料層以助於在該基板100上形成該GaAs層。
在步驟304,執行GaAs沉積製程以在該基板100上沉積GaAs層106。藉著提供經預先工程處理之溶液型GaAs前驅物至處理腔室以作為來源前驅物可執行該GaAs沉積製程,以助於在該基板100上沉積該GaAs層106。
該經預先工程處理之溶液型砷化鎵(GaAs)前驅物包含處於溶液中由鎵錯合物與砷錯合物組成的混合物,而於該溶液中形成鎵-砷錯合物。在一實施例中,在該經預先工程處理之溶液型砷化鎵(GaAs)前驅物中所形成的該鎵-砷錯合物通常含有如下所示之砷化鎵二聚體(-GaAs-)、砷化鎵四聚體(-Ga2As2-)或砷化鎵六聚體(-Ga3As3-)結構。
(a)砷化鎵二聚體(b)砷化鎵四聚體(c)砷化鎵六聚體
一般相信砷化鎵二聚體(-GaAs-)、砷化鎵四聚體(-Ga2As2-)或砷化鎵六聚體(-Ga3As3-)結構係相對安定的錯合物,因而使得該等錯合物是作為可置於或儲存於液態溶液中且可處於相對安定狀態下的良好化合物選項。藉著使用此種相對安定之溶液型GaAs前驅物,可將該GaAs溶液輸送、注射、噴霧和塗覆於該基板上且具有高度的均勻一致性和良好的薄膜品質,從而提供具有期望薄膜性質和高薄膜性質之可靠且可再現的GaAs層。
砷化鎵二聚體、砷化鎵四聚體或砷化鎵六聚體上可附接有不同的官能基,以於該經預先工程處理之溶液中形成穩定錯合物形式的GaAs來源前驅物。該GaAs錯合物可具有化學式Rx(GaAs)yR' z,其中x、y及z係介於1至15之間的整數,R及R'可能是相同或不相同的官能基或諸如此類之基團。可附接至該等砷化鎵二聚體、砷化鎵四聚體或砷化鎵六聚體中之鎵(Ga)元素和砷(As)元素上的官能基可包括烷基,例如甲基(CH3-)、乙基(C2H5-)、丙基(C3H7-)、丁基(C4H9-)、戊基(C5H11-)且依此類推、異丙基和其他類似異構物、芳基,例如亞苄基(benzal)、苯乙烯、甲苯、二甲苯、吡啶、乙苯、苯乙酮、苯甲酸甲酯、乙酸苯酯、苯酚(phenol)、甲酚(cresol)、呋喃及諸如此類之化合物、脂環族基,例如環丙烷、環丁烷、環戊烷、環戊二烯、甲苯及諸如此類之化合物、胺基,例如NR2(R為烷基)、-SiR3、-O-R、-S-R、-PR3、-POR3、鹵素、2,3,5,6-四甲基-1-4-苯醌或四甲基-對-苯醌、雙牙配位基(bidentate ligands)、速效配位基(expedious ligands)、胺類(amines)、溶劑綠(pyranine)、立體阻障配位基及諸如此類者。在一例示性實施例中,胺基(例如NR2(R為烷基))及立體阻障配位基係經選擇以作為附接至該GaAs二聚體、GaAs四聚體或GaAs六聚體的該等官能基。
該GaAs錯合物需在溶液中具有高溶解度和安定性。因此,期望該等選出用以形成該GaAs錯合物的官能基於主動反應(preactive)或形成凝集物(cluster)時具有1:1的化學計量比。此外,亦期望該等官能基能夠低溫分解成GaAs。再者,該等官能基與鎵(Ga)元素之間及/或該等官能基與砷(As)元素之間的鍵結能係配置成比該鎵-砷鍵的鍵結能要弱。藉由此配置,於沉積反應期間,該等官能基與鎵(Ga)元素及/或砷(As)元素之間的鍵可從該GaAs溶液前驅物上輕易斷裂,從而幫助在該基板表面上形成該GaAs層,且留下該錯合物中的GaAs鍵。由於所附接的該等官能基係經選擇以於沉積期間或在後續烘烤或硬化製程期間輕易地去除、蒸發或熱裂解該等官能基,因此可獲得且於該基板表面上形成具有最少雜質或污染物的GaAs層。
符合上述要求之該等GaAs前驅物的適當實例包括(NMe2)2Ga2As2( t BuH)2、Me2GaAs(NMe2)2、Me2GaAs(SiMePh2)2、Me2GaAs(SiPh3)2、Et2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、Me2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、(Me)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Et)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Me)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2、(Et)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2、Ga:As為1:3化學計量比的化合物(例如GaAs3 t Bu6)或諸如此類之化合物。該等GaAs前驅物之結構包括下列結構:
(Et)3GaAs(NMe2)3
(Me)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2
(Et)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2
(NMe2)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2
(Me)3GaAs(NMe2)3
在一實施例中,如第1圖及第2圖所示般,用於形成該基板100上之GaAs層106和204的GaAs前驅物係(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH。可藉著在己烷或甲苯溶劑或其他適當的有機或無機溶劑中混合三(二甲胺)鎵(Ga(NMe2)3)與過量的叔丁基砷烷( t BuAsH2)且攪拌過夜,例如持續攪拌16小時,可合成出(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH前驅物。該製程溫度可控制在介於約攝氏-40度至約攝氏-90度之間。經該混合製程後,獲得(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH,且可將(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH儲存在二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)溶劑或甲苯溶劑中。
在另一實施例中,藉著使用三(二甲胺基)砷(Me6N3As)與三甲基鎵(GaMe3)作為來源前驅物以合成且預先工程處理該GaAs來源前驅物,可形成該GaAs層。該三(二甲胺基)砷(Me6N3As)與三甲基鎵(GaMe3)在甲苯或己烷溶劑中反應而生成期望的含GaAs溶液型前驅物。該製程溫度可控制在介於約攝氏-40度至約攝氏-90度之間。
在又另一實施例中,可使用[{L}HGaAsR]n或[{L}2GaAstBuH]作為前驅物以形成該GaAs層,其中L為氮系供電子配位基(nitrogen-based donor ligand)、NMe2或肼類(hydrazines)官能基。藉著使As(SiR3)3、R3SiAsH3或H2AstBu與GaH3{L}或Ga{L}3在己烷溶液中進行反應且同時於室溫下持續攪拌24小時可合成出該等[{L}HGaAsR]n或[{L}2GaAstBuH]前驅物。待反應完全後,可得到該[{L}HGaAsR]n或[{L}2GaAstBuH]前驅物,且可使用該[{L}HGaAsR]n或[{L}2GaAstBuH]前驅物作為砷化鎵(GaAs)之來源,以當該前驅物分解時可在該基板上形成GaAs層。
隨後將該含GaAs之前驅物(例如上述(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH、[{L}HGaAsR]n或[{L}2GaAstBuH]或其他合適之前驅物)供應至化學氣相沉積(CVD)腔室以於基板上沉積GaAs層。在一實施例中,該含GaAs之溶液型前驅物係供應至CVD腔室以執行氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積(AACVD)製程。在該AACVD製程中,該含GaAs之前驅物會分解。以下將參考第4圖進一步討論可用於實施本發明之AACVD腔室的實例。藉著使用氣溶膠產生器使該前驅物溶液霧化。使用載氣以促進氣溶膠生成。隨後,藉由該載氣將攜帶該含GaAs之溶劑前驅物的氣溶膠輸送至CVD腔室中並且於該腔室內蒸發該氣溶膠。該氣溶膠進入該CVD腔室後,該前驅物從液相進入氣相而能夠進行CVD製程。隨後,該氣相的含GaAs之前驅物接著被分解且吸附於該基板上以於該基板上形成期望的GaAs層。若該前驅物未完全蒸發,可執行噴霧熱裂解製程以使該前驅物變成氣溶膠液滴而吸附在該基板上且於該基板表面上形成該GaAs層。在一實施例中,於該氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積(AACVD)製程期間,該基板溫度係控制在約攝氏550度,以便有效地蒸發進入該腔室中的該前驅物。
在另一實施例中,如有需要,亦可使用噴氣法(aerojet)、閃蒸法(flash evaporation)、雷射輔助化學氣相沉積法、紫外線輔助化學氣相沉積法、雷射反應沉積法、由溶液形成奈米顆粒噴霧法、噴霧式化學氣相沉積法、有機金屬化學氣相磊晶法(MOVPE)、氫化物氣相磊晶法(HVPE)或藉由其他適當技術在該基板上形成GaAs層。亦可採用某些其他溼式沉積製程,例如噴墨法、旋塗法、表面張力塗覆法(meniscus coating)、浸塗法(dip coating)、電鍍法、噴霧塗覆法、電噴霧法、網印法或其他適當技術,以於該基板表面上形成GaAs層。再者,如有需要,亦可使用某些真空技術,例如分子束磊晶法(MBE)、有機金屬氣相磊晶法(MOVPE)、脈衝雷射沉積法(PLD)、電漿增強化學氣相沉積法(PECVD)、濺射法、蒸鍍法、磁控濺射法、化學束沉積法、原子層沉積法(ALD)、熱絲化學氣相沉積法(HWCVD)、微波電漿及一些其他技術。
於沉積後,如第1圖和第2圖所示般,該GaAs層106、204係形成在該基板100上。形成於該基板上之該GaAs層可具有實質介於約1:0.8至約1:1.2之間的鎵(Ga)元素:砷(As)元素之比例。X光繞射(XRD)分析顯示所形成之GaAs層具有(111)平面的強波峰。該等位於<111>、<220>和<311>平面處的XRD波峰位置符合砷化鎵(GaAs)立方體之標準波峰位置。在一實施例中,該GaAs層106可具有介於約0.2微米至約3微米之間的厚度。
在一實施例中,可在該GaAs層中摻雜不同的摻雜劑。摻雜劑可為顆粒、粉末、凝膠、液體、溶液或任意其他適當形式,且可將摻雜劑拌入且混合至該溶液型之經預先工程處理的GaAs前驅物中。形成在該GaAs層中的不同摻雜劑可提供不同的薄膜導電性和移動率,從而提高該元件之電性效能。在一實施例中,可摻雜至該GaAs層中的該等摻雜劑包括鋁(Al)、鋅(Zn)、鎂(Mg)、銦(In)、磷(P)、矽(Si)、硒(Se)、硫(S)、碳(C)、氮(N)及諸如此類者。
於步驟306,在該基板100上形成該GaAs層106、204後,係執行退火製程以對該GaAs層106、204進行熱處理。請注意,如有需要,亦可於該GaAs層106、204上執行不同類型的後續處理製程,例如淬火(quenching)、烘烤、雷射處理或諸如此類之處理。用於形成該GaAs層的該前驅物可能含有除了鎵(Ga)和砷(As)以外的元素,例如該前驅物中含有碳、氮、氧或其他元素。在該沉積層上執行熱退火製程及/或後續處理製程可幫助驅除剛沉積之GaAs層106、204中所含的雜質。該熱處理製程亦可幫助修復該剛沉積之薄膜中可能於該沉積製程期間形成的缺陷。
在一實施例中,可藉由任何適當的退火工具執行該退火製程,該退火工具係例如烤爐、快速熱處理(RTP)腔室、尖波退火(spike anneal)腔室或雷射退火腔室及諸如此類工具。可在介於約攝氏400度至約攝氏600度之間的溫度下執行該退火製程,以幫助該基板100上所形成的GaAs層106、204緻密化及/或結晶化。
第4圖圖示氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積(AACVD)腔室400之實施例的簡化剖面透視圖,該氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積腔室400可用於在基板上沉積溶液型GaAs層,該基板係例如以上參照第1圖至第2圖所述之基板100。該AACVD腔室400可用於執行AACVD沉積製程,例如以上參照第1圖至第2圖所述之沉積製程。請注意,如有需要,亦可使用其他種類之沉積製程,例如MOCVD、噴氣法、閃蒸法、雷射輔助CVD法、紫外線輔助CVD法、雷射反應沉積法、由溶液形成奈米顆粒噴霧法、噴霧式CVD法、MOVPE法、HVPE法或藉由其他適當技術以形成該GaAs層。亦可採用某些其他溼式沉積製程, 例如噴墨法、旋塗法、表面張力塗覆法(meniscus coating)、浸塗法、電鍍法、噴霧塗覆法、電噴霧法、網印法或其他適當技術,以於該基板表面上形成GaAs系層。再者,如有需要,亦可使用某些真空技術,例如分子束磊晶法(MBE)、有機金屬氣相磊晶法(MOVPE)、脈衝雷射沉積法(PLD)、電漿增強化學氣相沉積法(PECVD)、濺射法、蒸鍍法、磁控濺射法、化學束沉積法、原子層沉積法(ALD)、熱絲化學氣相沉積法(HWCVD)、微波電漿法及一些其他技術。
該腔室400包含反應管422,該反應管422具有第一管壁426、第二管壁428及反應器主體424,該反應器主體424連接在該第一管壁426與該第二管壁428之間。形成於該反應管422中的該第一管壁426、該第二管壁428和該反應器主體424界定內部處理區域418。石墨加熱塊420係設置在該反應管422中以接收該基板100,該基板100係置於該石墨加熱塊上以進行處理。如有需要,可利用設置在該反應管422中的溫度感測器(圖中未圖示)監控該基板100的溫度。
排氣口432係形成在該第二管壁428中以幫助傳送該基板進入和離開該反應管422。氣體入口埠430係形成在該第一管壁426中以幫助於製程期間從混合腔室416輸送反應氣體和前驅物進入該內部處理區域418。液體安瓿容器434經由氣體輸送通路436而附接至該混合腔室416。該液體安瓿容器434可儲存前驅物402以供應 來源材料進入該內部處理區域418,藉以在該基板100上沉積GaAs系層。該混合腔室416提供一條彎曲路徑,該彎曲路徑可延長來自該液體安瓿容器434所供應之GaAs前驅物402的流動路徑,藉以確保該等前驅物402完全混合。可儲存在該液體安瓿容器434中的GaAs前驅物之實例包括(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH、Me2GaAs(NMe2)2、Me2GaAs(SiMePh2)2、Me2GaAs(SiPh3)2、Et2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、Me2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、(Me)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Et)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Me)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2、(Et)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2或諸如此類之化合物。
於期望在該基板100上形成經摻雜之GaAs系層的實施例中,例如欲形成經p-型摻雜之GaAs系層或經n-型摻雜之GaAs系層,可於該液體安瓿容器434中的該GaAs前驅物內拌入、添加或混入含摻雜劑的材料而形成含摻雜劑的GaAs前驅物,且可容易地將該含摻雜劑的GaAs前驅物供應至該內部處理區域418用於進行處理。如上述,可加入該GaAs前驅物中的合適p-型摻雜劑材料包括含鋅材料(例如金屬鋅摻雜劑、二甲基鋅(DMZ)、二乙基鋅(DEZ)或諸如此類者)、含鎂材料(例如金屬鎂摻雜劑、環戊二烯基鎂或諸如此類者)以及含碳材料(例如四氯化碳(CCl4)、四溴化碳(CBr4)或諸如此類者)。可加入該GaAs前驅物中的合適n-型摻雜劑材料包括含硫材料(例如硫化氫(H2S)、硫磺)、含矽材料(例如甲矽烷(SiH4)、 二矽烷(Si2H6))以及含硒材料(例如硒化氫(H2Se)、硒或諸如此類者)。在一實施例中,用於加入該GaAs前驅物中的該p-型摻雜劑材料係DMZ或DEZ,且用於加入該GaAs前驅物中的n-型摻雜劑材料係二矽烷(Si2H6)。
氣體控制板410係耦接至該液體安瓿容器434以經由輸送通路412供應載氣至該液體安瓿容器434。該氣體控制板410將載氣引入該液體安瓿容器434以推動置於該液體安瓿容器434中的該GaAs前驅物402並經由該氣體輸送通路436使該GaAs前驅物402注入該混合腔室416且最終注入該內部處理區域418。可由該氣體控制板410供應之氣體實例包括含氮氣體,例如特別是氮氣(N2)、氧化亞氮(N2O)及一氧化氮(NO),或含氧氣體,例如氧氣(O2)或臭氧(O3)。諸如氬(Ar)或氦(He)之惰性氣體亦可用於攜帶該GaAs前驅物402進入該內部處理區域418。在本案所述之一例示性實施例中,用以推動該GaAs前驅物402並將該GaAs前驅物402注入該內部處理區域418中的載氣係氮氣(N2)。
利用增濕器404加熱且蒸發置於該液體安瓿容器434中之含有或不含期望摻雜劑的溶液型GaAs前驅物402。該增濕器404可具有壓電裝置406,該壓電裝置406可提供超音波能量及/或熱能給置於該增濕器404內的該溶液型GaAs前驅物402,從而幫助加熱及蒸發GaAs前驅物402成為氣態或微小液滴狀,以利用該載氣如箭頭414所示般將該氣態或微小液滴狀之GaAs前驅物402注入 該內部處理區域418。可於該液體安瓿容器434與該增濕器之間設置某些液體408(例如水或其他合適之液體),以使該溶液型GaAs前驅物402保持在期望的溫度範圍內。在一實施例中,該增濕器404可在介於約攝氏100度至約攝氏250度之間的溫度下蒸發該GaAs前驅物。
第5圖圖示用以形成溶液型GaAs系層之處理方法500的另一實施例之流程圖,該處理方法500可形成本質型GaAs層106、204,且該等本質型GaAs層106、204可併入太陽能電池元件中,在該實施例中,該p-型層104、202係經配置以成為第1圖和第2圖中所示之太陽能電池元件150、200中的該經p-型摻雜之GaAs系層104、202,且n-型層108、206係經配置以成為該太陽能電池元件150、200中的該經n-型摻雜之GaAs系層108、206。應注意,由於可適當添加或刪除一或多個步驟及/或將一或多個步驟重新排序而不偏離本案所述發明之基本範圍,因此第5圖圖示之步驟數目與步驟順序非意欲用以限制本案所述發明之範圍。
該處理方法500始於步驟502以提供基板100,該基板100係配置用以在該基板上形成如第1圖和第2圖所示之太陽能電池元件。在一實施例中,該基板100可為透明基板、塑膠基板、含矽基板(例如單晶矽基板、多晶矽基板)、玻璃基板、石英基板或其他合適材料。類似形成在該太陽能電池元件150中的該等膜層,該基板100 可具有第一TCO層102形成在該基板上。接著在該基板上執行該處理方法500中的下個步驟或步驟504,以視需要而形成經p-型摻雜之GaAs層、本質型GaAs層或經n-型摻雜之GaAs層。請注意,該基板100上可形成有不同材料層,以幫助在該基板100上形成該GaAs層。
在步驟504,可於GaAs前驅物中混合、拌入、添加期望的摻雜劑,且供應該具有期望摻雜劑的GaAs前驅物至處理腔室,例如第4圖圖示之處理腔室400。該GaAs前驅物可為如上述之經預先工程處理且添加有期望摻雜劑(例如p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑)的溶液型GaAs前驅物以作為來源前驅物,以便於在該基板100上沉積經p-型摻雜之GaAs系層或經n-型摻雜之GaAs系層。在該實施例中,其中期望形成本質型GaAs層,且不必將摻雜劑加入該GaAs前驅物中。
該經預先工程處理之溶液型砷化鎵(GaAs)前驅物包含處於溶液中由鎵錯合物與砷錯合物組成的混合物,而於該溶液中形成鎵-砷錯合物。在一實施例中,在該經預先工程處理之溶液型砷化鎵(GaAs)前驅物中所形成的該鎵-砷錯合物通常含有砷化鎵二聚體(-GaAs-)、砷化鎵四聚體(-Ga2As2-)或砷化鎵六聚體(-Ga3As3-)結構。一般相信砷化鎵二聚體(-GaAs-)、砷化鎵四聚體(-Ga2As2-)或砷化鎵六聚體(-Ga3As3-)結構係相對安定的錯合物,使得該等錯合物可置於或儲存於液態溶液中。藉著使用此種相對安定之溶液型GaAs前驅物,可高度均勻一致地將該GaAs溶液分配至該基板以產生預期的良好薄膜品質,從而提供具有期望薄膜性質和高薄膜性質之可靠且可再現的GaAs層。
砷化鎵二聚體、砷化鎵四聚體或砷化鎵六聚體上可附接有不同的官能基,以用於在該經預先工程處理之溶液中形成穩定錯合物形式的GaAs來源前驅物。該GaAs錯合物可具有化學式Rx(GaAs)yR' z,其中x、y及z係介於1至15之間的整數,R及R'可能是相同或不相同的官能基或諸如此類之基團。可附接至該等砷化鎵二聚體、砷化鎵四聚體或砷化鎵六聚體中之鎵(Ga)元素和砷(As)元素上的官能基可包括烷基,例如甲基(CH3-)、乙基(C2H5-)、丙基(C3H7-)、丁基(C4H9-)、戊基(C5H11-)且依此類推、異丙基和其他類似異構物、芳基,例如亞苄基(benzal)、苯乙烯、甲苯、二甲苯、吡啶、乙苯、苯乙酮、苯甲酸甲酯、乙酸苯酯、苯酚(phenol)、甲酚(cresol)、呋喃及諸如此類之化合物、脂環族基,例如環丙烷、環丁烷、環戊烷、環戊二烯、甲苯及諸如此類之化合物、胺基,例如NR2(R為烷基)、-SiR3、-O-R、-S-R、-PR3、-POR3、鹵素、2,3,5,6-四甲基-1-4-苯醌或四甲基-對-苯醌、雙牙配位基(bidentate ligands)、速效配位基(expedious ligands)、胺類(amines)、溶劑綠(pyranine)、立體阻障配位基及諸如此類者。在一例示性實施例中,胺基(例如NR2(R為烷基))及立體阻障配位基係選擇作為附接至該GaAs二聚體、GaAs四聚體或GaAs六聚體的該等官能基。符合上述要求之該等GaAs前驅物的適當實例包括(NMe2)2Ga2As2( t BuH)2、Me2GaAs(NMe2)2、Me2GaAs(SiMePh2)2、Me2GaAs(SiPh3)2、Et2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、Me2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2、(Me)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Et)3GaAs(NMe2)3、(Me)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2、(Et)4Ga2As2( t BuH)2、Ga:As為1:3化學計量比的化合物(例如GaAs3 t Bu6)或諸如此類之化合物。在一實施例中,選擇用於形成該經p-型摻雜之GaAs層、本質型GaAs層或經n-型摻雜之GaAs層的GaAs前驅物係(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH。可藉著在己烷或甲苯溶劑或其他適當的有機或無機溶劑中混合三(二甲胺)鎵(Ga(NMe2)3)與過量的叔丁基砷烷( t BuAsH2)且攪拌過夜,例如持續攪拌16小時,可合成出(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH前驅物。該製程溫度可控制在介於約攝氏-40度至約攝氏-90度之間。經該混合製程後,獲得(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH,且可將(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH儲存在二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)溶劑或甲苯溶劑中。
上述合適之p-型摻雜劑和n-型摻雜劑可與該GaAs前驅物混合或拌入該GaAs前驅物中以形成經摻雜之GaAs溶液型前驅物,以形成經p-型或n-型摻雜的GaAs層。可加入該GaAs前驅物中之p-型摻雜劑的合適實例包括金屬鋅摻雜劑、二甲基鋅(DMZ)、二乙基鋅(DEZ)、金屬鎂摻雜劑、環戊二烯基鎂、四氯化碳(CCl4)和四溴化碳(CBr4)或諸如此類者。n-型摻雜劑之合適實例包括硫化氫(H2S)、硫磺、甲矽烷(SiH4)、二矽烷(Si2H6)、硒化氫(H2Se)、硒(Se)或諸如此類者。
於步驟506,供應該含有或不含摻雜劑之GaAs前驅物至該處理腔室內之後,可於該基板表面上形成經摻雜/未經摻雜之GaAs層。在一實施例中,供應該含GaAs之溶液型前驅物至CVD腔室,例如第4圖圖示之AACVD腔室400,以執行氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積(AACVD)製程。如上述,摻雜劑可為顆粒、粉末、凝膠、液體、溶液或其他適當形式,且可將摻雜劑混合至該溶液型之經預先工程處理的GaAs前驅物中。選擇用以形成該經摻雜之GaAs層的不同摻雜劑可提供不同的薄膜導電性和移動率,從而提高該元件之電性效能。在一實施例中,可摻雜至該GaAs層中的該等摻雜劑包括鋁(Al)、鋅(Zn)、鎂(Mg)、銦(In)、磷(P)、矽(Si)、硒(Se)、硫(S)、碳(C)、氮(N)及諸如此類者。
在一實施例中,該經摻雜之GaAs層中的摻雜劑濃度可控制在介於約1×1016原子/立方公分至約1×1020原子/立方公分之間。例如,在經p-型摻雜之GaAs層中,該p-型摻雜劑可摻雜入該GaAs層中而具有介於約1×1017原子/立方公分至約1×1019原子/立方公分之間的摻雜劑濃度。於另一實例中,在經n-型摻雜之GaAs層中,該n-型摻雜劑可摻雜入該GaAs層中而具有介於約1×1018原子/立方公分至約1×1020原子/立方公分之間的摻雜劑濃度。
於步驟508,於該基板100上形成該經摻雜/未經摻雜之GaAs層後,係執行退火製程以對所沉積的GaAs層進行熱處理。請注意,視需要亦可於所沉積的GaAs層上執行不同類型的後續處理製程,例如淬火(quenching)、烘烤、雷射處理或諸如此類之處理。用於形成該GaAs層的前驅物含有除鎵(Ga)和砷(As)以外的元素,例如碳、氮、氧化物或其他雜質且該等元素或其他雜質可能進入所沉積的GaAs薄膜中。在該沉積層上執行的熱退火製程及/或後續處理製程可幫助驅除剛沉積之GaAs層中所含的雜質。該熱處理製程亦可幫助修復該剛沉積之薄膜中可能於該沉積製程期間形成的缺陷。
在一實施例中,可藉由任何適當的退火工具執行該退火製程,該退火工具係例如烤爐、快速熱處理(RTP)腔室、尖波退火(spike anneal)腔室或雷射退火腔室及諸如此類工具。可在介於約攝氏400度至約攝氏600度之間的溫度下執行該退火製程,以幫助該基板100上所形成之GaAs層緻密化及/或結晶化。以下將參照第6圖進一步描述熱退火腔室(例如RTP腔室)之實例
第6圖圖示快速熱處理腔室600之實施例的簡化剖面透視圖,該快速熱處理腔室600可用於退火基板,例如以上參照第1圖至第5圖所述之基板100。該處理腔室600包含腔室主體650,該腔室主體650具有多個腔室壁630、底壁632及頂壁634以界定內部容積628。該等腔室壁630一般包含至少一個基板接收埠(圖中未圖示)以 便於送入及取出該基板100。
輻射熱組件624係安裝於該腔室主體650之頂壁634處。邊緣環610設置成環繞該基板100之周圍,且該輻射熱組件624係用以加熱藉由邊緣環610而懸空設置的該基板100。該輻射熱組件624包含位於水夾套組件604內的複數個燈管602。每個燈管602包含反射體及鎢鹵素燈組件。該等燈管602堆疊成緊密蜂巢管狀之結構配置。由多個燈管602組成之此種緊密堆疊的六角形結構配置可提供輻射能量,例如具有波長介於約400奈米至約4000奈米之高功率密度的紅外線(IR)輻射及/或較長波長的紫外線(UV)輻射。在一實施例中,該輻射熱組件624提供輻射能量以對該基板進行熱處理,例如使設置於該基板100上的矽層退火。於1996年1月23日准專利且授予Gronet等人之美國專利案第5,487,127號中描述一種經調適而可受益於本發明的輻射熱組件624,且該專利文獻係以引用方式全文併入本案。
利用安裝在不鏽鋼基底618上的可旋轉式石英圓筒612使該用以支撐基板100的邊緣環610與該不鏽鋼基底618隔開且位於該不鏽鋼基底618上方。該邊緣環610可由具有小熱膨脹係數的硬材料(例如碳化矽)製成,以避免該邊緣環610在熱處理期間過度膨脹和收縮。該石英圓筒612於基板處理期間以介於約50rpm至約300rpm之間的轉速旋轉,以藉著使該腔室600內和該基板100上的熱不對稱性的影響減至最小,而使基板溫度的均勻 上的熱不對稱性的影響減至最小,而使基板溫度的均勻一致性達到最大。在一實施例中,可用矽塗覆該圓筒612,以使一期望波長無法穿透該圓筒。該不鏽鋼基底618具有循環管路646以允許冷卻劑(例如水)在該循環管路646內循環。於處理後,該冷卻劑之循環作用可有效冷卻該腔室溫度。
反射板614係設置在該基板100下方且安裝在該不鏽鋼基底618上方。藉由界定在該反射板614中的多個開口642使多個溫度探針644組成的陣列包埋在該反射板614內。導管636從該不鏽鋼基底618之底側延伸至該反射板614中的該等開口642,該等溫度探針644係經由該導管636而連接至高溫計616。該等溫度探針644與該等高溫計616係用以取得該基板100鄰近各個探針644之區域處的溫度度量指示值,而可偵測該基板之溫度梯度。
該基板100之底側620及該反射板614之上側638之間界定出反射腔640。該反射腔640增強該基板100的有效發射率,從而增進該溫度測量的精確性。控制器617可接收來自該等高溫計616的測量值且輸出控制信號至該輻射熱組件624以用於即時調整該處理腔室600內產生的輻射,從而使該基板溫度保持在期望處理範圍內。
該反射板614的上側638係高反射性,且可反射落在目標波長範圍內的熱幅射,並吸收除了該目標波長範圍以外的熱幅射。可利用一種或一種以上之塗層或膜層塗 覆位於該不鏽鋼基底618上的反射板614,以提供選擇性的反射性。例如,可使用多個具有不同反射性和吸收性之塗層的不同組合而使該反射板614能夠將一期望波長的熱輻射反射回該基板100並且吸收除了該期望波長以外的熱幅射(或對於除了該期望波長以外的熱幅射具有較低的反射性)。在一實施例中,該反射板614反射介於約700奈米至約1000奈米之間的熱波長,且吸收低於700奈米和波長高於1000奈米的熱波長。於2005年1月4日准專利且授予Adams等人之美國專利案第6,839,507號中描述一種經調適而可受益於本發明的反射板614,且該專利文獻係以引用方式全文併入本案。
該反射板614會吸收該未被反射回基板100的熱能量。利用循環流經設置於該反射板614下方之不鏽鋼基底618的冷卻劑可有效且快速地移除被吸收的熱能量。此外,流經該反射板614內之多個孔(圖中未圖示)的氣體可用以增進該反射板614以及位於該反射板614上方之基板100的冷卻速率。藉由該反射板614提供該快速冷卻速率可增進對該基板100的溫度控制,從而有效提供期望的溫度處理輪廓。在一實施例中,該反射板614可提供大於約每秒攝氏200度的基板冷卻速率。在另一實施例中,該反射板614可提供約每秒攝氏220度的基板冷卻速率。
第7圖係根據本發明一實施例之光吸收層702的剖面圖,該光吸收層702包含複數個奈米碳管(CNTs)704且 7圖圖示形成有多個奈米碳管(CNTs)704之光吸收層的可行結構配置,且該GaAs材料706包圍著該等奈米碳管704。在某些其他配置中,於該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上設置該GaAs材料706之前,可先在該基板與該光吸收層702之間或該基板100與該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704之間形成多個附加膜層。以下將參照第8圖和第9圖討論使用塗覆GaAs材料706之奈米碳管(CNTs)704的太陽能元件實例。
延續第7圖,在一實施例中,於該基板100之表面708上形成該光吸收層702。該光吸收層702係用以輔助太陽能電池元件中的捕捉光線之作用以及電流生成作用。一般相信設置在該光吸收層702中的該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704可作為增進電洞及/或電子收集作用的有效路徑且降低一般可能發生在習知光吸收層中的電荷載子復合作用之速率。該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704具有期望的電性質,該等期望電性質可增進所形成之太陽能電池元件中的電荷產生作用。在一實施例中,於該基板之表面上形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。隨後,使該溶液型GaAs層706沉積於該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上,而包圍住該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。請注意,於該奈米碳管(CNTs)704上方設置該GaAs層706之前,亦可於該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上沉積多個附加膜層。
在一實施例中,該光吸收層702係形成該基板100之表面上的連續薄膜。該含GaAs之光吸收層702提供從紫外線(UV)波長跨至近紅外線(IR)波長之廣光譜範圍的高吸光係數。由於該層702中併入奈米碳管(CNTs),因此所形成的光吸收層702在該連續薄膜702各處亦將測得高導電性。再者,由於所形成之吸收層702的高吸光係數,因此可減少該吸收層的整體厚度,減少厚度可提供多種增進的太陽能電池特性,例如電池能量轉化效率、開路電壓、填充因子及正規化短路電流。
在一實施例中,該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704係奈米級圓筒,且該等奈米級圓筒具有石墨烯所形成之筒壁,即單原子厚度之石墨薄片所形成的筒壁。該奈米碳管704可為單層壁面(由單片石墨烯薄片構成的筒壁,簡寫為SWNTs)或多層筒壁(由多片石墨烯薄片構成的筒壁,簡寫為MWNTs)。在一實施例中,在形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704之前,可先在該基板100上沉積由金屬催化劑顆粒712組成之薄層710。該金屬催化劑顆粒712之薄層710可用於促進該基板100上之碳原子的成核作用,從而促進後續在該基板100上之該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704的沉積作用。在一配置中,使用烴類前驅物氣體在該金屬催化劑顆粒712上選擇性地形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704,該等烴類前驅物氣體係例如乙烯、丙烯、乙炔、苯、甲苯、乙烷、甲烷、丁烷、丙烷、己烷、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、異丙醇、一氧化碳、丙酮、含氧之烴類化合物(oxygenated hydrocarbons)、低分子量烴類化合物、高分子量烴類化合物或上述化合物之組合。合適之金屬顆粒包括鐵、鎳、鈷、銅、鉬及上述金屬之合金或諸如此類者。該薄層710可為選自鐵(Fe)、銅(Cu)、鋁(Al)、鈷(Co)、鉬(Mo)、鉭(Ta)、鎢(W)、銀(Ag)、鎳(Ni)、三氧化二鋁(Al2O3)或諸如此類者中的金屬材料。
在一實施例中,各個奈米碳管(CNTs)彼此之間規律地隔開而使該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704垂直排列在該基板100上。垂直排列該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704可輔助捕捉該光吸收層702內的光線。該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704的長度可為約100奈米至約2.0微米且具有範圍介於約0.5奈米至約1.5奈米的直徑。在使用該GaAs材料706包圍該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704的配置中,可使用與以上參照第3圖和第5圖所述之製程相似的製程在該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上形成該GaAs材料706。在一實施例中,所形成之該等奈米碳管距離該基板之表面708的高度係介於該光吸收層702之厚度的5%至約95%之間。
該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704可垂直排列且彼此平行。此種排列方式可藉著經由該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704材料的傳導而提供可供從該光吸收層702抽出載子(例如電洞)的較短路徑。可在該光吸收層702內的電子-電洞對產生效率與從該光吸收層702中抽出電洞的效率之間取折衷以取得該光吸收層中所形成之奈米碳管(CNTs)704的期望密度。在一實施例中,該基板之該表面上之奈米碳管(CNTs)704的期望平均密度可達每平方公尺約1011個至1016個。
在一實施例中,形成在該基板100上的金屬薄層710可為在該層上形成有奈米鐵顆粒712的鋁層。該等奈米鐵顆粒之直徑將決定後續形成在該奈米鐵顆粒上之該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704的直徑。可使用合適之技術形成該等奈米鐵顆粒712和該薄層710,該等技術係例如CVD、PVD、ALD、PECVD、HWCVD、任何電漿製程或紫外線誘導ALD技術。隨後於該等奈米鐵顆粒712上形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。一旦該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704成長於該基板100上,接著在該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上設置該GaAs系材料706以形成該光吸收層702。
第8圖係另一種太陽能電池元件840的剖面圖,該太陽能電池元件840具有形成於該太陽能電池元件840中的光吸收層802,該光吸收層802之配置大體上類似第1圖所示之設置在太陽能電池元件150中的光吸收層106。在此種結構配置中,該光吸收層802包含設置在複數個奈米碳管(CNTs)704上的GaAs材料706。在此實施例中,如上述般,可於該基板100上形成第一TCO層102。隨後在該第一TCO層102上形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。如以上參照第7圖所述般,可於該基板100上形成該等選用性的催化劑顆粒712,以幫助在該等催化劑顆粒712上成長該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。於該基板100上形成該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704後,使用以上參照第3圖和第5圖所述之該等製程在該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上形成p-型層104。在一實施例中,該p-型層104形成覆蓋該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704之外表面的共形層。隨後,於該p-型層104上形成該GaAs層706以包圍住該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704。在一實施例中,可利用以上參照第3圖和第5圖所述之一或多種製程在該p-型層104和該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上形成該溶液型GaAs層706。因此該光吸收層802包含設置在該p-型層104及該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上的GaAs層706。由於可收集電荷的表面積增加且該等奈米碳管(CNTs)具有高導電性,因此被該GaAs層706和該p-型層104包圍住的該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704將可幫助抽出該本質型光吸收層802中所生成的電洞和電子。因此該本質型光吸收層802可有助於收集電荷載子且提高所形成之太陽能電池元件840的整體轉化效率。隨後如以上參照第1圖所述般,在該本質型光吸收層802上形成n-型層108,且接著在該n-型層108上形成第二TCO層112及背電極層110。
由於相較於習知的矽基太陽能電池元件而言,該光吸收層802之位向及光散射表面的數目增多且具有較廣的吸收波長範圍,故相信上述之光吸收層802的結構配置亦可有助於留住且吸收入射光。因此,形成於該光吸收層802中的該等導電性奈米碳管(CNTs)704及該GaAs材料706能提高太陽能電池之整體轉化效率。
第9圖圖示具有本質型光吸收層902的太陽能電池元件940,該本質型光吸收層902係形成在該太陽能電池元件940內。在此實施例中,相較於第8圖所示之太陽能電池840,該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704最先形成在該基板100上。可選地,於該基板表面上沉積金屬催化劑顆粒712且使用該等金屬催化劑顆粒712以幫助在該基板100之表面上成長該等奈米碳管704。隨後,於該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704上形成該第一TCO層102,因此所沉積之第一TCO層102遵循該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704之輪廓。接著,隨後於該第一TCO層102上形成該p-型層104。在一配置中,所沉積的p-型層104共形地遵循該第一TCO層102和該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704的輪廓。隨後,於該p-型層104及該等奈米碳管704上形成該GaAs層706以形成該光吸收層902。在一實施例中,可使用以上參照第3圖和第5圖所述之一或多種製程於該基板上形成該溶液型GaAs層706。該等奈米碳管(CNTs)704、p-型層104、第一TCO層102及GaAs層706皆幫助抽出該光吸收層902中所生成的電洞和電子,從而有助於收集所產生的電荷且提高所形成之太陽能電池元件的整體轉化效率。隨後,如以上參照第1圖所述般,於該光吸收層902上形成n-型矽層108,且接著於該n-型矽層108上形成第二TCO層110及背金屬電極112。
請注意,視需要,形成包含該p-型層104、該光吸收層702、802、902及該n-型層108之該p-i-n接合區的順序可以反轉。例如,亦可利用以該GaAs系材料層706填充該等奈米碳管704之結構形成n-i-p接合區。例如,取代如第8圖和第9圖所示在該等奈米碳管704上形成p-型層104的步驟,而改在該等奈米碳管704上形成n-型層108。隨後,在該n-型層108和該等奈米碳管704上形成該GaAs系材料層706。於該基板100上形成連續的GaAs系材料層706之後,可如期望地接著於該GaAs系材料層706上形成該p-型層104,藉以在該基板上形成期望的n-i-p接合區。應注意,在一些配置中,可能希望使用矽以外的材料形成該p-型及/或n-型層。
雖然上述內容係揭示本發明之多個實施例,然而尚可做出諸多本發明之其他和進一步之實施例而不偏離本發明之基本範圍,且本發明之範圍係由後附申請專利範圍所界定。
100...基板
101...發光源/太陽輻射
102...第一透明導電氧化物(TCO)層
104...p-型層
106...本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層
108...n-型層
110...第二透明導電氧化物(TCO)層
112...金屬背層
114...p-i-n接合區
200...太陽能電池
202...第二p-型層
204...第二本質型砷化鎵(GaAs)系層
206...第二n-型層
208...第二p-i-n接合區
300...方法
302、304、306...步驟
400...氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積腔室
402...前驅物/GaAs前驅物
404...增濕器
406...壓電裝置
408...液體
410...氣體控制板
412...輸送通路
414...箭頭
416...混合腔室
418...內部處理區域
418‧‧‧內部處理區域
420‧‧‧石墨加熱塊
422‧‧‧反應管
424‧‧‧反應器主體
426‧‧‧第一管壁
428‧‧‧第二管壁
430‧‧‧氣體入口埠
432‧‧‧排氣口
434‧‧‧液體安瓿容器
436‧‧‧氣體輸送通路
500‧‧‧方法
502、504、506、508‧‧‧步驟
600‧‧‧快速熱處理腔室
602‧‧‧燈管
604‧‧‧水夾套組件
610‧‧‧邊緣環
612‧‧‧石英圓筒
614‧‧‧反射板
616‧‧‧高溫計
617‧‧‧控制器
618‧‧‧不鏽鋼基底
620‧‧‧底側
624‧‧‧輻射熱組件
628‧‧‧內部容積
630‧‧‧腔室壁
632‧‧‧底壁
634‧‧‧頂壁
636‧‧‧導管
640‧‧‧反射腔
642‧‧‧開口
644‧‧‧溫度探針
646‧‧‧循環管路
702‧‧‧光吸收層
704‧‧‧奈米碳管
706‧‧‧GaAs材料/GaAs層/GaAs系材料層
708‧‧‧表面
710‧‧‧金屬薄層
712‧‧‧金屬催化劑顆粒
802‧‧‧光吸收層
840‧‧‧太陽能電池元件
902‧‧‧本質型光吸收層
940‧‧‧太陽能電池元件
為能獲得且詳細瞭解本發明之上述特徵,可參閱附圖圖示之本發明的多個實施例,閱讀扼要整理如上的本發明更明確之說明內容。
第1圖係根據本發明一實施例之單接合區薄膜太陽能電池的剖面圖,其中該單接合區薄膜太陽能電池具有砷化鎵層以作為光吸收層;
第2圖係根據本發明一實施例之串接接合區薄膜太陽能電池的剖面圖,其中該串接接合區薄膜太陽能電池具有砷化鎵層以作為光吸收層;
第3圖係根據本發明一實施例之製造砷化鎵系太陽能電池之方法的流程圖;
第4圖圖示氣溶膠輔助化學氣相沉積(AACVD)設備之實施例的簡化剖面透視圖;
第5圖係根據本發明另一實施例之製造砷化鎵系太陽能電池之方法的流程圖;
第6圖圖示快速熱處理腔室之實施例的簡化剖面透視圖;
第7圖圖示根據本發明一實施例之形成於砷化鎵系材料中之奈米碳管的剖面圖;
第8圖圖示根據本發明一實施例之太陽能電池元件的剖面圖;以及
第9圖圖示根據本發明另一實施例之太陽能電池元件的剖面圖。
為便於了解,盡可能地使用相同元件符號代表該等圖式中共有的相同元件。無需進一步說明,即能思及可將一實施例的元件和特徵結構有利地併入其他實施例中。
然而需注意,該等附圖僅圖示本發明之例示性實施例,因此不應視為本發明範圍之限制,本發明允許做出其他等效實施例。
300...方法
302、304、306...步驟
(NMe2)2GaAS t BuH

Claims (15)

  1. 一種形成一太陽能電池元件的方法,該方法包含下列步驟:在一基板之一表面上形成於層內摻雜有一第一種摻雜劑的一第一層;藉由將置於一溶劑中的一含砷化鎵(GaAs)之前驅物供應至一處理腔室,以在該第一層上形成一砷化鎵(GaAs)系層,其中該含砷化鎵之前驅物係選自於由(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH、Me2GaAs(NMe2)2、Me2GaAs(SiMePh2)2、Me2GaAs(SiPh3)2、Et2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2及Me2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2所構成之群組中;以及在該砷化鎵系層上形成於層內摻雜有一第二種摻雜劑的一第二層。
  2. 如請求項1之方法,其中形成該砷化鎵系層的步驟包含下列步驟:在該處理腔室內蒸發該含砷化鎵之前驅物溶劑以在該基板上形成該砷化鎵系層。
  3. 如請求項1之方法,其中該含砷化鎵之前驅物係(NMe2)2GaAstBuH。
  4. 如請求項1之方法,該方法進一步包含下列步驟: 使形成於該基板上的該砷化鎵系層退火。
  5. 如請求項1之方法,其中該第一種摻雜劑係一p-型摻雜劑,以及該第二種摻雜劑係一n-型摻雜劑。
  6. 如請求項1之方法,其中該第一層係一含矽層或一砷化鎵系層,以及該第二層係一含矽層或一砷化鎵系層。
  7. 如請求項5之方法,其中該p-型摻雜劑包含下列摻雜劑之至少一者:金屬鋅摻雜劑、二甲基鋅(DMZ)、二乙基鋅(DEZ)、金屬鎂摻雜劑、環戊二烯基鎂、四氯化碳(CCl4)或四溴化碳(CBr4)。
  8. 如請求項5之方法,其中該n-型摻雜劑包含下列摻雜劑之至少一者:硫化氫(H2S)、硫磺、甲矽烷(SiH4)、二矽烷(Si2H6)、硒化氫(H2Se)、硒或諸如此類者。
  9. 如請求項1之方法,其中該第一層係一p-型無定形矽層,以及該第二層係一n-型無定形矽層。
  10. 如請求項1之方法,該方法進一步包含於該基板上形成該第一層之前,先在該基板之該表面上方形成複數個奈米碳管。
  11. 如請求項10之方法,該方法進一步包含下列步驟:以一GaAs層填充該複數個奈米碳管。
  12. 一種在基板上形成適用於薄膜電晶體之結構的方法,該方法包括下列步驟:供應置於一溶劑中的一含砷化鎵(GaAs)之前驅物至一處理腔室,該含砷化鎵之前驅物內具有p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑,其中該含砷化鎵之前驅物係選自於由(NMe2)2GaAs t BuH、Me2GaAs(NMe2)2、Me2GaAs(SiMePh2)2、Me2GaAs(SiPh3)2、Et2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2及Me2GaAs(SiMe2Cy)2所構成之群組中;以及在該處理腔室內使該具有p-型摻雜劑或n-型摻雜劑的含砷化鎵之前驅物的該溶劑蒸發,藉以在該基板上形成一經p-型摻雜或n-型摻雜的GaAs層。
  13. 如請求項12之方法,其中該p-型摻雜劑包含下列摻雜劑之至少一者:金屬鋅摻雜劑、二甲基鋅(DMZ)、二乙基鋅(DEZ)、金屬鎂摻雜劑、環戊二烯基鎂、四氯化碳(CCl4)和四溴化碳(CBr4)。
  14. 如請求項12之方法,其中該n-型摻雜劑包含下列摻雜劑之至少一者:硫化氫(H2S)、硫磺、甲矽烷(SiH4)、二矽烷(Si2H6)、硒化氫(H2Se)、硒或諸如此類者。
  15. 如請求項12之方法,該方法進一步包含下列步驟:使形成於該基板上的該經摻雜之GaAs層退火。
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