TWI558411B - FOXM1 peptides and agents containing this peptide - Google Patents
FOXM1 peptides and agents containing this peptide Download PDFInfo
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- TWI558411B TWI558411B TW097130788A TW97130788A TWI558411B TW I558411 B TWI558411 B TW I558411B TW 097130788 A TW097130788 A TW 097130788A TW 97130788 A TW97130788 A TW 97130788A TW I558411 B TWI558411 B TW I558411B
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Description
本發明係關於對作為膽道癌、肺癌、胰臟癌等forkhead box M1(FOXM1)高表現的癌症疫苗,有效的新穎胜肽以及含該胜肽之腫瘤治療與預防用醫藥。
日本的膽道癌(膽囊癌與膽管癌)的死亡人數有增加的傾向,2005年內有16,586人死於膽道癌。膽道癌大多初期不自覺,與胃癌或大腸癌等在消化管內側出現的癌,難以正確描出癌,進行影像診斷。由於早期發現困難,被發現時多已不能進行切除。膽道癌治療除外科療法外,雖可進行放射線療法、化學療法,但治療效果差,當務之急為確立新的治療法。
日本的肺癌死亡人數也有增加趨勢,2005年內有62,063人死亡。肺癌現佔日本癌症死因的19%,2000年更是癌症死因第一位。肺癌症發生主要原因,吸煙為最大因素。其他吸入石綿或氡氣也是原因。為預防肺癌,進行禁菸獎勵或檢查。然而日本的吸煙人口雖有減少,2005年的吸煙人口仍然有約3000萬人。而且單純胸部X光攝影及痰液檢查等廣泛使用的檢查對於早期發現並無效果,近年顯示與減少癌症死亡無關。可預期今後因肺癌死亡人數會增加。
肺癌症狀有咳、血痰、呼吸不順、胸痛,但大多沒有早期症狀。由於症狀出現時大多數已惡化,半數以上在最初發現時不能進行手術,成為難治癌症之一。手術治癒率與其他癌症一樣不佳,手術後5年存活率稍微低於50%。近年來,早期肺癌以外科切除為中心所做的放射線治療、化療等的集合醫學治療進步,改善5年存活率,但卻缺乏對已經惡化肺癌之治療效果的改善,急需確立新的治療策略。
日本的胰臟癌死亡人數也有增加趨勢,2005年內有22,927人死亡。胰臟癌現佔日本癌症死因的7.0%,僅次於肺癌、胃癌、大腸癌、肝癌,排名第5位。胰臟癌沒有特殊症狀,症狀出現時多已惡化。目前雖有影像診斷的進步,日本胰臟癌患者約有40%有遠端轉移的惡化例子,而且發現為不能切除的局部惡化例子的患者也很多。因此全部患者的5年存活率在5%以下,診斷後的預後極為不良。由於診斷困難,特別在先進國家成為癌症死亡病因的頻度增加。目前雖進行以外科切除為中心配合放射線治療、化療的集合治療,但未明顯的治療效果改善,急需確立新的治療策略。胰臟癌的主要發生原因除吸煙、肥胖、飲食、飲酒、咖啡等生活習慣外,慢性胰臟炎或糖尿病、遺傳因素等多種因素有關。
另一方面,由於近年分子生物學與腫瘤免疫學的發展,提出細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞與輔助T細胞在癌細胞或抗原表現細胞表面有HLA分子參與,認識可分解對癌細胞特異高表現蛋白質的胜肽,顯示破壞癌細胞的免疫反應。而且刺激攻擊癌細胞的免疫反應之腫瘤抗原蛋白質及其胜肽,多數可被確定,進而為抗原特異性腫瘤免疫法的臨床應用。
HLA第I型分子在身體所有有核細胞表面發現,細胞質核產生的蛋白質結合細胞內分解出來的胜肽,在細胞表面表現。正常的細胞表面,由來自正常自體蛋白質的胜肽與HLA第I型分子結合,免疫系統的T細胞可辨識。另一方,癌細胞在癌生成過程中,正常細胞幾乎不表現或是幾乎不表現的蛋白質大量表現。此種癌細胞中特異高表現的蛋白質在細胞質內被分解而得的胜肽,與HLA第I型分子結合在癌細胞表面表現,經殺手T細胞辨識而僅破壞癌細胞。將此種癌特異抗原或胜肽投藥個體,不會加害正常細胞,破壞癌細胞而抑制癌增生。此稱為使用癌特異抗原之癌症免疫療法。又HLA第II型分子主要在抗原表現細胞表面發現,抗原表現細胞自細胞外加入,與細胞內分解的癌特異抗原之胜肽結合,在細胞表面表現。辨識此等的輔助T細胞產生多種活化其他免疫細胞的細胞激素,誘導或增強對腫瘤的免應反應。
因此若能開發以此等癌症特異高表現的抗原作為標的之免疫療法,可為不危害自體正常臟器且有效排除癌的治療法。亦期待對於即使不進行其他療法的癌症末期患者亦可使用的療法。或預先針對發生此癌症的高風險群投與癌症特異抗原及胜肽的疫苗,可預防癌症發生。
本發明人等首先利用cDNA微陣列(microarray)分析含有27,648種人基因的基因組寬度(genome wide)基因表現,檢視包含25例肝內膽管癌及胎生期的多種正常臟器中此等基因的表現型式,發現多例forkheadbox ml(FOXM1)(GenBank Accession No. NM_202003)在肝內膽管癌組織有非常高表現。再者,FOXM1不僅在肝內膽管癌,在肺癌、膀胱癌、胰臟癌中,也與肝內膽管癌相同,幾乎所有症例有高表現,子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、惡性淋巴癌、乳癌、胃癌、食道癌、前列腺癌、肝細胞癌、大腸癌、慢性骨髓性白血病等多種癌中,亦有40%以上症例有高表現。由上事實推測FOXM1在多類癌症中可為癌症特異抗原。FOXM1在胎生期肝臟表現,成人正常臟器中如胃、小腸、大腸的消化管、胸腺、精巢中有輕度表現,但相較於癌症部位表現量則顯著較低。
顯示FOXM1與癌症發生或細胞增生的控制相關的文獻,例如以下非特許文獻1-10。但是並無任一件文獻記載利用FOXM1對癌症關係所產生的疫苗。
[非專利文獻1]Yoshida Y,Wang I-C,Yoder HM,Davidson NO,Costa RH.:The forkhead box M1 transcription factor contributes to the development and growth of mouse colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 132:1420-1430,2007.
[非專利文獻2]Gusarcova GA,Wang I-C,Major ML,Kalinichenko VV,Ackerson T,Petrovi V,Costa RH.:A cell-penetrating ARF peptide inhibitor of FOXM1 in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. J. Clin. Invest. 117:99-111,2007.
[非專利文獻3]Radhakrishnan SK,Bhat UG,Hughes DE,Wang I-C,Costa RH,Gartel AL.:Identification of a chemical inhibitor of the oncogenic transcription factor forkhead box M1. Cancer Res. 66:9731-9735,2006.
[非專利文獻4]Takahashi K,Furukawa C,Takano A,Ishikawa N,Kato T,Hamaya S,Suzuki C,Yasui W,Indi K,Sone S,Ito T,Nishimura H,Tsuchiya E,Nakamura Y,Daigo Y.:The neuromedin U-growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1b/neurotensin receptor 1 oncogenic signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for lung cancer. Cancer Res. 66:9408-9419,2006.
[非專利文獻5]Kim I-M,Ackerson T,Ramakrishna S,Tretiakova VV.:The forkhead box m1 transcription factor stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells during development of lung cancer. Cancer Res. 66:2153-2161,2006.
[非專利文獻6]Wonsey DR,Folletie M.:Loss of the forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 causes centrosome amplification and mitotic catastrophe. Cancer Res. 65:5181-5189,2005.
[非專利文獻7]Obama K,Ura K,Li M,Katagiri T,Tsunoda T,Nomura A,Satoh S,Nakamura Y,Furukawa Y:Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 41:1339-1348,2005.
[非專利文獻8]Laoukili J,Kooistra MRH,Bras A,Kauw J,Kerkhoven RM,Morrison A,Clevers H,Medema RH.:Foxml is required for execution of the mitotic programme and chromosome stability. Nature cell boil. 7:126-136,2005.
[非專利文獻9]Kalinichenko VV,Major M,Wang X,Petrovic V,Kuechle J,Yoder HM,Shin B,Datta A,Raychaudhuri P,Costa RH.:Foxmlb transcription factor is essential for development of hepatocellular carcinomas and is negatively regulated by the p19ARF tumor suppressor. Genes Dev. 18:830-850.
[非專利文獻10]Wang X,Kiyokawa H,Dennewitz MB,Costa RH.:The forkhead box mlb transcription factor is essential for hepatocyte DNA replication and mitosis during mouse liver regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:16881-16886,2002.
本發明係對於作為難以用外科療法、化療法及放射線療法治療之膽道癌、肺癌、胰臟癌等的對轉移癌或難治性癌症的新穎療法,藉由增強對癌症患者腫瘤的免疫力,進行抑制癌症增殖的免疫療法。即本發明對於癌症患者並無伴隨有害現象,可誘導對上列癌症強力的免疫反應,鑑定對癌症特異高表現的蛋白質之胜肽,應用該胜肽作為免疫療法。本發明以來自上述癌症特異高表現的蛋白質,經HLA-A2,鑑定以殺手T細胞顯示的胜肽,以上列癌症日本患者約30%為對象,進行免疫療法。
本發明人等今將具有HLA-A2結合結構區域的人CD8+殺手T細胞於試管內與FOXM1胜肽搖晃,與人末梢血單核球樹狀細胞共同培養、刺激,誘導FOXM1胜肽特異殺手細胞。經HLA-A2辨識該胜肽,以ELISPOT法檢驗活化殺手T細胞所產生的γ-干擾素(IFN-γ),檢討是否有誘導對各FOXM1胜肽特異的殺手T細胞。此結果成為免疫治療應用上可能的標靶抗原,鑑定新穎的FOXM1胜肽。又明瞭使用上述胜肽而誘導的FOXM1反應性CTL,對表現內因性的FOXM1及HLA-A2分子的癌細胞具有細胞傷害性,以及該CTL辨識HLA第I型分子限制的標靶細胞。
本發明提供
[1]以下(A)或(B)記載之胜肽:(A)包含序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸的胜肽;(B)包含序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸的胜肽,其中有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加,顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的胜肽。
[2]如[1]記載的胜肽,N端的第二個氨基酸為白胺酸或甲
硫胺酸。
[3]如[1]記載的胜肽,C端的氨基酸為纈胺酸或白胺酸。
[4]包含一種以上如[1]記載的胜肽作為有效成分的癌症免疫誘導劑。
[5]包含一種以上如[1]記載的胜肽作為有效成分的用於癌症治療及/或預防的藥劑。
[6]包含一種以上如[1]記載的胜肽作為有效成分,顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的誘導用藥劑。
[7]包含一種以上編碼如[1]記載胜肽之聚核苷酸作為有效成分,顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的誘導用藥劑。
[8]包含一種以上如[1]記載的胜肽作為有效成分的細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞的誘導用藥劑。
[9]一種對應如[1]記載胜肽的抗體。
[10]一種細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞、輔助T細胞、或包含此等的免疫細胞群,包含使用如[1]記載的胜肽誘導。
[11]一種抗原表現細胞,表現包含如[1]記載胜肽及HLA抗原的複合體。
[12]如[11]記載的抗原表現細胞,經[6]或[7]記載之藥劑誘導。
[13]一種外染色體,表現包含如[1]記載胜肽及HLA抗原的複合體。
[14]如[13]記載的外染色體,HLA抗原為HLA-A2(HLA-A*0201)。
[15]一種顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的誘導方法,包含使抗原表現細胞與如[1]記載胜肽接觸之步驟。
[16]一種顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的誘導方法,包含將編碼如[1]記載胜肽之聚核苷酸導入抗原表現細胞之步驟。
[17]一種細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞的誘導方法,包含使T細胞與如[1]記載胜肽接觸之步驟。
[18]一種癌症免疫的誘導方法,包含投與個體如[1]記載胜肽的步驟。
[19]一種癌症治療及/或預防方法,包含投與個體如[1]記載胜肽的步驟。
[20]一種如[1]記載胜肽的使用,用於癌症免疫誘導劑的製造。
[21]一種如[1]記載胜肽的使用,用於癌症治療及/或預防之藥劑的製造。
[22]如[1]記載胜肽,用於誘導癌症免疫。
[23]如[1]記載胜肽,用於癌症治療及/或預防。
沒有定義的限制,本說明書所使用的所有技術用語及科學用語與本發明所屬技術領域中具有一般知識者通常理解的用語具有相同意義。
本發明胜肽為日本人與白人高機率出現的HLA對偶基因之HLA-A2限制的抗原決定基(epitope)。具體而言,與HLA-A2結合的親和性為指標,選擇來自FOXM1的HLA-A2結合胜肽。使用由FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽誘導兩名健康人的殺手T細胞,辨識與T2-A2細胞上表現的HLA-A2結合之FOXM1 362-370(YLVPIQFPV(序列編號1))、373-382(SLVLQPSVKV(序列編號2))、640-649胜肽(GLMDLSTTPL(序列編號3))而產生IFN-γ。乳癌患者使用上述胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞,顯示對panc-1細胞有強力的細胞傷害活性,但對PK-8細胞卻無細胞傷害,判斷被誘導的殺手T細胞可特異辨識HLA-A2限制的FOXM1,顯示對癌細胞株的強細胞傷害活性。因此,明瞭FOXM1 362-370(YLVPIQFPV(序列編號1))、373-382(SLVLQPSVKV(序列編號2))、640-649胜肽(GLMDLSTTPL(序列編號3))所載之胜肽可誘導HLA-A2限制的FOXM1特異人殺手T細胞,且此殺手T細胞會傷害表現FOXM1的癌細胞。不僅在肝內膽管癌,在肺癌、膀胱癌、胰臟癌等癌症中,幾乎FOXM1皆為高表現,而在子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、惡性淋巴癌、乳癌、胃癌、食道癌、前列腺癌、肝細胞癌、大腸癌、慢性骨髓性白血病等多種癌中,亦有40%以上症例有FOXM1高表現。由此事實可見,FOXM1對多種癌症為有效的免疫療法標的。
本發明的胜肽為以下(A)-(D)任一項記載之胜肽。
(A)包含序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸的胜肽;(B)包含序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸的胜肽,其中有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加,顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的胜肽;(C)如(B)記載的胜肽,N端的第二個氨基酸為白胺酸或甲硫胺酸;(D)如(B)記載的胜肽,C端的氨基酸為纈胺酸或白胺酸。
本說明書中的「顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的胜肽」意指具有刺激殺手T細胞(細胞傷害性T細胞/CTL)的T細胞誘導活性的胜肽。
本發明的胜肽為顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的胜肽,小於40個氨基酸,較佳少於20個氨基酸,更佳小於約15個氨基酸,且為序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列的胜肽(抗原決定基胜肽)。又本發明的胜肽(抗原決定基胜肽)為具有殺手T細胞誘導活性者,包含序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列的胜肽,其中有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加者。取代、缺失、插入及/或增加的氨基酸數,一般為5個氨基酸或以下,較佳為4個氨基酸或以下,更佳為3個氨基酸或以下,又更佳為1或2個氨基酸。
變異體胜肽(即對基本的氨基酸序列包含有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加而改變氨基酸序列的胜肽)已知保有原本的生物活性(Mark DF et al.,(1984)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:5662-6;Zoller
MJ and SmithM,(1982)Nucleic Acids Res 10:6487-500;Dalbadie-McFarland G et al.,(1982)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:6409-13)。氨基酸的改變較佳保存原本氨基酸側鏈的性質。氨基酸側鏈性質例如疏水性氨基酸(A、I、L、M、F、P、W、Y、V)、親水性氨基酸(R、D、N、C、E、Q、G、H、K、S、T)、以及具有以下官能基或特性的側鏈如:脂肪族側鏈(G、A、V、L、I、P);含羥基側鏈(S、T、Y);含硫原子側鏈(C、M);含碳酸及醯胺側鏈(D、N、E、Q);含氯側鏈(R、K、H);以及含芳香族側鏈(H、F、Y、W)。括號內文字以氨基酸縮寫表示。
本發明之較佳態樣,胜肽(免疫原性胜肽)為九胜肽(9-mer)或十胜肽(10-mer)。
為獲得高結合親和性與殺手T細胞誘導活性的胜肽,亦可在天然存在之FOXM1的部分胜肽氨基酸序列有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加的改變。本說明書中「數個」指5個或以下,較佳為3個或以下,更佳為2個或以下。又對HLA抗原高親和性的胜肽序列之規則性為已知(Kubo RT,et al.,(1994)J.Immunol.,152,3913-24;Rammensee HG,et al.,(1995)Immunogenetics.41:178-228;Kondo A,et al.,(1995)J.Immunol.155:4370-12),根據此規則性,為增加對HLA抗原的高親和性,可改變本發明的胜肽(抗原決定基胜肽)。例如取代N端的第二個氨基酸為白胺酸或甲硫胺酸,可獲得高HLA-A2結合親和性的胜肽。同樣地,取代C端的氨基酸為
纈胺酸或白胺酸,也可獲得高HLA-A2結合親和性的胜肽。
當抗原決定基胜肽序列與具有不同機能的內因性或外因性蛋白質氨基酸序列的一部分相同時,會引起對特定物質的自體免疫異常或過敏症狀等副作用。為避免這種副作用產生,抗原決定基胜肽不能與公知的蛋白質氨基酸完全相同,使用可利用的基因庫進行相同性檢索,必須確認與改變後抗原決定基胜肽具有100%相同性的不同機能的內因性或外因性蛋白質氨基酸序列不存在。因此,可避免因增加與HLA抗原的結合親和性,及/或增加殺手T細胞誘導活性而改變上列氨基酸序列所產生的危險性。
對上述HLA抗原具高結合親和性的胜肽雖期待作為癌症疫苗有大的效果,但對作為高結合親和性指標所選擇的候選胜肽,必須調查實際殺手T細胞誘導活性。殺手T細胞誘導活性係誘導人MHC抗原的抗原表現細胞(如B淋巴球、巨噬細胞、及樹狀細胞),或更具體地說,誘導來自人末梢血單核球的樹狀細胞,經對象胜肽刺激後,與CD8+T細胞混合,經測試對標的細胞的細胞傷害活性而確認。反應系統使用表現人HLA抗原的基因轉殖動物(BenMohanamed L,et al.,(2000)Hum.Immunol.61(8):764-79 Related Articles,Books,Linkout)。例如標靶細胞可為51Cr等放射標記,細胞傷害活性可計算由標靶細胞放出的放射能。又該標靶細胞在有固定化胜肽的抗原表現細胞存在下,測定由殺手T細胞產生及釋放的IFN-γ,採用抗IFN-γ單株抗體,使培養基上可見IFN-γ產生區
而察知。
如實施例所示,胜肽的殺手T細胞誘導活性的調查結果,發現不限於具有HLA抗原高結合親和性又必須有高誘導活性的胜肽。但含FOXM1 362-370(YLVPIQFPV(序列編號1))、373-382(SLVLQPSVKV(序列編號2))、640-649胜肽(GLMDLSTTPL(序列編號3))所示任一氨基酸序列的九胜肽,顯示特別高的殺手T細胞誘導活性。
本發明提供一種具有殺手T細胞誘導活性的胜肽,即包含序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列的胜肽或其變異體(即有1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加的氨基酸序列)的胜肽。包含序列編號1-3任一九氨基酸序列的胜肽或其變異體較佳與其他內因性蛋白質及氨基酸序列不一致。特別是N端的第二個氨基酸取代為白胺酸或甲硫胺酸,及/或C端的氨基酸取代為纈胺酸或白胺酸,可獲得高HLA-A2結合親和性的胜肽。
本發明之胜肽限於改變後不喪失殺手T細胞誘導活性者,包含葡萄糖化、側鏈酸化、或磷酸化等改變。其他改變如包含增加胜肽血清半衰期所用的D-氨基酸或其他氨基酸類似物。
本發明不特別限定胜肽的獲得、製造方法,亦可為化學合成胜肽、基因重組技術製作的重組胜肽。
本發明之胜肽可獲自如Fmoc法(fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl法)、t-Boc法(t-butyloxycarbonyl法)等化學合成法。或可利用各種市售胜肽合成機合本發明胜肽。
本發明的胜肽重組蛋白可取自編碼該胜肽的鹼基序列DNA或其變異體,經導入良好表現者可製造本發明胜肽。
表現載體宜為宿主細胞可自行複製者,也可為宿主細胞染色體中可重組者,使用表現編碼胜肽的基因位置上有啟動子者。又含有編碼本發明胜肽基因的轉形體,可將上述表現載體導入宿主製作。宿主可為細菌、酵母、動物細胞、昆蟲細胞任一,又表現載體導入宿主可根據各宿主以公知方法進行。
本發明如上述培養製作的轉形體,在培養物中生成蓄積本發明胜肽,自該培養物中取得本發明胜肽,可分離出重組胜肽。
轉形體為大腸桿菌等原核生物、酵母菌等真核生物時,培養此等微生物的培養基含有該微生物可分解的碳源、氮源、無機鹽類等,有效進行轉形體培養的培養基也可為合成培養基。培養條件及培養該微生物宜採用通常使用的條件。培養後,自轉形體培養物分離純化本發明胜肽,可使用通常胜肽的分離、純化法。
序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列中,1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加的氨基酸序列而成的胜肽,可基於編碼序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列的DNA鹼基序列的資料,由當業者適宜製造或取得。即序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列,由1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加的氨基酸序列而組成,編碼顯示殺手T細胞誘導活性胜肽的基因亦可以當業者既知的任意方法如遺傳工程方法或突然變異誘發等製作。例如遺傳工程方法之一的部位特異變異誘發法將特定變異導入特定位置的手法,可以Molecullar Cloning:A laboratory Mannual,2nd
Ed.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, NY., 1989、Current Protocols in Molecullar Biology,Supplement 1-38,John Wiley & Sons(1987-1997)等記載之方法為準進行。
上述本發明胜肽,亦如下述實施例所示相同,可誘導對癌症免疫。因此本發明提供含有一種以上以本發明胜肽為有效成分的對癌症免疫誘導劑。
本發明的免疫誘導劑可調製成2種或以上抗原決定基胜肽組合的混合物。複數種胜肽組合的免疫誘導劑可為雞尾酒式,或使用標準技術相互結合。組合的抗原決定基胜肽可為來自同一基因的相異氨基酸序列之胜肽,或也可為來自不同基因的氨基酸序列之胜肽。當一投與本發明胜肽時,投與的胜肽在抗原表現細胞的HLA抗原上高密度顯示,然後投與的胜肽與HLA抗原間形成複合體,誘導對該複合體特異反應的殺手T細胞。或由檢體採取的樹狀細胞與本發明胜肽接觸(或由檢體採取的樹狀細胞負載本發明胜肽),獲得細胞表面上顯示本發明胜肽的抗原表現細胞。再將此等抗原表現細胞投與各被檢體,可誘導被檢體內的殺手T細胞。結果可增強顯示本發明胜肽的標靶細胞之免疫反應。
本發明癌的免疫誘導劑在試管內(in vitro
)或生體內(in vivo
)、較佳在試管內(in vitro
)可誘導輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群,因此可賦予對癌症免疫。
實施例中顯示,本發明胜肽可誘導生體內癌細胞特異的殺手T細胞。再者,先前的發明顯示FOXM1在肺癌、膽管細胞癌、膀胱癌、腎細胞癌、前列腺癌、慢性骨髓性白血病、惡性淋巴腫瘤、子宮頸癌、骨肉腫瘤、乳癌、軟部肉腫瘤、大腸癌等大部分症例中有高表現。因此包含以本發明胜肽為有效成分一種以上的免疫誘導劑,可期待作為癌治療及/或預防藥劑的效果。之後本發明胜肽與適當免疫增強劑一起、或在樹狀細胞等抗原表現細胞負載胜肽後注入體內,誘導腫瘤攻擊性殺手T細胞而活化。亦可期待抗腫瘤效果的結果。又將編碼本發明胜肽的基因重組入適當載體,以此重組DNA轉型的人抗原表現細胞(樹狀細胞等)、BCG結核菌等細胞,或將編碼本發明胜肽的基因重組入基因庫的種痘病毒等病毒,有效利用在人癌治療極/或預防用原始疫苗。又癌疫苗的投與量及投與方法與通常種痘或BCG疫苗相同。
本發明中「疫苗」(亦稱為免疫原組成物)係指向動物接種誘導抗腫瘤免疫的物質或抑制各種癌的物質。本發明揭示包含序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列的胜肽,為對顯示FOXM1的細胞誘導強力且特異免疫反應之HLA-A2限制性抗原決定基胜肽。因此,本發明又包含使用含序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列或其變異體(即由1個、2個或數個氨基酸經取代、缺失、插入及/或增加)的胜肽誘導抗腫瘤免疫的方法。一般而言,抗腫瘤免疫包含以下免疫反應:
(1)對包含表現FOXM1細胞的腫瘤之殺手T細胞的誘導;
(2)辨識包含表現FOXM1細胞的腫瘤之抗體的誘導;以及
(3)抗腫瘤性細胞激素產生的誘導。
將特定胜肽接種於動物而可誘導任一此等免疫反應時,則確定該胜肽具有抗腫瘤免疫誘導效果。以胜肽誘導抗腫瘤免疫可在試管內(in vitro
)或生體內(in vivo
)觀察宿主體內對胜肽的免疫系統反應而檢查。
例如檢查殺手T細胞的誘導為周知方法。當侵入生體的異物經抗原表現細胞(APC)作用,向T細胞及B細胞顯示。經抗原表現細胞以抗原特異樣式顯示後,被顯示的抗原反應之T細胞經抗原刺激分化為殺手T細胞(細胞傷害性T淋巴球、細胞傷害性T細胞、或稱為CTL),之後增殖。此過程在本說明書中稱為「活性化」。由特定胜肽誘導殺手T細胞,經過負載胜肽的抗原表現細胞,向T細胞顯示胜肽,檢查出殺手T細胞的誘導,可進行評價。再者,抗原表現細胞具有活化CD4+
T細胞、CD8+
T細胞、巨噬細胞、嗜酸球、及NK細胞的效果。由於CD4+
T細胞在抗腫瘤免疫為重要角色,胜肽的抗腫瘤免疫誘導作用以此等細胞活化效果為指標做成評價。
以樹狀細胞(DC)作為抗原表現細胞,評價被誘導的殺手T細胞的誘導作用之方法,由熟知該項技術者周知。DC為抗原表現細胞中具有最強殺手T細胞誘導作用者。本方法使試驗胜肽最初與DC接觸後,該DC再與T細胞接觸。與DC接觸的T細胞,檢測出具有對標靶細胞的細胞傷害性效果。該T細胞的標靶細胞顯示細胞傷害活性,即,顯示試驗的胜肽具有誘導細胞傷害性T細胞的活性。對標靶細胞(如腫瘤)的殺手T細胞活性可使用如51
Cr標記腫瘤細胞的溶解來檢測。或者3
H-胸腺核苷進入的活性或LDH(乳糖去異構酶)釋出為指標,評價腫瘤細胞損害程度。
根據此等方法,確認殺手T細胞誘導活性的試驗胜肽,為具有DC活性效果且之後顯示殺手T細胞誘導活性的胜肽。因此,顯示對腫瘤細胞有殺手T細胞誘導活性的胜肽,可有效作為顯示FOXM1癌疫苗。再者,與胜肽接觸而獲得誘導殺手T細胞能力(活性)的抗原表現細胞,可有效作為癌疫苗。由抗原表現細胞顯示胜肽,從而獲得細胞傷害性的殺手T細胞亦利用作為對顯示FOXM1的癌疫苗。利用抗原表現細胞與殺手T細胞達到抗腫瘤免疫的癌治療法,稱為細胞免疫療法。
一般而言,細胞免疫療法使用胜肽時,組合不同構造數個胜肽,可增加殺手T細胞誘導效率。因此在以蛋白質片段刺激DC時,宜使用數種胜肽片段混合物。
以胜肽誘導抗腫瘤免疫可進一步觀察誘導對腫瘤抗體的產生而評價。例如對胜肽的抗體誘導以胜肽免疫的實驗動物時,以及以此等抗體抑制腫瘤細胞成長、增殖、及/或轉移時,決定胜肽誘導抗腫瘤免疫。
抗腫瘤免疫可投與本發明疫苗來誘導,經誘導抗腫瘤免疫可作為癌治療及/或預防。癌治療及/或癌發症預防的效果,包含癌細胞成長的阻礙、癌細胞的退縮、及癌細胞發生受到抑制。癌治療及/或癌發症預防的效果,亦包含癌患者死亡率減少、血液中標記減少、或癌相關症狀減輕等。比較投與/未投與此癌疫苗的此等治療及/或預防效果,在統計學上為有意義,宜為觀察到如5%或以下為有意義程度。統計學的方法可使用如student t檢定、Mann-Whitney-U檢定、或ANOVA等決定是否為統計學上有意義。
本發明的被檢體宜為哺乳動物。哺乳動物沒有限定,包含如人、非人靈長類、小鼠、大鼠、狗、貓、馬、或牛。
本發明之胜肽可為生體內(in vivo
)或生體外(ex vivo
)投與被檢體。又為製造治療及/或預防癌的免疫原性組成物,可使用本發明的免疫原性胜肽,即選自序列編號1-3任一氨基酸序列或此等變異體的胜肽之九胜肽。
更具體而言,本發明提供治療腫瘤、或預防腫瘤增殖、轉移等之藥劑,包含一種以上本發明胜肽為有效成分。本發明之胜肽特別有效於胰臟癌、膽管細胞癌、胃癌、大腸癌、非小細胞癌、精巢癌、子宮頸癌、骨肉腫瘤、軟部肉腫瘤等腫瘤之治療。
本發明之胜肽可以通常製劑方法製劑,以藥劑形式直接投與被檢體。此製劑除添加本發明之胜肽,視需要可包含藥學容許載體、賦形劑等。本發明之藥劑可用於多種腫瘤治療及/或預防。
再者,為確立細胞性免疫效果,可在佐藥中混合含有一種以上本發明之胜肽為有效成分之腫瘤治療及/或預防之藥劑。或將該藥劑與其他抗腫瘤劑的活性成分共同投與。適當製劑亦可包含顆粒。適當的佐藥如文獻(Johnson AG.(1994)Clin. Microbiol. Rev.,7:277-89)記載。佐藥包含如佛氏(freund)不完全佐藥、BCG、TDM、脂多糖、明礬佐藥、矽佐藥、磷酸鋁、氫氧化鋁、及明礬,但不限於此。亦可便利使用微脂體(liposome)製劑、直徑μm珠結合藥物的顆粒製劑、及脂體與上述胜肽結合的製劑。投與方法包含經口投與、皮內投與、皮下投與、靜脈內注射等,全身投與或標靶腫瘤附近局部投與。
本發明胜肽用量可根據治療時疾病、患者年齡、體重、投與方法等適當調製。用量一般為0.001mg-1000mg,宜為0.01mg-100mg,更佳為0.1mg-10mg,宜數日一回至數月一回投與,當業者適可容易選擇當用量及投與方式,此參數選擇及最適化為非常通常技術範圍。製劑型態亦無限定,可冷凍乾燥或添加糖等賦形劑成顆粒。
可添加於本發明藥劑之提高殺手T細胞誘導活性之補助劑,如除MDP(muramyl dipeptides)外的BCG菌等菌體成分;Nature,vol. 344,p873(1990)記載的ISCOM;J. Immunol. Vol. 148,p1438(1992)記載的皂苷系QS-21、微脂體、氫氧化鋁等。亦可使用蘑菇多糖(lentinan)、多糖體(schizophyllan)等免疫賦活劑為補助劑。或亦可使用與增強IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、IL-1、IL-6、TNF等T細胞增殖、分化的細胞激素等、及活化NKT細胞的α糖苷神經醯胺或如Toll的受器結合,活化自然免疫系統的CpG、脂多糖(LPS)等作為補助劑。
本發明之疫苗組成物包含初級抗原刺激殺手T細胞之成分。鑑定生體內對病毒抗原產生初級抗原刺激之物質的脂質。例如棕櫚酸基與賴胺酸的ε-胺基及α-胺基結合,之後與本發明免疫原性胜肽連結。脂質化胜肽密封或注入粒子、封入微脂體、或乳化於佐藥中任一種形式,而直接投與。脂質初次抗原刺激又一例,如與適當胜肽共同結合時,如三棕櫚醯基-S-甘油半胱氨醯基絲胺醯基絲胺酸(P3CSS)的大腸菌(E. coli)脂蛋白可產生初次抗原刺激(Deres K,et al.,(1989)Nature 342:561-4)。
本發明免疫原性胜肽可經病毒載體或細菌載體表現。適當的表現或體,例如包含牛痘或雞痘等弱毒性病毒宿主。例如表現編碼胜肽的核苷酸序列之載體可使用牛痘病毒。經由導入宿主細胞重組牛痘病毒,表現免疫原性胜肽,因此誘發免疫反應。使用牛痘載體的免疫方法如美國專利第4,722,848號記載。亦可使用BCG(Camille Guerin菌(Bacille Calmette Guerin))。BCG載體如Stover CK,et al.,(1991)Nature 31:456-60記載。在治療上投與或免疫化上有用的多種其他載體如腺病毒載體及腺體伴隨病毒載體、反轉錄病毒載體、傷寒沙門菌(Salmonella typhi)載體、解毒化碳疽毒素載體等,為該技術領域公知。參考例如Shata MT,et al.,(2000)Mol. Med. Today 6:66-71;Shedlock DJ and Weiner DB.,et al.,(2000)J. Leukoc. Biol. 68:793-806:及Hipp JD,et al.,(2000)In Vivo 14:571-85。
又自患者採集的細胞或共有一部分HLA對偶基因的他人細胞,在試管內加入該抗原胜肽而抗原表現後,投與患者血管內或腫瘤部位等,在患者體內可有效誘導殺手T細胞。在患者末梢血淋巴球加入該胜肽在試管內培養,試管內誘導殺手T細胞後,可投與患者血管內或腫瘤部位。此種細胞移入的治療,為既有實施的癌治療法,為當業者間既知方法。
本說明書不限制癌的種類,具體如食道癌、乳癌、甲狀腺癌、大腸癌、胰臟癌、惡性黑色腫瘤(melanoma)、惡性淋巴腫瘤、骨肉腫瘤、褐色細胞腫瘤、頭頸部癌、子宮癌、卵巢癌、腦腫瘤、慢性骨髓白血病、急性骨髓白血病、腎臟癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、膽囊癌、精巢癌、甲狀腺癌、膀胱癌、或肉腫瘤等。本發明應用適合的癌症,例如膽道癌、肺癌、胰臟癌、膀胱癌。
本發明關於辨識上述本發明胜肽一部分或全部之抗原決定基(episope)(抗原)的抗體、以及使用該蛋白質或胜肽經試管內刺激所誘導的殺手T細胞。一般而言,殺手T細胞較抗體有較強的抗腫瘤活性。
與本發明胜肽相同,本發明抗體限於可阻害癌症抗原FOXM1活性,有效作為表現FOXM1的癌症預防及/或治療劑。實際的使用法,在本發明胜肽或抗體中直接或與醫藥可容許載體及/或稀釋劑共同注射投與,可視需要加入補助劑。亦可經噴霧等方法經黏膜經皮吸收等投與。此述「載體」例如人血清白蛋白,稀釋劑如PBS、蒸餾水等。
本發明抗體宜為多株抗體或單株抗體,其製作可依當業者公知方法進行。
如多株抗體,以本發明胜肽為抗原,在哺乳動物或鳥類進行免疫作用,採取該哺乳動物或鳥類血液,分離、純化所採集血液內的抗體而得。例如小鼠、倉鼠、豚鼠、雞、大鼠、兔、狗、山羊、綿羊、牛等哺乳動物或鳥類,使其免疫。免疫作用的方法為當業者公知,例如將抗原如7-30日間隔投與2-3回。一回的投與量如抗原約0.05-2mg。投與路徑沒有特別限制,可適當選擇皮下投與、經皮內投與、經腹膜腔內投與、靜脈投與、經肌肉內投與等。抗原可溶解於含有如完全佛式(freund)佐藥、或氫氧化鋁等常用佐藥的適當緩衝液中。
進行免疫作用的哺乳動物或鳥類在一定飼養後,抗體價升高,因此可進行如100μg-1000μg抗原的追加免疫。由最後投與後1-2個月後採取進行免疫作用的哺乳動物或鳥類血液,將該血液進行如離心分離、以硫酸銨或聚乙二醇沉澱,膠濾過層析、離子交換層析、親和性層析等層析法等常法分離、純化,做成多株抗體血清,可得辨識本發明胜肽的多株抗體。
另外,單株抗體可由調製融合瘤(hybridoma)獲得。例如使抗體產生細胞與骨髓瘤細胞株細胞融合,獲得融合瘤。產生本發明單株抗體的融合瘤可由以下細胞融合法獲得。
抗體產生細胞使用來自免疫後的動物之脾細胞、淋巴結細胞、B淋巴球等。抗原使用本發明胜肽。免疫動物可使用小鼠、大鼠等,對此種動物的抗原投與依常法進行。例如將完全佛式(freund)佐藥、不完全佛式(freund)佐藥等佐藥以及作為抗原的本發明胜肽之懸浮液或乳化液,數次投與動物靜脈、皮下、皮內、腹腔內等,使動物免疫。取得自免疫後動物中抗體產生細胞如脾細胞,將此細胞與骨髓瘤細胞以公知方法(G. Kohler et al.,Nature,256 495(1975))融合,製作融合瘤。
用於細胞融合的骨髓瘤細胞株例如小鼠P3X63Ag8、P3U1株、Sp2/0株等。進行細胞融合時,使用聚乙二醇、Sandai病毒等融合促進劑,細胞融合後融合瘤的選擇,使用HAT(Hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine)培養基常法進行。細胞融合所得融合瘤以界限稀釋法無性繁殖(cloning)。視需要可使用本發明胜肽的酵素免疫測定法進行篩選,可得產生特異辨識本發明胜肽的單株抗體之細胞株。
除上述方法,以本發明胜肽、表現胜肽細胞、或此等溶解物試管內刺激EB病毒感染的淋巴球等人淋巴球,調節免疫化細胞。此經免疫的淋巴球與U266等來自人的骨髓細胞融合,亦可得與本發明胜肽結合的人抗體(特開昭63-17688號)。
製造上述所得融合瘤目的的單株抗體,可經通常細胞培養法或腹水形成法,培養該融合瘤,從培養上清液或腹水中純化該單株抗體。從培養上清液或腹水中純化該單株抗體可使用常法進行。例如硫銨分層、膠過濾、離子交換層析、親和性層析等,適當組合使用。
使用本發明胜肽、表現胜肽細胞、或此等溶解物可使具有人抗體基因群的轉殖動物免疫化。自經免疫化的轉殖基因動物採取抗體產生細胞與上述骨髓瘤細胞株融合,獲得融合瘤,可製造該融合瘤目的的單株抗體(W092-03918、W0094-02602、W094-25585、W094-33735、W096-34096)。
又使免疫化淋巴球等產生抗體的免疫細胞之基因不死化,則可用於調製單株抗體。
此等所得的單株抗體亦可調節基因操作技術(Borrbaeck and Larrick,(1990)Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies)。例如無性繁殖編碼來自融合瘤或免疫化淋巴球等抗體產生細胞的抗體DNA,將其插入適當載體中,導入宿主細胞,調製重組載體。
又本發明抗體不限於與本發明胜肽結合,亦可為抗體片段或修飾抗體。抗體片段如Fab、F(ab’)2
、Fv、或來自H及L鏈Fv片段經適當配位體連結,成為一本鏈Fv(scFv)(Huston et al.,(1988)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5879-83)。更具體而言,抗體經木瓜蛋白酶或胃蛋白酶等酵素處理,可調製抗體片段(Co et al.,(1994)J Immunol 152:2968-76、Better and Horwitz,(1989)Methods Enzymol 178:476-96、Pluckthun and Skerra,(1989)Methods Enzymol 178:497-515、Lamoyi (1986)Methods Enzymol 121:652-63、Rousseaux etal.,(1986)Methods Enzymol 121:663-9、Bird and Walker,(1991)Trends Biotech 9:132-7)。
本發明抗體包含與聚乙二醇(PEG)等多種分子結合而得的修飾抗體。抗體修飾可依該技術領域者慣例的化學修飾方法進行。
本發明抗體包含具有非人抗體的可變異區與人抗體的恆定區的鑲嵌抗體、或非人抗體互補性決定區(CRD)與人抗體骨架區(FR)以及人抗體的恆定區的人型化抗體。此抗體可以該技術領域者慣例方法調製。人型化抗體係將人抗體CDR序列區以具有預期結合活性的齒類CDR區取代(Verhoeyen et al.,(1988)Science 239:1534-6)。因此,人型化抗體與鑲嵌抗體相比,人型化抗體為人抗體較小區被非人的對應區取代的抗體。
除人骨架區與恆定區外,亦可做成具有人變異區的完全人抗體。例如在試管內,使用噬菌體上顯示人抗體片段的重組基因庫,進行篩選(Hoogenboom and Winter,(1992)J Mol Biol 227:381-8)。相同地,在內因性免疫球蛋白基因部分或完全不活化的轉殖基因動物中,導入人免疫球蛋白座位而做成人抗體(美國專利第6,150,584號、第5,545,807號、第5,545,806號、第5,569,825號、第5,625,126號、第5,633,425號、第5,661,016號)。
上述所得抗體可以該技術領域者慣例方法單一純化。例如可使用一般蛋白質分離純化方法。組合親和性層析法等柱層析法、濾過、限外濾過、鹽析、透析、SDS聚丙醯胺膠電泳、及等電位電泳等可分離純化抗體,但不限於此等方法(Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,EdHarlow and David Lane,(1988)Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)。親和性柱可使用蛋白A柱或蛋白G柱。蛋白A柱如hyper-D、POROS、及Cephallose F. F(Pharmacia)。
除親和性層析法外,層析法包含如離子層析法、疏水性層析法、膠濾過法、反相層析法、吸附層析法等(Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization:A Laboratory Course Manual. Ed Daniel R. et al.)。層析法亦可為HPLC及FPLC等液相層析法。
測定本發明抗體的抗原結合性,可使用如吸光度測定、酵素結合吸附分析法(ELISA)、酵素免疫分析法(EIA)、放射免疫分析法(RIA)、免疫螢光檢查法,但不限於此。使用ELISA時,將本發明抗體固定於盤上,加入本發明胜肽,之後添加含有抗體產生細胞的培養基上清液或純化抗體的試料。之後認識測定出有抗原結合性的抗體,添加具有可檢測的試劑,測定吸光度。例如二級抗體的標示可使用鹼性螢光酶等酵素,可檢測的試劑使用p-硝基苯基磷酸等酵素基質。又抗體活性評價使用BIAcore(Pharmacia)。
本發明抗體可檢出樣本所含的本發明胜肽。即,使本發明抗體例如暴露於癌組織檢體,可確認癌組織中本發明胜肽的存在。
先確立本發明胜肽用於癌症治療及/或預防的處置,則確認使用本發明抗體可發現治療對象的癌症中的本發明胜肽,可在治療開始前預測有此效果的被檢對象。
本發明抗體為辨識多種癌症中表現亢進FOXM1胜肽片段的抗體,因此期待可作為不只診斷亦可作為治療的應用。
本發明係關於使用本發明胜肽經試管內刺激而誘導的輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群。例如對末梢血淋巴球或腫瘤浸潤淋巴球使用本發明胜肽,經試管內刺激而誘導腫瘤反應活化的T細胞,將被活化的T細胞投與癌症患者血管內、或腫瘤部位的有效養子免疫療法。或將本發明胜肽負載於強力抗原表現細胞的樹狀細胞、或經基因導入而表現,以此表現胜肽在試管內或生體內刺激T細胞,可誘導抗腫瘤免疫反應。
較佳為本發明胜肽與免疫賦活劑在試管內(in vitro
)或生體內(in vivo
)刺激後,誘導輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群。此使用的免疫賦活劑如礦物油、氫氧化鋁、結合菌製劑、溶血製連鎖球菌製劑、靈芝製劑、其他佐藥或細胞增殖因子或細胞激素等。
如上述所得的輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群移入癌患者血管內或腫瘤部位,可抑制腫瘤,可預防及/或治療癌。
經使用本發明胜肽,可製作抑制上述全部腫瘤的輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群。因此本發明提供含有本發明胜肽的細胞培養液。使用此細胞培養液,可製作抑制腫瘤的輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群。再者本發明亦提供製作含有上述細胞培養液、及細胞培養容器的輔助T細胞、殺手T細胞、或含此等的免疫細胞群。
本發明更提供一種在本發明胜肽與HLA抗原間形成的複合體在該複合體表面上表現的外染色體,又稱為細胞內小胞。外染色體可經如第平11-510507號及第2000-512161號公開的日譯文詳細記載的方法調製,較佳調製成用於治療及/或預防標的來自被檢體所得的抗原表現細胞。本發明外染色體與本發明胜肽相同,可接種作為癌疫苗。
本發明使用的HLA抗原必須與治療及/或預防的被檢體的HLA抗原型相同。例如HLA-A2較佳為HLA-A2(HLA-A*0201)。「HLA-A2」指蛋白質,「HLA-A*0201」指細分化該蛋白質的基因(上述中未標示表現細分化的蛋白質記號)。
本發明提供一種以本發明一個或數個以上胜肽誘導抗原表現細胞的方法。使末梢血液單核球誘導的樹狀細胞與本發明的一個或數個以上胜肽接觸,經刺激可誘導抗原表現細胞。本發明胜肽投與被檢體時,在細胞表面表現本發明胜肽的抗原表現細胞可在被檢體生體內誘導。或使本發明胜肽與抗原表現細胞接觸後(或使本發明胜肽負載於抗原表現細胞),將該細胞作為疫苗投與被檢體的生體外(ex vivo
)方法。例如生體外(ex vivo
)投與包含以下步驟:
(1)自被檢體收集抗原表現細胞的步驟;以及
(2)使步驟(1)的抗原表現細胞與本發明胜肽接觸(或使本發明胜肽負載於步驟(1)的抗原表現細胞)的步驟。
由步驟(2)所得抗原表現細胞作為疫苗投與被檢體。
本發明更提供一種顯示殺手T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞之誘導方法。該方法包含在試管內將含有編碼本發明一個或數個以上胜肽的核苷酸之基因導入抗原表現細胞的步驟。導入的基因為DNA或RNA。導入的方法如微脂體感染(lipofection)、電穿孔法(electroporation)、及磷酸鈣法等,可適當採用該技術領域中的多種方法,不限於此。更具體如轉殖法如Reeves ME,et al.,(1996)Cancer Res.,56:5672-7;Butterfield LH, et al.,(1998)J. Immunol., 161:5607-13;Boczkowski D,et al.,(1996)J Exp. Med.,184:465-72;第2000-509281號公開日譯文所載。將基因移入抗原表現細胞,該基因在細胞內轉錄、轉譯後所得蛋白質,經MHC第I型或第II型修飾經過抗原表現路徑後,部分的胜肽在抗原表現細胞表面表現。
本發明提供一種以本發明一個或數個以上胜肽誘導殺手T細胞的方法。將本發明一個或數個以上胜肽投與被檢體,在被檢體生體內誘導殺手T細胞,可增強以腫瘤組織中表現FOXM1癌細胞為標靶的免疫系統。或使本發明一個或數個以上胜肽投與來自被檢體的抗原表現細胞以及CD8+
細胞試管內接觸,再使末梢血單核白血球與抗原表現細胞試管內接觸,經刺激可誘導活化後的殺手T細胞。生體外(ex vivo)治療法為使活化後的殺手T細胞進入被檢體,可增強以腫瘤組織中表現FOXM1癌細胞為標靶的免疫系統。例如該方法包含以下步驟:
(1)自被檢體收集抗原表現細胞的步驟;
(2)使步驟(1)的抗原表現細胞與本發明胜肽接觸(或使本發明胜肽負載於步驟(1)的抗原表現細胞)的步驟;
(3)為誘導細胞傷害性T細胞,使步驟(2)的抗原表現細胞與CD8+
T細胞混合共同培養的步驟;以及
(4)由步驟(3)共培養物中收集CD8+
T細胞的步驟。
由步驟(4)所得聚細胞傷害性的CD8+
T細胞作為疫苗投與被檢體。
本發明更提供一種以本發明一個或數個以上胜肽誘導的分離殺手T細胞。本發明方法所得的誘導的殺手T細胞宜來自治療及/或預防標的的被檢體。可投與包含顯示本發明一個或數個以上胜肽的抗原表現細胞或外染色體與其他藥劑的組合。所得的殺手T細胞與誘導者相同,對顯示胜肽的標靶細胞具有特異性。標靶細胞為內因性表現FOXM1的細胞,或轉殖FOXM1基因的細胞。經本發明胜肽刺激後,細胞表面上表現本發明胜肽的細胞對來自如胰臟癌、膽管細胞癌、胃癌、大腸癌、非小細胞癌、精巢癌、子宮頸癌、骨肉腫瘤、軟骨肉腫瘤等癌細胞為攻擊標靶。
本發明更提供一種表現HLA抗原與本發明一個或數個以上胜肽間形成的複合體的抗原表現細胞。表現本發明一個或數個以上胜肽或編碼此胜肽的核苷酸之抗原表現細胞,宜來自治療及/或預防對象的被檢體所採取的抗原表現細胞。可組合本發明胜肽、顯示胜肽的抗原表現細胞、外染色體或活性化殺手T細胞與其他藥劑,做成疫苗投與。
經以下實施例更說明本發明,但本發明不受實施例限定。
又本說明書中引用的所有先行技術文獻為本說明書之參考。
人FOXM1氨基酸序列經BIMAS系統分析,確認具有與HLA-A2結合親和性(binding affinity)有20個以上,選擇23種。
本發明鑑定的HLA-A2限制的人殺手T細胞抗原決定基(epitope)以底線表示。
取得健康人與熊本大學醫學院附屬醫院中治療中的HLA-A2陽性乳癌患者的同意後,取得血液樣本50ml,首先根據報告方法(Nakatsura,T. et al.,Eur. J. Immunol. 32,826-836,2002),利用Ficoll-Conray密度勾配離心法,分離末梢血單核細胞。
由分離的末梢血單核細胞誘導FOXM1胜肽特異的殺手T細胞。殺手T細胞的誘導依Komori,H等人報告(Komori,H. et al.,Clin. Cancer. Res. 12:2689-2697)進行。首先以MACS分離末梢血單核細胞中的CD8+
細胞,將CD8-
細胞與GM-CSF(100ng/ml)與IL-4(20ng/ml)共同培養4日,分化誘導樹狀細胞。之後添加OK-432(0.1KE/ml),使樹狀細胞成熟。第7天各加入FOXM1胜肽(10μM),使IL-7(10ng/ml)與CD8+
細胞共同培養,2日後,添加IL-2(20IU/ml)。經來自自體CD8-
細胞的樹狀細胞抗原刺激每週重複3次,誘導胜肽特異的殺手T細胞。
此等FOXM1胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞是否確實有FOXM1胜肽的特異反應,而產生IFN-γ,以ELISOPT法檢討。
ELISOPT法根據先前報告(Komori,H. et al.,Clin. Cancer. Res. 12:2689-2697)進行之。結果為,以FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞,觀察到具有FOXM1胜肽特異反應的殺手T細胞活性(如第1圖)。以FOXM1胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞分析結果,代表圖如第1圖所示。
將以HLA-A2陽性表現FOXM1的panc-1細胞株、與HLA-A2陰性表現FOXM1的胰臟癌細胞株PK-8細胞作為刺激細胞,對誘導的FOXM1胜肽特異性殺手T細胞的細胞傷害活性進行檢討。殺手T細胞的細胞傷害活性以鉻游離試驗評價細胞傷害活性。鉻游離試驗以報告(Monji,M.et al.,Clin.Cancer.Res.10:6047-6057,2004)方法實施。結果為,以FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞,認為有HLA-A2限制性的FOXM1特異細胞傷害活性(如第1圖)。
本發明以日本人癌患者中FOXM1高表現的膽道癌、肺癌及胰臟癌等約30%患者為對象,藉由與HLA-A2結合,鑑定可活化傷害癌細胞的殺手T細胞的FOXM1胜肽,開發癌胜肽疫苗。如果經HLA-A2使殺手T細胞表現FOXM1胜肽可有效探索,則亦有極高可能用於歐美白人臨床應用上。歐美白人中FOXM1胜肽陽性頻率高,藉由鑑定經HLA-A2使殺手T細胞表現FOXM1胜肽,不僅可應用於日本人中約30%的FOXM1高表現癌患者,亦可能應用於多數歐美白人癌患者。
第1圖為ELISPOT分析(上圖)與細胞傷害性試驗(下圖)之結果。ELISPOT分析使用每位200,000個CD8陽性細胞
做為反應細胞,及每位20,000個T2-A2細胞作為刺激細胞。自HLA-A2陽性健康人及乳癌患者末梢血液中分離出CD8+T細胞,刺激帶有各種FOXM1胜肽的單核球樹狀細胞,獲得殺手T細胞,以ELISPOT分析法檢視該殺手T細胞對FOXM1胜肽是否有特異反應產生IFN-γ。對於HLA-A2限制的FOXM1陽性表現細胞是否有特異性傷害,再經細胞傷害性試驗檢視。標靶細胞使用ELISPOT分析法的T2-A2細胞。T2-A2細胞是將HLA-A2基因導入缺少TAP基因表現的小鼠T2細胞株而成的細胞株。此細胞因缺少TAP,由外加入胜肽,只有在結合於HLA-A2分子時,HLA-A2分子與胜肽複合體會在細胞表面表現。關於細胞傷害活性,使用以HLA-A2陽性表現FOXM1的panc-1細胞以及以HLA-A2陰性表現FOXM1陽性的PK-8細胞。結果發現使用FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽誘導兩名健康人的殺手T細胞,辨識與T2-A2細胞上表現的HLA-A2結合的FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽而產生IFN-γ。乳癌患者使用上述胜肽誘導的殺手T細胞,顯示對panc-1細胞有強力的細胞傷害活性,但對PK-8細胞卻無細胞傷害,判斷被誘導的殺手T細胞可特異辨識HLA-A2限制的FOXM1,顯示對癌細胞株的強力細胞傷害活性。因此明瞭FOXM1 362-370、373-382、640-649胜肽可誘導HLA-A2限制的FOXM1特異人殺手T細胞,且此殺手T細胞會傷害表現FOXM1的癌細胞。
Claims (16)
- 一種胜肽,為以下(A)或(B):(A)由序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸序列所構成的胜肽;(B)由序列編號1-3任一項氨基酸序列所構成的胜肽,其中N端的第二個氨基酸為白胺酸或甲硫胺酸及/或C端的氨基酸經取代為纈胺酸或白胺酸,且該胜肽顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性。
- 一種抗癌症的免疫誘導劑,包含一種以上如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽為有效成分,其中該癌症表現FOXM1。
- 一種用於癌症治療及/或預防的藥劑,包含一種以上如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽為有效成分,其中該癌症表現FOXM1。
- 一種誘導顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的藥劑,包含一種以上如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽為有效成分。
- 一種誘導顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的藥劑,包含一種以上編碼如申請專利範圍第1項所述胜肽的聚核苷酸作為有效成分。
- 一種誘導細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞的藥劑,包含一種以上如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽為有效成分。
- 一種抗體,對抗如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽。
- 一種細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞或含其的免疫細胞群,係使用如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽所誘導。
- 一種體外誘導顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的方法,包含使抗原表現細胞與如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽接觸的步驟。
- 一種體外誘導顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性的抗原表現細胞的方法,包含將編碼如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的聚核苷酸導入抗原表現細胞的步驟。
- 一種體外誘導細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞的方法,包含下述(A)或(B)的步驟:(A)使T細胞與如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽接觸;(B)將已與如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽接觸的抗原表現細胞與CD8+ T細胞共同培養。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的使用,用於製造抗癌症的免疫誘導劑,其中該癌症表現FOXM1。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的使用,用於製造治療及/或預防表現FOXM1的癌症之藥劑。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的使用,用於製造誘導抗原表現細胞之藥劑,其中該抗原表現細胞顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性。
- 一種編碼如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的聚核苷酸的使用,用於製造誘導抗原表現細胞之藥劑,其中該抗原表現細胞顯示細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞誘導活性。
- 一種如申請專利範圍第1項所述之胜肽的使用,用於製造誘導細胞傷害性(殺手)T細胞之藥劑。
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