TWI552193B - 選擇性沈積鑽石於散熱導孔中的技術 - Google Patents

選擇性沈積鑽石於散熱導孔中的技術 Download PDF

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TWI552193B
TWI552193B TW103128984A TW103128984A TWI552193B TW I552193 B TWI552193 B TW I552193B TW 103128984 A TW103128984 A TW 103128984A TW 103128984 A TW103128984 A TW 103128984A TW I552193 B TWI552193 B TW I552193B
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diamond
heat dissipation
semiconductor substrate
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卡爾 霍巴特
塔亞納 費傑森
尤金 伊姆霍夫
崔維斯 安德森
約書亞 卡德威爾
安德魯 克勒
布萊福德 派特
馬科 塔德吉爾
拉金德 珊胡
文森 干彬
葛瑞格利 路易斯
尤利亞 斯莫契科瓦
馬克 古爾斯基
傑夫 麥凱
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諾斯拉普葛蘭門系統公司
美國聯邦政府由海軍部長代表
加州大學董事會
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Description

選擇性沈積鑽石於散熱導孔中的技術
本發明大致上係有關半導體裝置的製造方法,特別有關於GaN半導體裝置的製造方法,其包含選擇性沈積鑽石於裝置的基板之背側中的散熱導孔中。
積體電路典型上係由磊晶製程所製造,磊晶製程為在晶圓基板上沈積或生長各種半導體層以提供用於裝置的電路組件。用於積體電路的基板包含各種材料,通常是半導體材料,例如矽、藍寶石、SiC、InP、GaAs、等等。隨著積體電路製造技術的進步及變得愈來愈複雜,更多的電路組件能夠被製作於相同面積內的基板上且更緊密地一起間隔開。此外,這些積體電路製造技術允許電路的操作頻率能夠增加至很高的頻率,良好地進入GHz範圍。
實際上,所有電子組件以熱受限容量而操作,亦即,裝置的性能受限於能散熱至環境之熱量。散熱量與裝置的操作電壓、電流及頻率成比例,其中,任何增加會造成更高的功率消耗並因而造成更高的廢熱。在裝置中的電子裝 置接面溫度的上升是與裝置通道或接面與熱釋放至環境的點之間的熱阻成比例。每一個裝置具有最大的接面溫度,其中,在該溫度之外的裝置操作因為半導體及封裝材料的基本限制而造成降低的性能及可靠度。以更高功率(電壓、電流、及/或頻率)操作之需求帶動熱阻降低的需要。一個實例包含具有平穩化時脈頻率及藉由擴展處理核心的數目而能夠增加處理能力之微處理器。
另一實例包含氮化鎵(GaN)為基礎的RF及微波功率放大器。GaN是寬能帶隙半導體及GaN為基礎的高電子遷移率電晶體(HEMT)具有在高電流及高電壓下都能夠操作的能力。與精密的幾何形狀耦合之此型式的操作,在接近裝置的閘指(gate finger)處,造成每平方公分百萬瓦(MW/cm2)的功率密度。GaN HEMT裝置典型上係磊晶地生長於用於這些應用的適當基板上,其中,基板需要高度導熱、電絕緣、類似於GaN的熱膨脹係數及提供晶格常數匹配給適當的磊晶生長。高度導熱且電絕緣的適當材料是相當獨特的。高功率消耗因「自行加熱」效應而導致降低的性能且也因高接面溫度而限制長期可靠度。
用於這些裝置的高導熱基板是必需的,使得將熱經由磊晶層及基板而從裝置接面移除,因而裝置能夠以可靠方式高功率地操作。特別是,如上所述,隨著裝置的溫度增加至某臨界溫度之上時,裝置的電性能降低,這降低它的高功率能力。此外,由於裝置故障時間降低,所以裝置內太高的溫度會降低其可靠度。而且,這些型式的裝置典型 上是高頻裝置,而隨著頻率增加,尺寸變得更小,降低它們排熱的能力。在HEMT裝置中的裝置接面層產生的熱之導熱路徑造成熱經由磊晶層及基板而傳播並進入裝置封裝中。因此,需要提供不阻礙離開裝置的熱路徑之高導熱基板,並且允許熱大面積散佈。基板厚度最佳化以提供從裝置進入封裝之低熱阻路徑以及提供將熱散離裝置之能力。
以往,GaN係生長於藍寶石上,藍寶石具有不良的導熱率及嚴苛限制可取得的輸出功率。近來,碳化矽(SiC)取代藍寶石作為用於GaN的基板。對於GaN HEMT裝置,碳化矽(SiC)基板目前是提供電絕緣、高度導熱、與GaN的晶格緊密晶格匹配及類似於GaN的熱膨脹係數之工業標準。SiC具有更高的導熱率,但功率消耗仍然受限於熱限制且裝置不被允許以它們的最大位準執行。雖然SiC是良好的熱導體,但是,其導熱率仍然有限,且隨著接面溫度在裝置中上升時,SiC基板移除熱的能力受限,如上所述般,這限制GaN HEMT裝置的輸出功率並隨之限制它們的可靠度。
希望提供用於GaN HEMT裝置之具有比SiC更大導熱率的適當基板。鑽石是電絕緣的且是任何塊體材料中具有最高的導熱率。但是,由於包含可取得性、大晶格常數失配及不同的熱膨脹性等諸多理由,目前不可能在大面積的單晶鑽石基板上磊晶生長GaN層。
產業已努力克服這些問題以在例如GaN HEMT裝置等半導體裝置中使用鑽石基板。舉例而言,在此技藝中知 道移除GaN層能有效地生長於上的SiC基板或其它基板,然後使用接合層以將鑽石基板接合至裝置。但是,現在,在GaN裝置層與鑽石基板之間具有某厚度的未具有適當的導熱率之接合層,因而影響經由鑽石基板以將熱移離裝置之能力。此外,由於塊體鑽石具有低熱膨脹係數,所以,仍然會有裝置層與基板之間的熱膨脹係數差造成晶圓彎曲及可能的磊晶層斷裂等問題。
改進這些型式的裝置的導熱率之其它概念是完全以鑽石來取代基板。但是,由於這些鑽石基板本質上是多晶的,所以,在移除原始的主基板後,GaN必須被轉移至鑽石基板或是鑽石必須生長於GaN上。此處理由於GaN與鑽石之間的大熱膨脹係數(CTE)而相當地受限。CTE失配限制處理的規模以及導致捲曲的晶圓,捲曲的晶圓是無法處理成電晶體。
在此技藝中也知道在與基板相反的裝置之前側上生長鑽石。但是,已顯示這些型式的裝置由於經過基板的熱流仍然高度重要,所以,對導熱率及離開裝置的熱流具有有限的改進。此外,GaN層無法耐受高溫鑽石沈積處理,因而需要使用熱阻層來保護它,這再度限制熱性能。
以往已構想鑽石散熱導孔,藉由使高導熱率鑽石導管接近熱最集中的裝置主動區,而改進半導體基板的熱阻。高密度的高型態比散熱導孔具有增加整體導熱率及複合的鑽石/半導體基板之功理處理的優點。具有厚鑽石填充於散熱導孔中的大散熱導孔也是吸引人的方式。大及小散熱 導孔都要求選擇性方法以塗著及填充散熱導孔,來防止導因於大的CTE失配之無法接受的晶圓彎曲及潛在的晶圓斷裂。
10‧‧‧裝置
12‧‧‧基板
14‧‧‧GaN層
16‧‧‧保護介電層
18‧‧‧散熱導孔
20‧‧‧鑽石晶核種子層
22‧‧‧遮罩層
24‧‧‧基板層
26‧‧‧平面部份
28‧‧‧凹部
30‧‧‧鑽石層
32‧‧‧源極端
34‧‧‧閘極端
36‧‧‧汲極端
圖1-7顯示GaN半導體裝置輪廓的漸進製造步驟,包含在裝置的基板之背側中選擇性沈積鑽石散熱導孔。
【發明內容及實施方式】
本發明的實施例之下述說明係有關於包含延伸經過裝置基板的背側上鑽石填充的散熱導孔之GaN半導體裝置的製造方法,下述說明本質上僅為舉例說明,絕非要限定本發明或是其應用或使用。
本揭示說明方法或製程,以便在例如GaN電晶體等半導體裝置的基板之背側中的散熱導孔內提供選擇性沈積鑽石,而提供隔離的散熱導孔。圖1-7是GaN半導體裝置10的輪廓視圖,其顯示製造此鑽石散熱導孔的漸進製造步驟。
圖1顯示裝置10,裝置10包含SiC晶圓基板12及一些沉積在基板12的前側上的磊晶GaN層14,GaN層14稍後將被處理,以便在本非限定實例中,使用習知的磊晶生長技術來製造GaN高電子遷移率電晶體(HEMT)裝置。雖然在本非限定實例中基板12是SiC基板,但是,基板12可為任何適用於此處討論的目的之任何基 板,例如藍寶石、GaN、AlN、矽、等等。複數個GaN層14可為用於HEMT裝置、或其它半導體裝置的任何適當次序的複數裝置層之組合,例如GaN緩衝層、AlN晶核層、AlGaN障壁層、GaN通道層、等等。一旦所有GaN層14被生長於基板12上時,以例如氮化矽(SiN)、二氧化矽(SiO2)、其組合、或是其它適當的耐火材料等熱穩定保護介電層16來保護GaN層14。
然後,將裝置10翻轉,並且,如同習於此技藝者良好瞭解般,使用適當的遮罩(未顯示),藉由例如乾式電漿蝕刻處理,將基板12的背側圖型化以提供深的散熱導孔18。注意,在本非限定實例中形成散熱導孔18的蝕刻不會完全延伸經過基板12至GaN層14,而是未達GaN層14即被停止,以便在散熱導孔18與GaN層14之間界定薄基板層24。為了所需的熱性能,選擇性地控制層24的厚度。設置基板材料的薄層24具有某些用於HEMT裝置之所需的半導體特性。小心地選取散熱導孔18的寬度或直徑以符合基板12的頂部上之電晶體裝置的區域,使得散熱導孔18提供孔徑,用以從電晶體裝置移除廢熱。在一個實施例中,形成於晶圓基板12上的各電晶體裝置將包含此尺寸的單一導孔,其中,晶圓基板12的大部份區域未包含散熱導孔。
包含散熱導孔18的裝置10的整個背側塗著薄層的奈米結晶或多晶鑽石,於此稱為鑽石晶核種子層20。在一個實施例中,使用習知的磊晶處理來形成沒有針孔之薄保 形層,以例如適當的化學汽相沈積處理,沈積鑽石層30至0.1-2μm的範圍之厚度。在鑽石層30被沈積於基板12的背側之前,藉由將晶圓基板12置於包含奈米鑽石粒子的溶液中,整個晶圓基板12係塗著有非常薄層的奈米鑽石粒子。此最小厚度層的奈米鑽石粒子提供能生長鑽石晶核種子層20的種子層。鑽石層30接著被塗著有遮罩層22,舉例而言,SiO2、SiN、或其它具有適當保形(conformal)表現的介電質。
如圖2所示,藉由例如化學機械拋光(CMP)處理,將基板12的背側的平面區中的散熱導孔18之外部的遮罩層22的一部份,從裝置10移除,使得僅有遮罩材料留在散熱導孔18中,以保護其包含導孔底部及側壁的鑽石層30。如同所示,這留下鑽石層30餘留的平面部份26曝露出。在移除遮罩層22的一部份之此處理期間,在散熱導孔18的外部之基板12的背側之平面部份26,移除某些鑽石晶核種子層20。
接著,如圖3所示,使用例如氧添加至反應氣流之反應離子蝕刻等反應電漿蝕刻處理,選擇性地蝕刻基板12的背側,以完全地移除散熱導孔18的外部之鑽石層30的平面部份26。如圖4所示,使散熱導孔18中的遮罩層22的餘留部份之後的鑽石層30餘留部份選加地凹陷。舉例而言,在流通氧氣之電阻式加熱管爐中,執行高溫(700℃)氧化熱蝕刻處理,使得能從遮罩層22之後移除沿著散熱導孔18的側邊緣之某些鑽石,以形成凹部28。 由於在下述以鑽石材料填充散熱導孔18的鑽石生長處理期間,鑽石傾向於在邊緣快速生長,造成鑽石材料「溢出」散熱導孔18的邊緣以及回至基板12的背側的平面部份,所以,此步驟是有利的。由於鑽石在相當低溫下斷裂,所以,能夠使用此高溫氧化處理以選擇性地移除沿著散熱導孔18的側壁之鑽石,而不影響基板12及遮罩層22。在替代實施例中,執行單一熱蝕刻步驟以移除平面部份26且產生凹部28。在一個非限定實施例中,凹部28深度為20-30數量級奈米。
接著,如圖5所示,以濕式或乾式蝕刻處理之選擇性蝕刻,移除散熱導孔18中的遮罩層22的餘留部份。在一個非限定實施例中,假使使用SiO2作為用於遮罩層22的遮罩材料,則以選擇性地蝕刻SiO2但不蝕刻下方的鑽石層30之含有氫氟酸(HF)的緩衝氧化物蝕刻(BOE),執行此蝕刻步驟。在替代實施例中,假使使用SiN作為遮罩材料,則以SF6添加於氣流中的電漿之反應離子蝕刻,選擇性地蝕刻遮罩層22。
接著,如圖6所示,以高鑽石生長率來處理,在散熱導孔18中選擇性地沈積鑽石,而以鑽石材料填充散熱導孔18,以形成厚的奈米結晶或多晶鑽石層30。在此鑽石生長處理中,使用鑽石晶核種子層20作為鑽石層30的鑽石生長之種子樣板。在最佳化的條件下,僅有鑽石層30生長於散熱導孔18中以及完全地填充散熱導孔18,包含凹部28,其中,由於鑽石晶核種子層20已從基板12的 背側的這些部份移除,所以,沒有鑽石係生長於散熱導孔18的外面。雖然在本實施例中鑽石層30完全地填充散熱導孔18,但是,在其它實施例中,可望以鑽石層30僅部份地填充散熱導孔18。
在整個處理中,也可監視晶圓成形,其中,在幾乎1微米的初始鑽石生長之後,並且,在選擇性地移除鑽石之後,初始地量測晶圓形狀。在此處理中,在鑽石再生長之後,晶圓彎曲最高,但是,在選擇性的移除鑽石之後最小化,顯示處理的重要優點。藉由蝕刻而移除基板12,以拉曼(Raman)顯微術來檢查散熱導孔18中的鑽石層30的品質,以比較在不同點的材料品質。
如圖7所示,一旦鑽石層30被沈積於散熱導孔18中,則晶圓基板12接著翻轉,使得藉由第一選擇性蝕刻保護層16及以習知處理來製造源極端32、閘極端34和汲極端36,而在GaN層14上製造功率電晶體組件。
雖然此處說明的裝置是HEMT裝置,但是,例如雷射二極體或發光二極體等採用沈積於基板上的GaN裝置層之其它型式的裝置,可以從此處所述的導熱鑽石導孔提供的更高性能得利。此外,雖然此處所述的實施例具體地用於SiC基板,但是,例如上述所述的其它適當基板也包含為了相同目的而由鑽石填充之形成的導孔。
上述揭示的說明僅舉例說明本發明的實施例。習於此技藝者從此說明及附圖和申請專利範圍將容易知道,在不悖離後述申請專利範圍中界定的發明精神及範圍之下,可 以作出各式各樣的改變、修改及變異。
10‧‧‧裝置
12‧‧‧基板
14‧‧‧磊晶裝置層
16‧‧‧保護介電層
18‧‧‧散熱導孔
20‧‧‧鑽石晶核種子層
22‧‧‧遮罩層
24‧‧‧基板層

Claims (20)

  1. 一種半導體裝置的製造方法,該方法包括:設置包含前側及背側的半導體基板;在該半導體基板的前側上,沈積半導體磊晶層;在該半導體基板的背側中蝕刻出至少一散熱導孔;遍及該半導體基板的整個背側上,沈積鑽石晶核種子層,使得該鑽石晶核種子層係沈積於該半導體基板的背側的平面部份上並且在包含側壁之至少一散熱導孔內;在該鑽石晶核種子層上沈積遮罩層;將該半導體基板的背側之該平面部份上該散熱導孔的外部之該遮罩層的一部份移除,使得僅有用於該遮罩層的遮罩材料餘留在該散熱導孔內;移除該至少一散熱導孔的外部之該半導體基板的該平面部份上該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份;移除該散熱導孔中用於該遮罩層的該遮罩材料的其餘部份;以及以僅允許鑽石能夠被形成於該散熱導孔內而不形成於該半導體基板的背側的該平面部份上之方式,在該鑽石晶核種子層的該其餘部份上的散熱導孔內沈積塊體鑽石層。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,設置半導體基板包含設置碳化矽基板。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,在該半導體基板上沈積磊晶層包含在該半導體基板上生長GaN磊晶層。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,又包括在蝕刻該散熱導孔之前,在該磊晶層上沈積介電保護層。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中,沈積該介電保護層包含沈積氮化矽(SiN)層、二氧化矽(SiO2)層或其組合。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,沈積鑽石晶核種子層包含沈積鑽石晶核種子層至0.1-2μm的範圍中的厚度。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,沈積鑽石晶核種子層及沈積塊體鑽石層包含沈積奈米結晶或多晶鑽石晶核種子層。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,移除該遮罩層的一部份包含使用化學機械拋光處理。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,移除該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份包含使用具有氧的反應離子蝕刻處理。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,移除該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份包含移除圍繞該散熱導孔的邊緣之該鑽石層的一部份,使得該鑽石晶核種子層係凹陷在該遮罩層之後。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第10項之方法,其中,移除圍繞該散熱導孔的邊緣之該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份包含使用高溫氧化熱蝕刻處理。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第10項之方法,其中,移除圍繞 該散熱導孔的邊緣之該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份包含使用不同於從該半導體基板的背側的該平面部份移除該鑽石晶核種子層之處理。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,又包括:在該半導體基板上沈積鑽石晶核種子層之前,在該半導體基板上形成奈米鑽石粒子層。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,製造半導體裝置層包含將該裝置層與該散熱導孔對齊。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中,該半導體裝置是高電子遷移率電晶體。
  16. 一種GaN高電子遷移率電晶體裝置的製造方法,該方法包括:設置包含前側及背側的半導體基板;在整個該半導體基板上形成奈米鑽石粒子層;在該半導體基板的前側上,沈積半導體磊晶層;在該半導體基板的背側中蝕刻出至少一散熱導孔;遍及該半導體基板的整個背側上,沈積鑽石晶核種子層,使得該鑽石晶核種子層係沈積於該半導體基板的背側的平面部份上並且在包含側壁之該至少一散熱導孔內;在該鑽石晶核種子層上沈積遮罩層;將該半導體基板的背側之該平面部份上該散熱導孔的外部之該遮罩層的一部份移除,使得僅有用於該遮罩層的遮罩材料餘留在該散熱導孔內;移除該至少一散熱導孔的外部之該半導體基板的該平 面部份上該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份,其中,移除該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份包含移除圍繞該散熱導孔的邊緣之該鑽石層的一部份,使得該鑽石晶核種子層係凹陷在該遮罩層之後;移除該散熱導孔中用於該遮罩層的該遮罩材料的其餘部份;以及以僅允許鑽石能夠被形成於該散熱導孔內而不形成於該半導體基板的背側的該平面部份上之方式,在該鑽石晶核種子層的該其餘部份上的散熱導孔內沈積塊體鑽石層。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法,又包括:在蝕刻該散熱導孔之前,在該磊晶層上沈積介電保護層。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法,其中,沈積鑽石晶核種子層包含沈積鑽石晶核種子層至0.1-2μm的範圍中的厚度。
  19. 如申請專利範圍第16項之方法,其中,沈積鑽石晶核種子層及沈積塊體鑽石層包含沈積奈米結晶或多晶鑽石晶核種子層。
  20. 一種半導體裝置的製造方法,該方法包括:設置包含前側及背側的半導體基板;在該半導體基板的前側上,沈積GaN磊晶層;在該半導體基板的背側中蝕刻出至少一散熱導孔;遍及該半導體基板的整個背側上,沈積鑽石晶核種子層,使得該鑽石晶核種子層係沈積於該半導體基板的背側的平面部份上並且在包含側壁之該至少一散熱導孔內,其 中,沈積鑽石晶核種子層包含沈積鑽石晶核種子層至0.1-2μm的範圍中的厚度;在該鑽石晶核種子層上沈積遮罩層;將該半導體基板的背側之該平面部份上該散熱導孔的外部之該遮罩層的一部份移除,使得僅有用於該遮罩層的遮罩材料餘留在該散熱導孔內;移除該至少一散熱導孔的外部之該半導體基板的該平面部份上該鑽石晶核種子層的一部份;移除該散熱導孔中用於該遮罩層的該遮罩材料的其餘部份;以及以僅允許鑽石能夠被形成於該散熱導孔內而不形成於該半導體基板的背側的該平面部份上之方式,在該鑽石晶核種子層的該其餘部份上的散熱導孔內沈積塊體鑽石層。
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