TWI422095B - A reformer system, a fuel cell system and a method of operation thereof - Google Patents

A reformer system, a fuel cell system and a method of operation thereof Download PDF

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TWI422095B
TWI422095B TW097115957A TW97115957A TWI422095B TW I422095 B TWI422095 B TW I422095B TW 097115957 A TW097115957 A TW 097115957A TW 97115957 A TW97115957 A TW 97115957A TW I422095 B TWI422095 B TW I422095B
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fuel cell
temperature
fuel
introduction
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Tomotaka Ishida
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Nippon Oil Corp
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Description

改質器系統、燃料電池系統及其運轉方法
本發明係關於一種具備藉由以改質觸媒改質原燃料以產生改質氣體之改質器的改質器系統,進一步具備使用改質氣體作為燃料之固體氧化物形燃料電池之燃料電池系統及其運轉方法。
就以往之燃料電池系統而言,已知有具備當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,使貯存於液體氮貯存槽之氮供給至燃料電池之燃料極之燃料極氮供給設備(例如參照專利文獻1)。若依如此之燃料電池系統,當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,在燃料電池中,可防止使用於燃料極之鎳等進行氧化而膨脹,其結果,可避免由三氧化二釔安定化氧化鋯等所構成之電解質破損。
專利文獻1:特開2004-220942號公報。
然而,如上述之習知的燃料電池系統時,必須設有液體氮貯存槽或燃料極氮供給設備,故構造複雜化。
因此,本發明係有鑑於如上述之情況所完成者,其目的在於提供一種當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,可以簡單的構成,避免對燃料電池造成損傷之改質器系統、燃料電池系統、及其運轉方法。
為達成上述目的,本發明之改質器系統,其特徵在於包含:改質器,其係藉由以改質觸媒改造原燃料,而產生可用作固體氧化物形燃料電池之燃料的改質氣體,且包含:於改質觸媒導入原燃料之原燃料導入機構;於改質觸媒中導入水之水導入機構;檢測改質觸媒之溫度的溫度檢測機構;及控制機構,其係當停止燃料電池之發電時,對於原燃料導入機構減少原燃料之導入量,在由溫度檢測機構所檢測出之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,對於水導入機構而控制於改質觸媒之送水量,藉此提昇改質觸媒之溫度。
又,本發明之燃料電池系統,其特徵在於包含:改質器,其係藉由以改質觸媒改造原燃料而產生改質氣體;及固體氧化物形燃料電池,其係使用改質氣體作為燃料,且包含:於改質觸媒導入原燃料之原燃料導入機構;於改質觸媒中導入水之水導入機構;檢測改質觸媒之溫度的溫度檢測機構;及控制機構,其係當停止燃料電池之發電時,對於原燃料導入機構減少原燃料之導入量,在由溫度檢測機構所檢測出之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,對於水導入機構而控制於改質觸媒之送水量,藉此提昇改質觸媒之溫度。
進一步,本發明之燃料電池系統之運轉方法,其特徵在於:該燃料電池系統係包含:改質器,其係藉由以改質觸媒改造原燃料而產生改質氣體;及固體氧化物形燃料電池,其係使用改質氣體作為燃料;其運轉方法係包含:控 制機構,其係當停止燃料電池之發電時,減少對於改質觸媒之原燃料導入量,在改質觸媒之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,對於水導入機構而控制於改質觸媒之送水量,藉此提昇前述改質觸媒之溫度。
在此等改質器系統、燃料電池系統及其運轉方法中,當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,往改質器之改質觸媒的原燃料導入量被減少,但此時,在改質觸媒之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,藉由控制對改質觸媒之送水量,提昇改質觸媒之溫度。藉此,在固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電停止時,可防止未改質氣體之產生,而將改質氣體供給至燃料電池。因此,當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,如習知般,即使不設有液體氮貯存槽或燃料極氮供給設備,亦可以簡單的構成,避免對燃料電池造成損傷。
在本發明之改質器系統中,控制機構宜依據由原燃料導入機構所導入之原燃料導入量之減少,對於水導入機構使往改質觸媒之送水量變化。藉此,可提昇改質觸媒之溫度,而確實地防止未改質氣體之產生。
依本發明,當停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,可以簡單的構成避免對燃料電池造成損傷。
以下,參照圖式而詳細地說明有關本發明之較佳的實施形態。
如圖1所示般,燃料電池系統1係具備藉由以改質觸媒2a改質原燃料俾生成改質氣體的改質器2、與使用改質氣體作為燃料之固體氧化物形燃料電池3。
改質器2係使原燃料與水蒸氣(水)以改質觸媒2a水蒸氣改質反應,而產生含有氫之改質氣體。水蒸氣改質反應係吸熱反應,故改質器2係於水蒸氣改質反應利用燃料電池3之排熱。改質觸媒2a係可使用公知之觸媒作為水蒸氣改質觸媒。水蒸氣改質觸媒之例可舉例如釕系觸媒及鎳系觸媒。
原燃料係在固體氧化物形燃料電池之領域從公知之烴系燃料,亦即,於分子中含有碳與氫之化合物(亦可含有氧等其他之元素)或其混合物適當選擇而使用來作為改質氣體之原料。例如烴類、醇類、醚類等,於分子中含有碳與氫之化合物。具體地係甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、天然氣體、LPG(液化石油氣)、都市瓦斯、汽油、石油腦、煤油、輕油等之烴類、甲醇、乙醇等之醇類、二甲基醚等之醚類。其中,煤油或LPG等因取得容易,故較適宜。又,煤油或LPG係獨立而可貯存,故可用於都市瓦斯之管線未普及之區域。進一步利用煤油或LPG之固體氧化物形燃料電池係可用來作為緊急用電源。
燃料電池3係藉由被稱為SOFC(Solid Oxide Fuel Cells)之複數電池單元而進行發電。電池單元係以固體氧化物之電解質配置於燃料極與空氣極之間所構成。電解質係例如由三氧化二釔安定化氧化鋯(YSZ)所構成,以800℃~ 000℃之溫度傳導氧化物離子。燃料極係由鎳與YSZ之混合物所構 成,使氧化物離子與改質氣體中之氫反應,而產生電子及水。空氣極係由鑭鍶錳氧化物所構成,使空氣中之氧與電子反應,產生氧化物離子。
又,燃料電池系統1係具備於改質觸媒2a導入原燃料之原燃料導入裝置(原燃料導入機構)4、於改質觸媒2a導入水蒸氣(水)之水導入裝置(水導入機構)5、於陰極(空氣極)導入空氣之陰極用空氣導入裝置(陰極用空氣導入機構)(未圖示)。原燃料導入裝置4係具有用以導入原燃料之原燃料導入管、或用以調節原燃料之導入量的導入量調節閥等。同樣地,陰極用空氣導入裝置係具有用以導入空氣之空氣導入管、或用以調節空氣之導入量的導入量調節閥等。又,水導入裝置5係具有用以導入水之水導入管、或用以調節水之導入量的導入量調節閥等。在本實施形態中水導入裝置5係於改質器2導入水。該水係藉由改質器2乃至與改質器2設於另一體的氣化器而氣化,形成水蒸氣而導入於改質觸媒2a。
進一步,燃料電池系統1係具備:檢測改質觸媒2a之溫度的複數溫度檢測器(溫度檢測機構)6、檢測燃料電池3之電池的溫度之溫度感測器7、與控制系統全體之控制裝置(控制機構)8。溫度檢測器6、7係例如熱電偶。各溫度檢測器6之測溫接點係配置於藉原燃料導入裝置4所導入之原燃料的流路之中心軸線上。
又,藉改質器2、原燃料導入裝置4、水導入裝置5、溫度檢測器6及控制裝置8而構成改質器系統9。
然後,說明有關燃料電池系統1之運轉方法。
[進入冷待機時]
有關進入冷待機時之燃料電池系統1的運轉方法,參照圖2而說明。又,所謂冷待機係完全地停止燃料電池系統1之運轉,燃料電池3之電池的溫度以室溫之狀態燃料電池系統1進行待機。冷待機係因於燃料電池系統1之起動需要長時間,故當在燃料電池3之發電的停止時間比較長時可採用。
如圖2所示般,首先,藉由控制裝置8而輸出冷待機命令(步驟S11)、停止來自燃料電池3的電流掃描(步驟S12)。亦即,藉由控制裝置8而控制燃料電池3,停止在燃料電池3之發電。繼而,藉由控制裝置8而控制原燃料導入裝置4,可減少於改質觸媒2a之原燃料的導入量,同時並藉控制裝置8而控制水導入裝置5,調整於改質觸媒2a之水蒸氣的導入量(步驟S13)。許多情形,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而減少,但視情形,例如以水蒸氣過多之狀態運轉時,係於步驟S13中,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而增加。又,在本實施形態中,具有步驟S15,其係對於原燃料之導入量的水蒸氣之導入量的微調整,故在步驟S13中,水蒸氣之導入量係粗調整成水蒸氣過多之狀態。如此做法,可開始原燃料及水蒸氣之導入量的漸減(或漸增)。藉此,燃料電池3之電池單元溫度及改質觸媒2a之溫度開始降低。
若開始原燃料及水蒸氣之導入量的漸減,被各溫度檢測器6所檢測之改質觸媒2a的溫度是否為TR 以下可藉控制裝 置8來判斷(步驟S14)。TR 係未改質氣體產生溫度與定格運轉時之改質觸媒2a的溫度之間的溫度,例如,原燃料為煤油時,為400℃~700℃之溫度。TR 係被每一溫度檢測器6適當設定。又,未改質氣體產生溫度係意指原燃料未完全地被改質觸媒2a改質,而可對燃料電池3之電池造成損傷之碳數2以上的烴氣(未改質氣體)會發生而開始混入於改質氣體之溫度,依燃料之導入量而預先設定。另外,改質氣體中之一氧化碳係以燃料極與氧化物離子反應,成為電子及二氧化碳。
繼而,若被各溫度檢測器6所檢測之改質觸媒2a的溫度為TR 以下,可藉控制裝置8來實行以下之水蒸氣量調整裝置(步驟S15)。亦即,水導入裝置5藉控制裝置8而控制,藉水導入裝置5而於改質觸媒2a的水蒸氣之導入量減少。藉此,可容易地使改質觸媒2a的溫度上昇,並可確實地防止未改質氣體的產生。如此地,藉原燃料導入裝置4而於改質觸媒2a導入原燃料,同時並藉水導入裝置5而調整於改質觸媒2a的水蒸氣之導入量,而實現效率佳之水蒸氣改質反應。
實行以上之水蒸氣量調整處理之間,被溫度檢測器7所檢測之燃料電池3的電池單元溫度是否為Tc 1以下可藉控制裝置8來判斷(步驟S16)。Tc 1係燃料電池3不須要作為燃料極之還原氣體的改質氣體之溫度,其溫度係100℃~500℃,宜為100℃~300℃,更宜為100℃~200℃。繼而,若藉由溫度檢測器7所檢測出之電池單元的溫度為Tc 1以下,可藉由控制裝置8而控制原燃料導入裝置4及水導入裝置5,以停止原燃料 導入裝置4所產生之原燃料的導入,同時並停止水導入裝置5所產生之水蒸氣的導入(步驟S17)。
繼而,被溫度檢測器7所檢測之燃料電池3的電池單元溫度是否為Tc 2以下可藉控制裝置8來判斷(步驟S18)。Tc 2係燃料電池3不須要使空氣導入於陰極之溫度,其溫度係50℃~200℃,宜為50℃~100℃。繼而,若藉由溫度檢測器7所檢測出之電池單元的溫度為Tc 2以下,可藉由控制裝置8而停止系統全體之運轉(步驟S19),燃料電池系統1進入冷待機。
[進入熱待機時]
有關進入熱待機時之燃料電池系統1的運轉方法,參照圖3而說明。又,所謂熱待機係停止燃料電池3之發電,燃料電池3之電池單元的溫度以作動溫度之狀態燃料電池系統1進行待機。熱待機係因於燃料電池系統1之起動需要長時間,故當在燃料電池3之發電的停止時間比較短時可採用。
如圖3所示般,首先,藉由控制裝置8而輸出熱待機命令(步驟S21)、停止來自燃料電池3的電流掃描(步驟S22)。亦即,藉由控制裝置8而控制燃料電池3,停止在燃料電池3之發電。繼而,藉由控制裝置8而控制原燃料導入裝置4及水導入裝置5,可減少於改質觸媒2a之原燃料的導入量,同時並調整於改質觸媒2a之水蒸氣的導入量(步驟S23)。許多情形,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而減少,但視情形,例如以水蒸氣過多之狀態運轉時,係於步驟S23中,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而增加。又,在本實 施形態中,具有步驟S25、27,其係對於原燃料之導入量的水蒸氣之導入量的微調整,故在步驟S23中,水蒸氣之導入量係粗調整成水蒸氣過多之狀態。如此做法,原燃料及水蒸氣之導入量只減少(或增加)特定量。
再者,是否滿足所謂被各溫度檢測器6所檢測之改質觸媒2a的溫度為TR 以下,且被各溫度檢測器7所檢測之燃料電池3的電池單元之溫度為Tc 3以上之條件可藉控制裝置8來判斷(步驟S24)。Tc 3係電池單元之作動溫度,例如,電解質由YSZ所構成時,YSZ為傳導氧化物離子之800℃~1000℃的溫度。
步驟S24之判斷處理的結果,當滿足其條件時,為防止在改質器2之未改質氣體的發生,上述之水蒸氣量調整處理可藉控制裝置8來實行,可減少於改質觸媒2a之水蒸氣的導入量(步驟S25)、返回步驟S24之判斷處理。另外,步驟S24之判斷處理的結果,當不滿足其條件時,被各溫度檢測器7所檢測之燃料電池3的電池單元之溫度是否滿足不足Tc 3可藉控制裝置8來判斷(步驟S26)。
步驟S26之判斷處理的結果,燃料電池3之電池單元的溫度不足Tc 3之情形,係為使電池單元之溫度維持於作動溫度,藉由控制裝置8而控制原燃料導入裝置4及水導入裝置5,可增加於改質觸媒2a之原燃料的導入量,同時並調整於改質觸媒2a之水蒸氣的導入量(步驟S27)、返回步驟S24之判斷處理。許多情形,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而增加,但視情形,例如當水蒸氣過多之狀態時,係於 步驟S23中,水蒸氣之導入量係依原燃料之導入量而減少。此處,僅少於以步驟S23之處理所減少的特定量之特定量,可增加原燃料之導入量。又,僅少於以步驟S23之處理所調整的特定量之特定量(或多之特定量),可增加(或減少)水蒸氣之導入量。另外,步驟S26之判斷處理之結果,燃料電池3之電池單元的溫度為Tc 3以上時,係返回步驟S24之判斷處理。
如此做法,從改質器2供給至燃料電池3之改質氣體於燃料電池3之燃料室中被燃燒,燃料電池系統1進入熱待機。
如以上說明般,改質器系統9、燃料電池系統1、及其運轉方法中係停止在燃料電池3之發電時,可減少改質器2於改質觸媒2a的原燃料的導入量,但此時,改質觸媒2a之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,藉由調整於改質觸媒2a之水蒸氣(水)的導入量,俾提昇改質觸媒2a之溫度。藉此,在燃料電池3之發電停止時,可防止未改質氣體的產生,而改質氣體被供給至燃料電池3。因此,停止在燃料電池3之發電時,可以簡單的構成避免對燃料電池3造成損傷。
又,溫度檢測器7係於原燃料之流路的中心軸線上檢測改質觸媒2a的溫度。藉此,可正確地檢測出在改質觸媒2a中主要引起改質反應之部分的溫度。
本發明係不限定於上述實施形態。例如,燃料電池系統1係於步驟S13、23中,以成為水蒸氣過多之狀態的方式,粗調整水蒸氣之導入量,但,亦可微調整成在水蒸氣改質的條件中最適水蒸氣的導入量對原燃料的導入量。
又,燃料電池系統1係進入於冷待機時,在電流掃描停止處理(步驟S12)之前使輸出降至任意之部分負荷後,實施電流掃描之停止處理(步驟S12),亦可實施使用圖2所說明之冷待機停止步驟。其時,至實施電流掃描停止處理(步驟S12)所發電之電力係例如只要蓄積於蓄電路,或以負荷器消耗即可。
又,於燃料電池3之定格運轉時,亦可以改質器2實現自己熱改質反應(ATR)或部分氧化改質反應。其等之情形,又,可減少改質器2於改質觸媒2a的原燃料的導入量,改質觸媒2a之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,若提昇改質觸媒2a之溫度,停止在燃料電池3之發電時,可以簡單之構成防止未改質氣體的產生,並可避免對燃料電池3造成損傷。又,其等之情形,改質觸媒2a係可使用公知之觸媒作為自發熱改質(自己熱改質)觸媒或部分氧化改質觸媒。亦即,自發熱改質觸媒之例係可舉例如銠系觸媒、部分氧化改質觸媒之例係可舉例如鉑系觸媒。
進一步,燃料電池系統1係可依需要而適當設計間接內部型SOFC的公知構成要素。舉出具體例,使液體氣化之氣化器、用以加壓各種流體之泵、壓縮機、鼓風機等之昇壓裝置、用以調節流體之流量、或用以遮蔽/切換流體之流動的閥門等之流量調節機構或流路遮蔽/切換裝置、用以進行熱交換、熱回收之熱交換器、凝縮氣體之凝縮器、蒸氣等進行外加熱各種機器之加熱/保溫裝置、烴系燃料或可燃物之貯存機構、計量裝置用之空氣或電系統、控制用之訊號系 統、控制裝置、輸出用或動力用之電氣系統等。
[產業上之可利用性]
停止固體氧化物形燃料電池之發電時,可適用於以簡單的構成避免對燃料電池造成損傷之用途。
1‧‧‧燃料電池系統
2‧‧‧改質器
2a‧‧‧改質觸媒
3‧‧‧燃料電池
4‧‧‧原燃料導入裝置(原燃料導入機構)
5‧‧‧水導入裝置(水導入機構)
6‧‧‧溫度檢測器(溫度檢測機構)
7‧‧‧溫度檢測器
8‧‧‧控制裝置(控制機構)
9‧‧‧改質器系統
圖1係本發明之燃料電池系統的一實施形態的正面圖。
圖2係表示圖1所示之燃料電池系統進入冷待機時之運轉方法的流程圖。
圖3係表示圖1所示之燃料電池系統進入熱待機時之運轉方法的流程圖。
1‧‧‧燃料電池系統
2‧‧‧改質器
2a‧‧‧改質觸媒
3‧‧‧燃料電池
4‧‧‧原燃料導入裝置
5‧‧‧水導入裝置
6‧‧‧溫度檢測器
7‧‧‧溫度檢測器
8‧‧‧控制裝置
9‧‧‧改質器系統

Claims (3)

  1. 一種改質器系統,其特徵在於包含:改質器,其係以改質觸媒改質原燃料,藉此產生可用作固體氧化物形燃料電池之燃料的改質氣體;且該改質器系統包含:原燃料導入機構,其係於前述改質觸媒導入前述原燃料;水導入機構,其係於前述改質觸媒中導入水;溫度檢測機構,其係檢測前述改質觸媒之溫度;及控制機構,其係當停止前述燃料電池之發電時,對於前述原燃料導入機構減少前述原燃料之導入量,且在由前述溫度檢測機構所檢測出之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,對於前述水導入機構減少往前述改質觸媒之送水量,藉此使前述改質觸媒之溫度上升。
  2. 一種燃料電池系統,其特徵在於包含:改質器,其係以改質觸媒改質原燃料藉此產生改質氣體;及固體氧化物形燃料電池,其係使用前述改質氣體作為燃料;且該燃料電池系統包含:原燃料導入機構,其係於前述改質觸媒導入前述原燃料;水導入機構,其係於前述改質觸媒中導入水;溫度檢測機構,其係檢測前述改質觸媒之溫度;及控制機構,其係當停止前述燃料電池之發電時,對於前述原燃料導入機構減少前述原燃料之導入量,且在由前述溫度檢測機構所檢測出之溫度降低至未改質氣體產 生溫度之前,對於前述水導入機構減少往前述改質觸媒之送水量,藉此使前述改質觸媒之溫度上升。
  3. 一種燃料電池系統之運轉方法,其特徵在於:該燃料電池系統係包含:改質器,其係以改質觸媒改質原燃料藉此產生改質氣體;及固體氧化物形燃料電池,其係使用前述改質氣體作為燃料;該運轉方法係包含:控制步驟,其係當停止前述燃料電池之發電時,減少對於前述改質觸媒之前述原燃料導入量,在前述改質觸媒之溫度降低至未改質氣體產生溫度之前,對於前述水導入機構減少往前述改質觸媒之送水量,藉此使前述改質觸媒之溫度上升。
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