CN101668698A - 重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法 - Google Patents

重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法 Download PDF

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CN101668698A
CN101668698A CN200880013972A CN200880013972A CN101668698A CN 101668698 A CN101668698 A CN 101668698A CN 200880013972 A CN200880013972 A CN 200880013972A CN 200880013972 A CN200880013972 A CN 200880013972A CN 101668698 A CN101668698 A CN 101668698A
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石田友孝
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Abstract

本发明提供一种重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法。在燃料电池系统(1)中,当停止燃料电池(3)的发电时,减少向重整器2的重整催化剂(2a)导入的原燃料的导入量,但此时,在重整催化剂(2a)的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,控制向重整催化剂(2a)输送的送水量而使重整催化剂(2a)的温度上升。由此,当停止燃料电池(3)的发电时,能防止未重整气体的产生,重整气体被供给到燃料电池(3)中。

Description

重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有通过重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整(reforming)而产生重整气体的重整器的重整器系统、还具有将重整气体用作燃料的固体氧化物型燃料电池的燃料电池系统及其运转方法。
背景技术
作为以往的燃料电池系统,已知有具有在停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,使贮存于液体氮贮存槽的氮供给到燃料电池的燃料极上的燃料极氮供给设备(例如参照专利文献1)。采用这样的燃料电池系统,在停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,在燃料电池中,能防止使用于燃料极的镍等进行氧化而膨胀,其结果,能避免由氧化钇稳定氧化锆等构成的电解质破损。
专利文献1:特开2004-220942号公报。
不过,如上所述那样的以往的燃料电池系统需要设有液体氮贮存槽或燃料极氮供给设备,因此构造复杂。
发明内容
因此,本发明是鉴于这样的情况而做成的。目的在于提供一种在停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,能以简单的结构避免对燃料电池造成损伤的重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明的重整器系统,其具有重整器,该重整器通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整,产生能用作固体氧化物型燃料电池的燃料的重整气体,其特征在于,该重整器系统包括:将原燃料导入到重整催化剂中的原燃料导入部件;将水导入到重整催化剂中的水导入部件;检测重整催化剂的温度的温度检测部件;以及控制部件,其在停止燃料电池的发电时,使原燃料导入部件减少原燃料的导入量,在由温度检测部件检测出的温度降低到未重整气体产生温度之前,控制水导入部件向重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使重整催化剂的温度上升。
另外,本发明的燃料电池系统,其包括:重整器,其通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整而产生重整气体;以及固体氧化物型燃料电池,其将重整气体用作燃料,其特征在于,包括:将原燃料导入到重整催化剂中的原燃料导入部件;将水导入到重整催化剂中的水导入部件;检测重整催化剂的温度的温度检测部件;以及控制部件,其在停止燃料电池的发电时,使原燃料导入部件减少原燃料的导入量,在由温度检测部件检测出的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,控制水导入部件向重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使重整催化剂的温度上升。
另外,本发明的燃料电池系统的运转方法,该燃料电池系统包括:重整器,其通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整而产生重整气体;以及固体氧化物型燃料电池,其将重整气体用作燃料,该燃料电池系统的运转方法其特征在于,该运转方法包括:控制部件,其在停止燃料电池的发电时,减少向重整催化剂导入的原燃料导入量,在重整催化剂的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,控制水导入部件向重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使重整催化剂的温度上升。
在上述重整器系统、燃料电池系统及其运转方法中,在停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,减少向重整器的重整催化剂导入的原燃料导入量,但此时,在重整催化剂的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,通过控制向重整催化剂输送的送水量,使重整催化剂的温度上升。由此。在固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电停止时,能防止未重整气体的产生,将重整气体供给到燃料电池中。因此,当停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,即使不象以往那样设有液体氮贮存槽或燃料极氮供给设备,也能以简单的结构避免对燃料电池造成损伤。
在本发明的重整器系统中,优选控制部件依据由原燃料导入部件导入的原燃料导入量的减少,使水导入部件向重整催化剂导入的送水量变化。由此,能使重整催化剂的温度上升,可靠地防止未重整气体的产生。
采用本发明,当停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时,能以简单的结构避免对燃料电池造成损伤。
附图说明
图1是本发明的燃料电池系统的一实施方式的主视图。
图2是表示图1所示的燃料电池系统进入冷待机时的运转方法的流程图。
图3是表示图1所示的燃料电池系统进入热待机时的运转方法的流程图。
附图标记说明
1、燃料电池系统;2、重整器;2a、重整催化剂;3、燃料电池;4、原燃料导入装置(原燃料导入部件);5、水导入装置(水导入部件);6、温度检测器(温度检测部件);7、温度检测器;8、控制装置(控制部件);9、重整器系统。
具体实施方式
下面,参照附图详细地说明本发明的较佳的实施方式。
如图1所示,燃料电池系统1包括:通过以重整催化剂2a对原燃料进行重整而生成重整气体的重整器2、以及将重整气体用作燃料的固体氧化物型燃料电池3。
重整器2用于通过重整催化剂2a使原燃料与水蒸气(水)发生水蒸气重整反应,产生含有氢的重整气体。水蒸气重整反应是吸热反应,因此重整器2将燃料电池3的排热用于水蒸气重整反应。作为重整催化剂2a,可使用公知的催化剂作为水蒸气重整催化剂。作为水蒸气重整催化剂的例子,可列举出例如钌系催化剂及镍系催化剂。
作为原燃料,在固体氧化物型燃料电池的领域中从公知的烃系燃料、即分子中含有碳与氢的化合物(也可含有氧等其他元素)或其混合物适当选择来用作重整气体的原料。例如烃类、醇类、醚类等在分子中含有碳与氢的化合物。具体来说是甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、天然气体、LPG(液化石油气)、都市瓦斯、汽油、石脑油、煤油、轻油等烃类、甲醇、乙醇等醇类、二甲醚等醚类。其中,煤油或LPG等因容易购得,因此优选。另外,煤油或LPG能独立地贮存,因此能用在都市瓦斯的管线未普及的区域。并且,利用煤油或LPG的固体氧化物型燃料电池能用来作为紧急用电源。
燃料电池3是通过被称为SOFC(Solid Oxide Fuel Cells:固体氧化物型燃料电池)的多个电池单体来进行发电的。电池单体是将作为固体氧化物的电解质配置在燃料极与空气极之间而构成的。电解质是例如由氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)构成的,以800℃~1000℃的温度传导氧化物离子。燃料极由镍与YSZ的混合物构成,使氧化物离子与重整气体中的氢反应,产生电子及水。空气极由锰酸镧锶所构成,使空气中的氧与电子反应,产生氧化物离子。
另外,燃料电池系统1包括:将原燃料导入到重整催化剂2a中的原燃料导入装置(原燃料导入部件)4;将水蒸气(水)导入到重整催化剂2a中的水导入装置(水导入部件)5;将空气导入到阴极(空气极)的阴极用空气导入装置(阴极用空气导入部件)(未图示)。原燃料导入装置4具有用于导入原燃料的原燃料导入管、用于调节原燃料的导入量的导入量调节阀等。同样,阴极用空气导入装置具有用于导入空气的空气导入管、用于调节空气的导入量的导入量调节阀等。另外,水导入装置5具有用于导入水的水导入管、用于调节水的导入量的导入量调节阀等。在本实施方式中,水导入装置5将水导入到重整器2中。该水通过重整器2或与重整器2独立设置的气化器气化而形成水蒸气,被导入到重整催化剂2a中。
并且,燃料电池系统1包括:检测重整催化剂2a的温度的多个温度检测器(温度检测部件)6;检测燃料电池3的电池单体的温度的温度感测器7;以及控制系统整体的控制装置(控制部件)8。温度检测器6、7系例如热电偶。各温度检测器6的测温接点配置在由原燃料导入装置4导入的原燃料的流路的中心轴线上。
另外,由重整器2、原燃料导入装置4、水导入装置5、温度检测器6及控制装置8构成重整器系统9。
接着,说明燃料电池系统1的运转方法。
进入冷待机时
参照图2对进入冷待机时的燃料电池系统1的运转方法进行说明。另外,所谓冷待机是指完全地停止燃料电池系统1的运转,燃料电池3的电池单体的温度处于室温的状态下而燃料电池系统1处于待机状态。燃料电池系统1的起动需要较长的时间,因此冷待机用于燃料电池3的发电的停止时间比较长的情况。
如图2所示,首先,由控制装置8输出冷待机命令(步骤S11),停止来自燃料电池3的电流扫描(步骤S12)。即,由控制装置8控制燃料电池3,停止燃料电池3的发电。接着,由控制装置8控制原燃料导入装置4,减少向重整催化剂2a的原燃料的导入量,并且由控制装置8控制水导入装置5,调整向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气的导入量(步骤S13)。大多情况下,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而减少,但由于情况的不同,例如在水蒸气过多的状态下进行运转时,在步骤S13中,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而增加。另外,在本实施方式中,具有步骤S15,其用于进行水蒸气的导入量相对于原燃料的导入量的微调整,因此在步骤S13中,水蒸气的导入量被粗调整成水蒸气过多的状态。这样一来,开始逐渐减少(或逐渐增加)原燃料及水蒸气的导入量。由此,燃料电池3的电池单体的温度及重整催化剂2a的温度开始降低。
若开始逐渐减少原燃料及水蒸气的导入量,则被各温度检测器6检测的重整催化剂2a的温度是否为TR以下通过控制装置8进行判断(步骤S14)。TR是未重整气体产生温度与额定运转时的重整催化剂2a的温度之间的温度,例如,原燃料为煤油时,TR为400℃~700℃的温度。针对每一温度检测器6,TR被适当设定。另外,未重整气体产生温度是指原燃料未完全地被重整催化剂2a重整,产生能对燃料电池3的电池单体造成损伤的碳数为2以上的烃气(未重整气体)并开始混入到重整气体中的温度,根据燃料的导入量被预先设定。另外,重整气体中的一氧化碳在燃料极上与氧化物离子反应,成为电子及二氧化碳。
并且,若被各温度检测器6检测的重整催化剂2a的温度为TR以下,能通过控制装置8来执行以下的水蒸气量调整处理(步骤S15)。即,水导入装置5被控制装置8控制,由水导入装置5向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气的导入量被减少。由此,能容易地使重整催化剂2a的温度上升,并能可靠地防止未重整气体的产生。这样,由原燃料导入装置4向重整催化剂2a导入原燃料并由水导入装置5向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气的导入量被调整,能实现高效率的水蒸气重整反应。
执行以上的水蒸气量调整处理期间,由温度检测器7检测的燃料电池3的电池单体的温度是否为Tc1以下由控制装置8进行判断(步骤S16)。Tc1是燃料电池3不需要燃料极的作为还原气体的重整气体的温度,其温度是100℃~500℃,优选是100℃~300℃,更优选是100℃~200℃。并且,只要由温度检测器7检测出的电池单体的温度为Tc1以下,原燃料导入装置4及水导入装置5就被控制装置8控制,停止原燃料导入装置4的原燃料的导入,并且停止水导入装置5的水蒸气的导入(步骤S17)。
接着,由温度检测器7检测的燃料电池3的电池单体的温度是否为Tc2以下由控制装置8进行判断(步骤S18)。Tc2是燃料电池3不需要向阴极导入空气的温度,其温度优选是50℃~200℃,更优选是50℃~100℃。并且,只要由温度检测器7检测出的电池单体的温度为Tc2以下,由控制装置8停止系统整体的运转(步骤S19),燃料电池系统1进入冷待机。
进入热待机时
参照图3对进入热待机时的燃料电池系统1的运转方法进行说明。另外,所谓热待机是指停止燃料电池3的发电,燃料电池3的电池单体的温度处于动作温度的状态下,燃料电池系统1进行待机状态。燃料电池系统1的起动需要长时间,因此热待机用于燃料电池3的发电的停止时间比较短的情况。
如图3所示,首先,由控制装置8输出热待机命令(步骤S21),停止来自燃料电池3的电流扫描(步骤S22)。即,由控制装置8控制燃料电池3,停止在燃料电池3的发电。接着,由控制装置8控制原燃料导入装置4及水导入装置5,减少向重整催化剂2a导入的原燃料的导入量,并调整向重整催化剂2a导入的原燃料的导入量(步骤S23)。大多情况下,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而减少,但由于情况的不同,例如在水蒸气过多的状态下运转时,在步骤S23中,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而增加。另外,在本实施方式中,具有步骤S25、27,步骤S25、27用于进行相对于原燃料的导入量的水蒸气的导入量的微调整,因此在步骤S23中,水蒸气的导入量被粗调整成水蒸气过多的状态。这样一来,原燃料及水蒸气的导入量只减少(或增加)规定的量。
并且,是否满足由各温度检测器6检测的重整催化剂2a的温度为TR以下且由各温度检测器7检测的燃料电池3的电池单体的温度为Tc3以上这样的条件由控制装置8进行判断(步骤S24)。Tc3是电池单体的工作温度,例如,电解质由YSZ构成时,Tc3是YSZ传导氧化物离子的800℃~1000℃的温度。
步骤S24的判断处理的结果为满足该条件时,为了防止在重整器2中产生未重整气体,上述的水蒸气量调整处理由控制装置8执行,减少向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气的导入量(步骤S25),返回到步骤S24的判断处理。另一方面,步骤S24的判断处理的结果为不满足该条件时,由各温度检测器7检测的燃料电池3的电池单体的温度是否满足小于Tc3由控制装置8进行判断(步骤S26)。
步骤S26的判断处理的结果为燃料电池3的电池单体的温度小于Tc3的情况下,为了将电池单体的温度保持在工作温度,由控制装置8控制原燃料导入装置4及水导入装置5,增加向重整催化剂2a导入的原燃料的导入量,并调整向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气的导入量(步骤S27),返回到步骤S24的判断处理。大多情况下,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而增加,但由于情况的不同,例如在水蒸气过多的状态的情况下,在步骤S23中,水蒸气的导入量根据原燃料的导入量而减少。在此,原燃料的导入量增加了比步骤S23的处理中所减少的规定量少的规定的量。另外,水蒸气的导入量增加(或减少)了比步骤S23的处理中所调整的规定量少的规定量(或多的规定量)。另外,步骤S26的判断处理的结果是燃料电池3的电池单体的温度为Tc3以上时,返回到步骤S24的判断处理。
这样一来,从重整器2供给到燃料电池3中的重整气体在燃料电池3的燃料室中被燃烧,燃料电池系统1进入热待机状态。
如上说明那样,在重整器系统9、燃料电池系统1及其运转方法中,停止燃料电池3的发电时,能减少向重整器2的重整催化剂2a导入的原燃料的导入量,但此时,在重整催化剂2a的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,通过调整向重整催化剂2a导入的水蒸气(水)的导入量,使重整催化剂2a的温度上升。由此,在燃料电池3的发电停止时,能防止未重整气体的产生,重整气体被供给到燃料电池3中。因此,在停止燃料电池3的发电时,能以简单的构成避免对燃料电池3造成损伤。
另外,温度检测器7在原燃料的流路的中心轴线上检测重整催化剂2a的温度。由此,能准确地检测出在重整催化剂2a中主要发生重整反应的部分的温度。
本发明不限于上述实施方式。例如,燃料电池系统1在步骤S13、23中,粗调整水蒸气的导入量,使得成为水蒸气过多的状态,但也可以微调整成在水蒸气重整的条件中的相对于原燃料的导入量的最佳的水蒸气的导入量。
另外,在燃料电池系统1进入于冷待机状态时,也可以在电流扫描停止处理(步骤S12)之前使输出降至任意的部分负荷之后,执行电流扫描的停止处理(步骤S12),执行使用图2所说明的冷待机停止步骤。这种情况下,直到执行电流扫描的停止处理(步骤S12)所发电的电力例如只要蓄积于蓄电器,或被负荷器消耗即可。
另外,在燃料电池3的额定运转时,也能通过重整器2实现自热重整反应(ATR:AutoThermal Reforming)、部分氧化重整反应。在上述情况下也使向重整器2的重整催化剂2a导入的原燃料的导入量减少并且在重整催化剂2a的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,只要使重整催化剂2a的温度上升,停止燃料电池3的发电时,能以简单的构成防止未重整气体的产生,并能避免对燃料电池3造成损伤。另外,在上述情况下,作为重整催化剂2a,能使用公知的催化剂作为自热重整(AutoThermal Reforming)催化剂、部分氧化重整催化剂。即,作为自热重整催化剂的例子,能列举出如铑系催化剂,作为部分氧化重整催化剂的例子,能列举出铂系催化剂。
并且,燃料电池系统1能根据需要而适当设计间接内部型SOFC的公知构成元件。举个具体例子,使液体气化的气化器、用于加压各种流体的泵、压缩机、鼓风机等升压部件、用于调节流体的流量、或用于切断/切换流体的流动的阀门等流量调节部件或流路切断/切换部件、用于进行热交换、热回收的换热器、凝缩气体的冷凝器、利用蒸气等进行外加热各种机器的加热/保温部件、烃系燃料、可燃物的贮存部件,计量用的空气或电气系统、控制用的信号系统、控制装置、输出用或动力用的电气系统等。
工业可利用性
可适用于在停止固体氧化物型燃料电池的发电时、能以简单的结构避免对燃料电池造成损伤的用途。

Claims (4)

1.一种重整器系统,其具有重整器,该重整器通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整,产生能用作固体氧化物型燃料电池的燃料的重整气体,其特征在于,
该重整器系统包括:
将上述原燃料导入到上述重整催化剂中的原燃料导入部件;
将水导入到上述重整催化剂中的水导入部件;
检测上述重整催化剂的温度的温度检测部件;
以及控制部件,其在停止上述燃料电池的发电时,使上述原燃料导入部件减少原燃料的导入量,在由上述温度检测部件检测出的温度降低到未重整气体产生温度之前,控制上述水导入部件向上述重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使上述重整催化剂的温度上升。
2.根据权利要求1所述的重整器系统,其特征在于,
上述控制部件根据由上述原燃料导入部件导入的上述原燃料导入量的减少,使上述水导入部件向上述重整催化剂输送的送水量改变。
3.一种燃料电池系统,其包括:重整器,其通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整而产生重整气体;以及固体氧化物型燃料电池,其将上述重整气体用作燃料,其特征在于,
该燃料电池系统包括:
将上述原燃料导入到上述重整催化剂中的原燃料导入部件;
将水导入到上述重整催化剂中的水导入部件;
检测上述重整催化剂的温度的温度检测部件;
以及控制部件,其在停止上述燃料电池的发电时,使上述原燃料导入部件减少上述原燃料的导入量,在由上述温度检测部件检测出的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,控制上述水导入部件向上述重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使上述重整催化剂的温度上升。
4.一种燃料电池系统的运转方法,该燃料电池系统包括:重整器,其通过以重整催化剂对原燃料进行重整而产生重整气体;以及固体氧化物型燃料电池,其将上述重整气体用作燃料,其特征在于:
该运转方法包括:
控制部件,其在停止上述燃料电池的发电时,减少向上述重整催化剂导入的上述原燃料的导入量,在上述重整催化剂的温度降低至未重整气体产生温度之前,控制上述水导入部件向上述重整催化剂输送的送水量,由此使上述重整催化剂的温度上升。
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