TW201546442A - 影像感測器、檢測系統及檢測物件之方法 - Google Patents

影像感測器、檢測系統及檢測物件之方法 Download PDF

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TW201546442A
TW201546442A TW104108519A TW104108519A TW201546442A TW 201546442 A TW201546442 A TW 201546442A TW 104108519 A TW104108519 A TW 104108519A TW 104108519 A TW104108519 A TW 104108519A TW 201546442 A TW201546442 A TW 201546442A
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sensor
epitaxial layer
boron
dopant
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Yung-Ho Alex Chuang
jing-jing Zhang
John Fielden
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Kla Tencor Corp
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Abstract

本發明揭示一種高靈敏度影像感測器,其包括一本徵或輕p摻雜(諸如小於約1013cm-3之一摻雜位準)磊晶矽層。在該磊晶層之正面上製造CMOS或CCD電路。在該磊晶層之背面上生長p及n型磊晶層。在該n型磊晶層上沈積一純硼層。在該硼沈積製程期間,一些硼從該背面被驅動至該n型磊晶層中達數奈米。一抗反射塗層可被塗覆至該純硼層。在該感測器之操作期間,一數十至數百伏特之負偏壓電壓經施加至該硼層,以使光子-電子遠離背面表面加速且因一雪崩效應而產生額外電子。接地p井在需要時保護主動電路使其免受該經反向加偏壓磊晶層之害。

Description

影像感測器、檢測系統及檢測物件之方法 相關申請案
本申請案主張2014年3月17日申請、標題為「AN IMAGE SENSOR,AN INSPECTION SYSTEM AND A METHOD OF INSPECTING AN ARTICLE」且以引用的方式併入本文中之美國臨時專利申請案第61/954,328號之優先權。
本申請案係關於以下專利申請案:標題為「Low-Noise Sensor And An Inspection System Using A Low-Noise Sensor」且由Brown等人在2014年5月8日申請之美國專利申請案第14/273,424號;標題為「Inspection System Using Back Side Illuminated Linear Sensor」且由Armstrong等人在2007年5月25日申請之美國專利申請案第11/805,907號;標題為「High-density digitizer」且由Brown等人在2012年2月1日申請之美國專利申請案第13/364,308號;標題為「Method and apparatus for high-speed acquisition of moving images using pulsed illumination」且由Brown等人在2013年12月4日申請之美國專利申請案第14/096,911號;標題為「Interposer Based Imaging Sensor for High-Speed Image Acquisition and Inspection Systems」且由Brown等人在2012年9月18日申請之美國專利申請案第13/622,155號;及標題為「Back-Illuminated Sensor With Boron Layer」且由Chern等人在2013年3月10日申請之美國專利申請案第13/792,166號。其亦係關於以下專 利:Brown等人之標題為「Continuous Clocking of TDI Sensors」之美國專利第7,609,309號;Brown等人之標題為「Apparatus for Continuous Clocking of TDI Sensors」之美國專利第7,952,633號;及Brown等人之標題為「TDI Sensor Modules with Localized Driving and Signal Processing Circuitry for High Speed Inspection」之美國專利第8,624,971號。所有此等專利及申請案以引用的方式併入本文中。
本申請案係關於適於在真空UV(VUV)、深UV(DUV)、可見近紅外(NIR)波長下偵測影像之影像感測器,且係關於合併此等感測器之檢測系統。特定言之,其係關於感測器及用於製造具有低雜訊及高靈敏度之感測器的方法。該等感測器特別適用於檢測系統,包含用於檢測光罩、主光罩及半導體晶圓之檢測系統。
積體電路產業要求具有越來越高靈敏度之檢測工具來偵測更小缺陷及微粒,包含具有接近10nm或更小之尺寸之缺陷及微粒。此外,此等檢測工具必須高速操作以便通常在一小時以內檢測一光罩、主光罩或晶圓之100%或大部分面積。一些應用要求在一小時內檢測諸多(諸如約50或100個)晶圓。通常,短波長(諸如UV、深UV(DUV)及真空UV(VUV)波長)對於偵測小缺陷及微粒比較長波長具有更高靈敏度。光罩或主光罩之檢測最佳使用相同於用於微影術之波長來完成,對於多數關鍵微影術步驟該波長一般為一實質上193.4nm波長且對於少數關鍵步驟為一實質上248nm波長。高速檢測要求具有高靈敏度及低雜訊之感測器以便偵測從小微粒或缺陷散射之少量光或允許偵測歸因於圖案缺陷所致之小反射率變更。非常期望一種可偵測一個或一些光子之光度之一變更之影像感測器。
此項技術中已知矽CMOS及CCD影像感測器。CCD影像感測器特 別適合用於半導體晶圓、光罩及主光罩之高速檢測系統,此係因為此等感測器之電子雜訊相當低且嚴格遵循一泊松(Poisson)統計分佈(除因從宇宙線吸收帶電微粒或放射性衰變所致之非常罕見事件外,其等係稀有的且通常可藉由影像處理軟體濾除)。若矽CCD影像感測器冷卻至約100°K且以一相對較低速度(諸如每秒成千上萬個像素之一速率或更小)讀出且使用適當驅動及讀取電子裝置,則該感測器可具有等效於約2電子RMS之雜訊位準。此等感測器在以類似速度但在更接近室溫之一溫度(諸如約-10℃)下操作時可具有等效於約5至10電子RMS之雜訊位準。然而,高速檢測系統要求每秒數十億像素之資料速率,其等通常藉由以每秒數百萬至數千萬像素之速率同時讀取數十或數百個像素(子取樣)來實現。此等高資料速率及在相同時間操作之諸多輸出通道產生數瓦熱,冷卻至室溫以下係不切實際的。高速操作自身亦產生較多電雜訊,且在與高操作溫度結合時,可導致等效於約20至40電子RMS之雜訊位準。
CMOS感測器通常比CCD感測器具有更高雜訊位準,此係因為CMOS電晶體在矽表面上具有通道,從而導致從矽至二氧化矽介面之雜訊(此歸因於該介面處之缺陷及陷阱(trap))。此外,此來自表面缺陷及陷阱之雜訊不嚴格遵循泊松統計。即使RMS雜訊為低雜訊,但高雜訊尖波仍遠頻繁於泊松統計所預期。對於檢測系統而言,此為一嚴重問題,因為此等高雜訊尖波可導致一缺陷之一錯誤偵測。具有一CMOS偵測器之系統在其最高靈敏度模式中操作時可具有報告偽缺陷率之最高速率。將需要重新檢測以分開偽缺陷與真缺陷,從而使該檢測減慢。
對於UV波長,當在矽中吸收一光子時,通常產生僅一單一電子電洞對,但偶爾可產生兩對,從而導致每一經吸收光子之平均產量稍大於1。在DUV及VUV波長下,產生一第二電子電洞對之概率增大使 得平均電子產量增大。例如,當在矽中吸收一193nm真空波長之光子時,平均產量為每一經吸收電子約1.7電子電洞對。對於當前用於半導體檢測系統中之波長及可能在今後數年內使用之波長,電子電洞對產量將不超過2。因此,矽CCD及CMOS感測器無法在感測可見、UV、DUV或VUV波長時可靠地偵測一個或一些光子。
此項技術中已知雪崩光二極體。一雪崩光二極體在與矽相隔一約一百至數百微米距離內使用一相對較大反向偏壓電壓(數十至數百伏特)以便從藉由光子吸收產生之一單一載子產生多個載子(電子或電洞)。當一光子被吸收時,在感測UV輻射時通常接近該表面產生一電子電洞對,此係因為在UV波長下具有強矽吸收。該偏壓電壓使載子加速。當一載子已加速至一足夠高速度而具有約3.7eV能量時,其可藉由碰撞產生一額外電子電洞對。此製程可重複數次,從而產生更多載子,且因此產生一大信號。
最常見之雪崩二極體在n型矽中吸收入射光且施加一偏壓電壓以使電洞遠離該表面加速。此係因為矽上之表面缺陷趨向於具有正電荷且吸引電子。此外,為製作使用電子而非電洞之一雪崩偵測器,要求將光吸收矽摻雜至p型矽。硼為實際上可用於矽之唯一p型摻雜劑。硼容易擴散至二氧化矽中,從而在該氧化物中產生正電荷。此進一步增大表面處之電子重組速率且使習知基於電子之雪崩光二極體針對UV、DUV及VUV波長相對低效。在矽中,電洞之雪崩增益及遷移率皆低於電子。因此,使用電洞之雪崩二極體需要在矽中具有一更長長度及/或一更高操作電壓以便實現一給定增益因子。
因此,需要一種克服上述一些或所有缺點之感測器。特定言之,需要一種可在以極高資料速率(諸如每秒十億像素)操作時偵測極低位準之UV、DUV及/或VUV光之影像感測器。
本發明描述一種例示性檢測系統。此檢測系統包含一照明源、光學裝置及一偵測器。該照明源包含在一個或一些離散波長下產生光之一UV、DVU或VUV雷射,或該照明源包含發射寬頻光(包含在UV、DVU及/或VUV波長下之光)之雷射保持電漿光源。該等光學裝置經組態以引導並聚焦來自該照明源之輻射至一樣本上。該樣本由一置物台支撐,在檢測期間該置物台相對於光學裝置移動。該偵測器經組態以接收從該樣本反射或散射之光,其中光學裝置進一步經組態以收集、引導並聚焦該經發射或散射光至該偵測器上。該偵測器包含如下文所描述之一或多個背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器。在一項實施例中,至少一影像感測器為一背面照明雪崩時間延遲積分(TDI)感測器。
該例示性檢測系統可包含從不同入射角及/或不同方位角及/或在不同波長及/或偏振狀態下照明該樣本之一或多個照明路徑。該例示性檢測系統可包含收集由該樣本以不同方向反射或散射及/或對不同波長及/或不同偏振狀態靈敏之光之一或多個收集路徑。該例示性檢測系統可包含在兩側上具有用於同時讀出兩個不同信號之讀出電路之一背面照明雪崩TDI感測器。
本發明描述一種檢測一樣本之例示性方法。該例示性方法包含引導並聚焦來自一照明源之輻射至該樣本上。該樣本由一置物台支撐,在檢測期間該置物台相對於光學裝置移動。該方法進一步包含使用光學裝置來收集、引導並聚焦由該樣本反射或散射之光至一偵測器上。該偵測器包含一或多個背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器。至少一影像感測器可為一背面照明雪崩TDI感測器。
本發明描述例示性背面照明雪崩影像及線感測器。該等例示性影像及線感測器可運用CMOS或CCD技術來製造。該等例示性影像及線感測器使用電子以依高量子效率偵測近IR、可見、UV、DUV及/或 VUV光。該等例示性影像及線感測器將一純硼層合併於其背面(照明)表面上。該純硼層防止在該表面上生長一原生氧化物。此外,該硼之一些擴散至該矽中達一短距離以恰在該表面下方產生一高度摻雜p型半導體層。此p型層結合經施加背面負偏壓電壓驅動電子使其遠離該表面且最小化該表面處或附近之光子-電子重組。
本發明描述一種用於製造背面照明雪崩影像及線感測器之例示性方法。此方法包含在一矽晶圓上之一本徵或輕p型摻雜(諸如約1011至2x1013摻雜劑原子每立方釐米(cm-3))磊晶矽層中製造正面CMOS或CCD電路及像素。在至少部分製造該等正面電路之後,該晶圓經拋光或蝕刻以至少曝光光敏(背面)區。此方法進一步包含在該磊晶矽層之背面表面上沈積一薄型(諸如2nm至6nm厚)純硼層。在一些實施例中,在硼沈積期間,使該晶圓保持處於一高溫(諸如700℃至950℃)達數分鐘或數十分鐘,以驅入該硼之一些作為該矽之一摻雜劑。
100‧‧‧檢測系統
102‧‧‧照明源
103‧‧‧光學裝置
104‧‧‧偵測器總成
105‧‧‧物鏡
106‧‧‧偵測器
108‧‧‧樣本
112‧‧‧置物台
114‧‧‧計算系統
116‧‧‧載體媒體
118‧‧‧程式指令
201‧‧‧照明光學裝置
202‧‧‧光
203‧‧‧反射鏡/透鏡
205‧‧‧線
210‧‧‧收集光學裝置
211‧‧‧樣本
212‧‧‧透鏡/反射鏡
213‧‧‧透鏡/反射鏡
214‧‧‧光學軸
215‧‧‧感測器
220‧‧‧DUV/VUV雷射系統
221‧‧‧置物台
231‧‧‧暗場收集系統
232‧‧‧暗場收集系統
233‧‧‧暗場收集系統
300‧‧‧檢測系統
301‧‧‧雷射光束
302‧‧‧透鏡
303‧‧‧空間濾光器
304‧‧‧透鏡
305‧‧‧光束分裂器
306‧‧‧法向照明通道
307‧‧‧光學裝置
308‧‧‧反射鏡
309‧‧‧樣本/表面
310‧‧‧拋物面反射鏡
311‧‧‧背面照明雪崩感測器
312‧‧‧斜照明通道
313‧‧‧反射鏡
314‧‧‧半波片
315‧‧‧光學裝置
316‧‧‧經準直光束
317‧‧‧物鏡
318‧‧‧檢偏器
330‧‧‧DUV/VUV雷射系統
400‧‧‧折反射成像系統
401‧‧‧雷射
402‧‧‧調適光學裝置
403‧‧‧孔徑/窗口
404‧‧‧機械外殼
405‧‧‧稜鏡
406‧‧‧物鏡
408‧‧‧樣本
409‧‧‧感測器
410‧‧‧光束分裂器
412‧‧‧折反射物鏡
413‧‧‧聚焦透鏡群組
414‧‧‧鏡筒透鏡區段
420‧‧‧寬頻照明模組
500‧‧‧主光罩/光罩/晶圓檢測系統
509‧‧‧照明源
515‧‧‧通道1照明中繼器
520‧‧‧通道2照明中繼器
530‧‧‧受檢測物件
540‧‧‧影像中繼光學裝置
555‧‧‧通道1影像模式中繼器
560‧‧‧通道2影像模式中繼器
570‧‧‧背面照明雪崩影像感測器
580‧‧‧資料
600‧‧‧2D背面照明雪崩影像感測器
601‧‧‧光信號收集區
602‧‧‧像素電路
604‧‧‧像素行
605‧‧‧像素列
606‧‧‧行選擇器
607‧‧‧緩衝器/放大器/類比轉數位轉換器
608‧‧‧輸出端
700‧‧‧背面照明雪崩線感測器
701‧‧‧像素
702‧‧‧控制電壓
703‧‧‧控制電壓
704‧‧‧讀出暫存器
705‧‧‧水平時脈
706‧‧‧水平時脈
707‧‧‧電荷轉電壓轉換器/緩衝器/放大器
708‧‧‧輸出端
800‧‧‧2D背面照明雪崩影像感測器
801‧‧‧像素
802A‧‧‧垂直時脈
802B‧‧‧垂直時脈
803A‧‧‧垂直時脈
803B‧‧‧垂直時脈
804A‧‧‧水平暫存器
804B‧‧‧水平暫存器
805A‧‧‧水平時脈
805B‧‧‧水平時脈
805C‧‧‧水平時脈
805D‧‧‧水平時脈
806A‧‧‧水平時脈
806B‧‧‧水平時脈
806C‧‧‧水平時脈
806D‧‧‧水平時脈
807A‧‧‧電荷轉電壓轉換器/緩衝器/放大器
807B‧‧‧電荷轉電壓轉換器/緩衝器/放大器
807C‧‧‧電荷轉電壓轉換器/緩衝器/放大器
807D‧‧‧電荷轉電壓轉換器/緩衝器/放大器
808A‧‧‧輸出端
808B‧‧‧輸出端
808C‧‧‧輸出端
808D‧‧‧輸出端
900‧‧‧背面照明雪崩感測器
901‧‧‧本徵/輕p型摻雜磊晶層
902‧‧‧純硼層
903‧‧‧非常高度摻雜p+層
904‧‧‧n型層/n+摻雜層/正面摻雜區域
905‧‧‧p+型層/p+摻雜井/植入層/p+摻雜區域/正面摻雜區域
906‧‧‧源極/汲極植入物/通道植入物/正面摻雜區域
907‧‧‧正面摻雜區域
908‧‧‧介電質層
909‧‧‧閘極電極介電質/介電質層
910‧‧‧閘極電極
911‧‧‧背面電壓/電連接/接觸
912‧‧‧電接觸
915‧‧‧電晶體
916‧‧‧電晶體
917‧‧‧電晶體
920‧‧‧閘極電極/閘極/電極
921‧‧‧電連接/接觸
922‧‧‧電連接/接觸/電極
930‧‧‧閘極電極/閘極
931‧‧‧電連接/接觸
935‧‧‧閘極電極/閘極
936‧‧‧電連接/接觸/閘極
940‧‧‧閘極電極/閘極
941‧‧‧電連接
945‧‧‧閘極電極
946‧‧‧電連接
948‧‧‧接觸
949‧‧‧重設電壓
950‧‧‧重設電晶體及浮動擴散區
970‧‧‧n型摻雜層
971‧‧‧薄型高度摻雜p型層
980‧‧‧抗反射層
999‧‧‧光
1000‧‧‧背面照明雪崩影像感測器
1020‧‧‧閘極
1021‧‧‧電連接
1022‧‧‧閘極
1023‧‧‧電連接
1024‧‧‧閘極
1025‧‧‧電連接
1026‧‧‧閘極
1027‧‧‧電連接
圖1繪示合併包括一背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器之一偵測器之一例示性檢測系統。
圖2A及圖2B繪示結合一或多個收集通道及一或多個背面照明雪崩線感測器使用線照明之一例示性檢測系統。
圖3繪示具有法向照明及斜照明以及一背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器之一例示性檢測系統。
圖4繪示具有明場照明通道及暗場照明通道以及一背面照明雪崩影像感測器之一例示性檢測系統。
圖5繪示合併一分裂讀出背面照明雪崩影像感測器之一例示性檢測系統。
圖6繪示合併背面照明雪崩感測之二維(2D)CMOS影像感測器之一例示性佈局。
圖7繪示合併背面照明雪崩感測之一線感測器之一例示性佈局。
圖8繪示合併背面照明雪崩感測之2D CCD影像感測器之一例示性佈局。
圖9繪示背面照明雪崩影像及線感測器之設計及製造之關鍵態樣。
圖10繪示使用CCD技術之一背面照明雪崩影像感測器之設計及製造之關鍵態樣。
本發明係關於改良用於半導體檢測系統之感測器。提出下列描述以使一般技術者能夠製作並使用如就一特定應用與其需求而提供之本發明。如本文所使用,出於描述目的,方向術語(諸如「頂部」、「底部」、「上方」、「下方」、「上」、「向上」、「下」、「往下」、「向下」、「正面」及「背面」)意欲於提供相對位置,且並非意欲於指定一絕對參考系。如本文所使用,術語影像感測器及線感測器可互換,惟描述係關於明確包括2D像素陣列之一感測器(一般稱為影像感測器)或描述係關於明確由1D像素線組成之一感測器(一般稱為線感測器)除外。熟習此項技術者將明白對較佳實施例之各種修改,且本文所定義之一般原理可應用於其他實施例。因此,本發明並非意欲受限於所展示及所描述之特定實施例,而是被賦予與本文所揭示之原理及新穎特徵一致之最廣範疇。
圖1繪示經組態以量測一樣本108(諸如一晶圓、主光罩或光罩)之一例示性檢測系統100。樣本108係放置於一置物台112上以便促進樣本108移動至光學裝置下方之不同區域。置物台112可包括一X-Y置物台或一R-θ置物台。在一些實施例中,置物台112可在檢測期間調整樣本108之高度以維持焦點。在其他實施例中,一物鏡105可經調整以維持焦點。
一照明源102可包括一或多個雷射及/或一寬頻光源。照明源102可發射DUV及/或VUV輻射。包含一物鏡105之光學裝置103朝向樣本108引導該輻射並使該輻射聚焦於樣本108上。光學裝置103亦可包括反射鏡、透鏡及/或光束分裂器。從樣本108反射或散射之光被光學裝置103收集、引導並聚焦至在一偵測器總成104內之一偵測器106上。
偵測器總成104包含一偵測器106。偵測器106包括如本文所描述之一背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器。偵測器106可包含二維影像感測器或一維線感測器。在一項實施例中,偵測器106之輸出被提供至一計算系統114,計算系統114分析該輸出。計算系統114係由可儲存於一載體媒體116上之程式指令118組態。
檢測系統100之一項實施例照明樣本108上之一線,並將經散射及/或經反射光收集於一或多個暗場及/或明場收集通道中。在此實施例中,偵測器106可包含一背面照明雪崩線感測器。
檢測系統100之另一實施照明樣本108上之多個光點,並將經散射及/或經反射光收集於一或多個暗場及/或明場收集通道中。在此實施例中,偵測器106可包含二維背面照明雪崩影像感測器,或其可包括多個離散背面照明雪崩感測器。
檢測系統100之各項實施例之額外細節可見於以下專利及專利申請案:由Romanovsky等人在2012年7月9日申請、標題為「WAFER INSPECTION SYSTEM」之美國專利申請案第13/554,954號;由Armstrong等人在2009年7月16日公開之美國公開專利申請案第2009/0180176號;由Chuang等人在2007年1月4日公開之美國公開專利申請案第2007/0002465號;由Shafer等人在1999年12月7日發佈之美國專利第5,999,310號;及由Leong等人在2009年4月28日發佈之美國專利第7,525,649號。所有此等專利及專利申請案以引用的方式併入本文中。
圖2(A)及圖2(B)繪示根據本發明之其他例示性實施例之合併本文所描述之感測器及/或方法之暗場檢測系統之態樣。在圖2(A)中,照明光學裝置201包括產生光202之一DUV或VUV雷射系統220,該光202在受檢測晶圓或光罩(樣本)211之表面上被反射鏡或透鏡203聚焦成一線205。收集光學裝置210使用透鏡及/或反射鏡(諸如212及213)將從線205散射之光引導至感測器215。該收集光學裝置之光學軸214不在線205之照明平面中。在一些實施例中,軸214近似垂直於線205。感測器215包括一背面照明雪崩陣列感測器,諸如如本文所描述之一背面照明雪崩線感測器。
圖2(B)繪示各實質上類似於圖2(A)之收集光學裝置210之多個暗場收集系統(分別為231、232及233)之一項實施例。收集系統231、232及233可結合實質上類似於圖2(A)中之照明光學裝置201之照明光學裝置來使用。該等暗場收集系統之一或多者包含一背面照明雪崩影像或線感測器。樣本211支撐於置物台221上,該置物台221移動待於該光學裝置下方檢測之區。置物台221可包括一X-Y置物台或一R-θ置物台,其較佳在檢測期間實質上連續地移動以便在最小停滯時間內檢測該樣本之大部分面積。
根據圖2(A)及圖2(B)中所繪示之實施例之檢測系統之更多細節可見於美國專利第7,525,649號。以引用的方式併入本文中之美國專利第6,608,676號亦描述適於檢測未經圖案化或經圖案化晶圓之線照明系統。
圖3繪示經組態以使用法向照明光束及斜照明光束兩者來偵測一樣本上之微粒或缺陷之一檢測系統300。在此組態中,一DUV或VUV雷射系統330提供一雷射光束301。一透鏡302使光束301聚焦穿過一空間濾光器303。透鏡304準直該光束並將該光束傳送至一偏振光束分裂器305。光束分裂器305將一第一偏振分量傳遞至法向照明通道且將一 第二偏振分量傳遞至斜照明通道,其中該第一分量及該第二分量係正交的。在法向照明通道306中,第一偏振分量被光學裝置307聚焦且被反射鏡308反射並朝向一樣本309之一表面。由樣本309(諸如一晶圓或光罩)散射之輻射被一拋物面反射鏡310收集並聚焦至背面照明雪崩感測器311。
在斜照明通道312中,第二偏振分量被光束分裂器305反射至一反射鏡313,反射鏡313反射此光束使其穿過一半波片314並被光學裝置315聚焦至樣本309。源自斜通道312中之斜照明光束且由樣本309散射之輻射被拋物面反射鏡310收集並聚焦至背面照明雪崩感測器311。該感測器及該照明區(來自表面309上之法向照明通道及斜照明通道)較佳在拋物面反射鏡310之焦點處。
拋物面反射鏡310將從樣本309散射之輻射準直成一經準直光束316。經準直光束316接著被一物鏡317聚焦且穿過一檢偏器318至感測器311。應注意,亦可使用具有除拋物面形狀外之形狀之彎曲鏡像表面。一儀器320可提供光束與樣本309之間的相對運動使得光點跨樣本309之表面進行掃描。在2001年3月13日發佈且以引用的方式併入本文中之美國專利第6,201,601號更詳細地描述檢測系統300。
圖4繪示組態為具有明場檢測模式及暗場檢測模式之一檢測系統之一例示性折反射成像系統400。系統400可合併兩個照明源:一雷射401、及一寬頻光照明模組420。
在一暗場模式中,調適光學裝置402控制受檢測表面上之雷射照明光束大小及輪廓。機械外殼404包含一孔徑及窗403、及一稜鏡405以沿光學軸重新引導雷射使其法向入射至一樣本408之表面。稜鏡405亦將來自樣本408之表面特徵之鏡面反射引導至物鏡406外。物鏡406收集由樣本408散射之光並使該光聚焦至感測器409上。用於物鏡406之透鏡可依以下裝置之一般形式提供:一折反射物鏡412;一聚焦透 鏡群組413;及一鏡筒透鏡區段414,其可視需要包含一縮放能力。
在一明場模式下,寬頻照明模組420將寬頻光引導至光束分裂器410,該光束分裂器410朝向聚焦透鏡群組413及折反射物鏡412反射該光。折反射物鏡412運用該寬頻光照明樣本408。從該樣本反射或散射之光被物鏡406收集並聚焦於感測器409上。寬頻照明模組420包括例如一雷射保持電漿光源或一弧燈。寬頻照明模組420亦可包含一自動聚焦系統以提供一信號以控制樣本408相對於折反射物鏡412之高度。
感測器409包含如本文所描述之一背面照明雪崩影像感測器。在一項實施例中,感測器409包括用於暗場成像之一背面照明雪崩影像感測器及用於明場成像之一背面照明影像感測器。兩個影像感測器可在一TDI模式中操作。
在2007年1月4日公開且以引用的方式併入本文中之公開專利申請案第2007/0002465號更詳細地描述系統400。
圖5展示同時偵測一背面照明雪崩影像感測器570上之兩個影像或信號通道之一主光罩、光罩或晶圓檢測系統500。背面照明雪崩影像感測器570包括一分裂讀出影像感測器。照明源509合併一DUV雷射。該DUV雷射之操作波長可短於約200nm,諸如一近似193nm波長。當一受檢測對象530係透明(例如,一主光罩或光罩)時,該兩個通道可包括經反射及經透射強度,或可包括兩種不同照明模式,諸如入射角、偏振狀態、波長範圍或其之一些組合。該光係使用通道1照明中繼器515及通道2照明中繼器520引導至受檢測對象530。
受檢測對象530可為待檢測之一主光罩、一光罩、一半導體晶圓或其他物件。影像中繼光學裝置540可將由受檢測對象530反射及/或透射之光引導至一通道1影像模式中繼器555及一通道2影像模式中繼器560。通道1影像模式中繼器555經調整以偵測對應於通道1照明中繼器515之反射或透射,而通道2影像模式中繼器560經調諧以偵測對應 於通道2照明中繼器520之反射或透射。通道1影像模式中繼器555及通道2影像模式中繼器560轉而將其輸出引導至背面照明雪崩感測器570。對應於該兩個通道之經偵測信號或影像之資料被展示為資料580且傳輸至一電腦(未展示)以進行處理。
可經組態以量測從一主光罩或光罩透射及反射之光之主光罩及光罩檢測系統及方法之其他細節在Kvamme等人於2008年4月1日發佈之美國專利第7,352,457號及Emery等人於1996年10月8日發佈之美國專利第5,563,702號中予以描述,該兩個專利以引用的方式併入本文中。
關於影像感測器570之例示性實施例之額外細節在以下專利及專利申請案中予以提供:由Brown等人在2013年12月4日申請、標題為「METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH-SPEED ACQUISITION OF MOVING IMAGES USING PULSED ILLUMINATION」之美國專利申請案第14/096,911號;及由Brown等人在2009年5月5日發佈、標題為「METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SIMULTANEOUS HIGH-SPEED ACQUISITION OF MULTIPLE IMAGES」之美國專利第7,528,943號。此等專利及專利申請案以引用的方式併入本文中。
圖6展示基於CMOS成像技術之2D背面照明雪崩影像感測器600之一例示性佈局。該影像感測器包括2D像素P陣列,像素P繼而包括一光信號收集區601及相關聯像素電路602。該等像素排列成行(諸如604)及列(諸如605)。圖9中繪示一像素之關鍵特徵,其在下文予以描述。一列選擇信號(未展示)引導一列之所有像素輸出其信號。行選擇器606可選擇一行並經由一緩衝器、放大器或類比轉數位轉換器607將其信號引導至一輸出端(諸如608)。影像感測器600可依類比或數位格式輸出其信號。通常,影像感測器600具有多個輸出端以便能夠以每秒十億像素之一總資料速率輸出影像資料。
圖7展示一背面照明雪崩線感測器700之一例示性佈局。多個像素(諸如701)排列成一線。兩個或更多個控制電壓702及703連接至像素以控制將電子累積於像素內之何處,如下文在圖9之描述中所說明。在一項實施例中,各像素連接至一讀出暫存器704。讀出暫存器配置成一線。水平時脈705及706控制從一水平暫存器至下一水平暫存器之電子傳送以便允許信號發送至707(其包括一電荷轉電壓轉換器、一緩衝器、及視需要一放大器)以驅動輸出端708。在較佳實施例(未展示)中,讀出暫存器分成多個片段使得使用多個輸出端,其中介於約4個與約128個之間的像素連接至一輸出端。在另一實施例中,每兩個像素存在一輸出端且無需讀出暫存器傳送。在另一實施例中,電荷轉電壓轉換、緩衝、及視需要放大在各像素處完成且輸出暫存器被一系列開關取代以允許各像素依次連接至該輸出端。在此一實施例中,較佳的是多個輸出端之每個輸出端具有的像素介於2個與128個之間。
圖8展示基於CCD成像技術之2D背面照明雪崩影像感測器800之一例示性佈局。多個像素(諸如801)排列成行及列。垂直時脈(諸如802A、803A、802B及803B)致使累積於影像中之電子在相同行中從一像素傳送至下一像素且最終傳送至水平暫存器804A或水平暫存器804B。水平時脈805A、806A、805B、806B、805C、806C、805D及806D控制水平暫存器內之電子經由807A、807B、807C及807D(各包括一電荷轉電壓轉換器、一緩衝器、及視需要一放大器)至輸出端808A、808B、808C及808D之傳送。儘管水平時脈及垂直時脈被展示為二相時脈,但此僅用於闡釋目的且不限制可如何使用本發明。二相、三相或四相時脈可用於水平時脈及垂直時脈。水平時脈及垂直時脈無需具有相同數目之相。在一些實施例中,水平暫存器僅在像素陣列之一側(諸如水平暫存器804A)上。儘管各水平暫存器被展示為分成 兩部分,其中各半部分以相反方向傳送,但水平暫存器可為一單一暫存器,或在較佳實施例中可分成多個片段,該等片段可皆以相同於彼此之方向傳送。因此,輸出端數目可大於或小於所展示之四個。在一項實施例中,每兩行可存在一輸出端。
下文在圖10中進一步繪示且在圖9及圖10之描述中描述一行感測器800之部分之佈局及此感測器之其他態樣。
圖9繪示一背面照明雪崩感測器900之設計、製造及操作之態樣。此一感測器可運用CMOS或CCD技術或其組合來製造。雙極電晶體(未展示)可結合MOS電晶體用於一些電路中。
該感測器製造在具有介於約20μm與約200μm之間的一厚度之一本徵或輕p型摻雜(摻雜濃度小於或約2x1013cm-3)磊晶層901(取決於所要雪崩增益以及其他考量因素,諸如在使該感測器變薄之後薄膜之機械強度)。一n型層904(具有例如一約1016cm-3摻雜濃度)恰形成於該磊晶層之頂部(正面)表面下方。在對該感測器適當加偏壓時,層904形成用於收集並傳送電子之一埋設通道。摻雜濃度為n型層904的2倍或更高之一p+型層905在該n型層之任一端處。p+型層905藉由電接觸(諸如912)接地。層905可在多個位置中接地。
一介電質層908在該磊晶層之前表面上生長。介電質層可包括一單一介電質材料(諸如二氧化矽),或其可包括多層介電質材料(諸如氮化矽層在二氧化矽層頂部上)、或三層堆疊(諸如二氧化矽在氮化矽上,氮化矽在另一二氧化矽上)。通常,介電質層厚度在約50nm至約200nm之範圍中。介電質層908視情況而定具有蝕刻至其中之開口以在需要時允許電接觸至底層矽。
多個閘極電極(諸如920、930、935、940及945)經沈積與圖案化於介電質層908頂部上。該等閘極電極通常係由多晶矽或鋁製成,但可使用其他導電材料,包含其他金屬及半金屬化合物(諸如TiN)。可 對該等閘極電極做電連接(諸如921、922、931、936、941及946)。
在較佳實施例中,閘極電極彼此重疊(如所展示),例如在932處以便最小化及控制該等電極邊沿附近之邊緣電場。該等閘極電極係由一介電質材料(未展示)分開。
可在光敏區內或鄰近於光敏區製造用於放大或處理信號及控制感測器之電路。此一電路係藉由MOSFET電晶體繪示說明,該MOSFET電晶體係由源極/汲極植入物906(源極及汲極被展示為具有相同植入物,但在一些實施方案中,源極及汲極可經不同地植入)、通道植入物906、閘極介電質909及閘極電極910形成。可對此電晶體做電連接,諸如如916、917及915所展示。通常,此等電路包括諸多電晶體。在圖9中展示一電晶體以繪示本發明感測器之關鍵態樣而未使該圖過於複雜。本文所描述之影像感測器之一重要態樣為在一p+摻雜井905中製造具有一n型通道之MOSFET電晶體,以便使其等與磊晶材料901中之暗電流及光電流隔離,並且使該電晶體免遭背面電壓911(其在下文予以描述)之害。應注意,必要時,閘極介電質909可實質上類似於介電質層908且可在相同時間形成,或介電質層909必要時可以不同於介電質層908之材料及/或厚度形成,以獲得所期望電晶體特性。儘管在圖9中繪示一單一MOSFET電晶體,但可視情況使用NMOS、PMOS及雙極電晶體且必要時可藉由適當植入層(諸如905)予以電隔離。
磊晶層901之背面(光敏)表面為光999之入射處。一層純硼902沈積於磊晶層901之背面上。在較佳實施例中,硼層902係介於約3nm與6nm厚之間。遠薄於約3nm之硼層可具有針孔(pinhole),以允許下方矽氧化。在曝光於DUV或VUV光之時間延長下,電荷及陷阱累積於二氧化矽中。此等電荷及陷阱降低感測器效能。厚於約6nm之硼層通常不是較佳的,此係因為硼吸收UV、DUV及VUV光,使得感測器靈 敏度將因一厚硼層而減小。在矽上沈積一純硼層之方法係描述於上文引用之美國專利申請案‘166中及專利申請案‘166所引用之參考文獻中。
在純硼層902之沈積期間,一非常高度摻雜p+層903藉由硼之偶然或故意驅入而形成於磊晶層之背面表面處。在一些實施例中,在磊晶層901之背面上沈積硼902之後,保持晶圓處於一高溫(諸如介於約800℃與約950℃之間)達約1分鐘與5分鐘之間,以便驅入一些硼。控制溫度及時間允許調節硼分佈。
一n型摻雜層970鄰近於磊晶層之背面表面附近之層903。在一較佳實施例中,n型摻雜層970之厚度係約2μm(諸如介於約1μm與5μm之間的一厚度)且該n型摻雜劑之濃度係約2x1016cm-3(諸如介於約5x1015cm-3與約1017cm-3之間的一摻雜劑濃度)。一薄型高度摻雜p型層971鄰近於n型摻雜層970。在一較佳實施例中,薄型高度摻雜p型層971中之摻雜劑濃度係約2x1019cm-3(諸如介於約5x1018cm-3與約5x1019cm-3之間的一摻雜劑濃度),且薄型高度摻雜p型層971之厚度係約25nm(諸如介於約10nm與約50nm之間的一厚度)。摻雜劑濃度及厚度之其他組合係可行。薄型高度摻雜p型層971中作用p摻雜劑之總數目應超過n型摻雜層970中作用摻雜劑之總數目,使得層970完全空乏。例如,若薄型高度摻雜p型層971中之摻雜劑濃度遠高於2x1019cm-3,則層971可薄於25nm。
對硼層做一電連接911使得感測器背面可加偏壓至介於約-10V與-400V之間的一負電壓以便將該感測器操作為一雪崩感測器。
在一較佳實施例中,一或多個抗反射層980沈積於硼層上以便減小感測器在所關注波長下之反射率且因此改良感測器在該等波長下之靈敏度。
當光999被吸收於矽中時,產生電子電洞對。電洞移動至其等重 組之背面表面,而電子藉由經由接觸911施加至背面之偏壓電壓朝向n型層904加速。由於n型摻雜層970藉由薄型高度摻雜p型層971完全空乏,故偏壓電壓之大部分跨層970出現,從而導致該層內之一強電場。該強電場確保多數電子將獲得足夠能量以在其等行進通過n型摻雜層970時因碰撞產生額外電子電洞。在具有一約50V之經施加偏壓電壓(諸如介於約10V與約100V之間的一偏壓電壓)之一項例示性實施例中,來自光999之每一經吸收入射光子可產生諸多電子(諸如介於約10個與約50個之間)。當要求一電子增益小於約10時,一更薄n型摻雜層970(諸如約1μm厚之一層)可足夠,及/或可使用一更低偏壓電壓。電子數目之放大允許信號相對於感測器之本徵雜訊增大。CMOS技術由於其非泊松雜訊統計而可能不適於高速影像檢測,可藉由減小雜訊相對於經增大信號位準之非泊松分量之雪崩放大而使CMOS技術適於影像檢測。在足夠高增益(諸如一約20至30增益)下,可偵測到高於一CMOS或CCD感測器之雜訊位準之單光子。
閘極920可具有兩個或更多個電連接,諸如如921及922所展示。在此等實施例中,閘極920包括一電阻材料(諸如本徵或輕摻雜多晶矽)使得在該兩個或更多個電接觸之間產生一電位差。此電位差用於控制將經收集電子累積於n型層904中之何處。在一局部最大電壓下,電子將累積於閘極920中。例如,若接觸921處於一-5V電壓且接觸922處於一-1V電壓,則電子將累積於922下方。藉由在閘極920上使用多個接觸,非單調電壓分佈可經產生以在位於遠離920之任一端之一位置下方之一位置處累積電子。當使用一小像素(諸如小於約10μm)時,閘極920上之一單一電位可用於致使電子累積於閘極920下方之n型層904中。
藉由使由接觸931對閘極930施加之電壓升高,累積於該閘極附近之電子將移動至該閘極下方。當要求高速操作時,一更高電壓(諸 如10V至15V)可用於更快地移動電子。當像素為小像素(諸如小於約10μm)且所期望操作速度未過高時,閘極930上之電壓可足以足夠快地清空來自該像素之電荷而無需電極920上之一電壓梯度之協助。在較佳實施例中,如上文所描述之電極920上之一電壓梯度確保電子快速地傳送至閘極930下方。
比施加至閘極930更正之一電壓(諸如正大於數伏特)藉由接觸936施加至閘極935。此致使電子快速地移動至閘極936下方。電子可依數十奈秒移動。將閘極930降低至小於由電極922施加至閘極920之一電壓停止電子至閘極935下方之區域之傳送且允許下一影像像素累積於閘極920下方。
在一項實施例中,諸如圖7中所繪示之感測器700,一水平讀出暫存器包括類似於配置成垂直於圖9之平面之一線之940之一系列閘極。電子可藉由對施加至閘極之電壓適當地排序(如常用於CCD中)而從一閘極傳送至另一閘極。有時可根據應用要求使用更多或更少閘極。一浮動擴散區(諸如在接觸948下方所展示)在水平暫存器之端處用於電荷轉電壓轉換。在感測器700中,浮動擴散區可不定位成緊鄰於光收集像素。圖9中如此描繪僅出於方便目的。下文描述浮動擴散區之操作。
在另一實施例中,諸如圖6中所繪示之感測器600,可不存在水平讀出暫存器(且可省略閘極940),且電子可直接傳送至一浮動擴散區,諸如接觸948下方之區。一重設電晶體,諸如受閘極電極945控制且連接至重設電壓949之重設電晶體,可用於在傳送來自像素之電子之前重設浮動擴散區。浮動擴散區將電子之電荷轉換至一電壓且通常用於CCD感測器及CMOS感測器中且此處將不再詳細描述。在此實施例中,由於浮動擴散區及重設電晶體在光敏區中,故必要時,重設電晶體及浮動擴散區可藉由使p+摻雜區域905延伸於重設電晶體及浮動 擴散區下方而與光電流及暗電流隔離(如在950處所展示)。948上之輸出電壓可在連接至一列或行選擇、裝置輸出端或類比轉數位轉換器之前連接至一緩衝器或放大器。
在感測器600中,各光敏像素可具有其自身之浮動擴散區。在感測器700中,多個像素可透過一水平暫存器共用一浮動擴散區。在任一情況下,浮動擴散區之操作原理實質上類似。
存在其中可製造圖9之感測器之一個以上序列。在一項較佳實施例中,形成正面摻雜區域(諸如904、905、906及907)、介電質層(諸如908及909)及多晶矽閘極電極(諸如920及通常其他閘極電極之一些),同時磊晶層901在一晶圓表面上。在較佳實施例中,在該製程中,此階段未形成金屬層。接著,藉由拋光及/或蝕刻來移除該晶圓之全部或部分以將該磊晶層之背面表面曝光於該感測器之光敏區域中。由於鄰近於該晶圓之磊晶層表面比大部分磊晶層具有一更高缺陷濃度,故有利的是拋光或蝕除數微米磊晶層背面以便改良感測器效率。
一旦磊晶層背面之光敏區被曝光,則可藉由在非常高摻雜劑濃度下進行原位p型摻雜來生長一磊晶矽層而在經曝光表面上生長薄型高度摻雜p型層971。接著,可藉由進行原位n型摻雜而在層971上生長n型摻雜層970。由於一些硼(p型摻雜劑)可在層970生長時擴散,故層971可生長得更薄一些且摻雜劑濃度高於最終所期望摻雜劑濃度。可將硼層902沈積於n型摻雜層970上且可完成用於產生層903之任何額外所需硼驅入。若需要,則在該製程中,可在此階段或隨後沈積(諸)抗反射層。
在高溫背面製程已完成之後,可將金屬層沈積並圖案化於前表面上。
在一替代實施例中,首先藉由進行原位n型摻雜而在一基板晶圓上磊晶地生長n型摻雜層970,接著在n型摻雜層970之頂部上磊晶地生 長薄型高度摻雜p型層971。接著,在高度摻雜p型層971之頂部上磊晶地生長磊晶層901。接著,可在曝光n型摻雜層970之背面之前,在磊晶層901之頂部表面上完成整個正面處理(包含金屬層)。由於重要的是在後續處理步驟期間最小化高度摻雜p型層971中之p型摻雜劑之擴散,故較佳應使用快速熱退火而非爐冶煉法來完成熱處理。接著,在n型摻雜層970上沈積純硼層902。可使用一約450℃之硼沈積溫度以免毀壞正面之金屬圖案。一雷射或尖波退火製程可用於使硼更均勻且驅入一些硼以形成摻雜層903。
製造一背面照明塗佈硼之影像感測器之方法在上文引用之美國專利申請案‘166中予以描述。若曝光磊晶層背面之製程不移除全部晶圓,則該晶圓必須為本徵或極輕摻雜晶圓(諸如小於約2x1013cm-3之一摻雜濃度)或必須藉由一厚介電質層在其背面上受保護,以便使該晶圓在施加至磊晶層背面之反向偏壓電壓下不導電。
圖10繪示使用CCD技術之一背面照明雪崩影像感測器1000之設計、製造及操作之態樣。圖10中所展示之諸多特徵具有實質上類似於圖9之對應特徵之功能且依實質上類似於圖9之對應特徵之一方式來製造及操作。除非有必要說明專用於背面照明雪崩影像感測器1000之態樣,否則此等特徵運用相同於圖9之標記數字進行標記且此處不作進一步描述。
在影像感測器1000中,一行光敏像素形成於閘極1020、1022、1024及1026下方。對此等閘極分別做電連接1021、1023、1025及1027。儘管展示僅四個閘極以免使該圖過於雜亂,但在較佳實施例中將使用更多閘極以便形成大量光收集像素(諸如介於約4個與4000個像素之間)。該等閘極用於控制電荷儲存且將經儲存電荷從一像素傳送至另一像素。如在CCD技術中所熟知,該等閘極可組態為二相、三相或四相時脈(即,每一像素分別存在二相、三相或四相閘極)。二相時 脈可僅在一方向上傳送電荷,且若僅要求在一方向上傳送,則具有簡化驅動電子裝置之優點。三相及四相時脈具有能夠在任一方向上傳送經儲存電荷之優點。如所熟知,必須保持各像素中閘極之一者正大於接地數伏特(諸如大於約5V至15V),而相鄰電極保持負大於接地數伏特(諸如正大於約-5V至-15V)以將電子從磊晶層901吸收至n+摻雜層904之表面附近(但不在該表面處),其中將儲存該等電子直至閘極電壓經變更以致使傳送該經儲存電荷為止。在一TDI感測器中,該等閘極將以一定速率計時,致使與落於感測器上之一移動影像同步地傳送電荷(諸如與其上固持受檢測試樣之置物台之運動同步)。
通常,多行像素類似於圖8中所繪示排列成2D陣列。跨整個陣列連接之垂直時脈用於在所有行或一行群組內同時將一像素傳送至下一像素。一或多個水平暫存器用於將信號從各行傳送至一或多個輸出端。
上文所描述之背面照明雪崩影像感測器之任一者可視情況使用正弦波或任意波形時脈來控制在水平及/或垂直方向上電荷之傳送。此等時脈波形之產生及使用在以下專利及申請案中予以更詳細描述:Brown等人之標題為「Continuous Clocking of TDI Sensors」之美國專利第7,609,309號;Brown等人之標題為「Apparatus for Continuous Clocking of TDI Sensors」之美國專利第7,952,633號;及標題為「LOW-NOISE SENSOR AND AN INSPECTION SYSTEM USING A LOW-NOISE SENSOR」且由Brown等人在2014年5月8日申請之美國實用型專利申請案第14/273,424號。所有此等專利及申請案以引用的方式併入本文中。
可施加至感測器背面上之硼塗層之抗反射塗層之進一步細節可見於以下專利申請案:標題為「Anti-Reflective Coating For Sensors Suitable For High Throughput Inspection Systems」且由Brown在2009 年6月1日申請之美國專利申請案第12/476,190號;及標題為「Anti-reflection Layer for Back-Illuminated Sensor」且由Muramatsu等人在2015年1月7日申請之美國專利申請案第14/591,325號。此兩個申請案以引用的方式併入本文中。
上文所描述之本發明之結構及方法之各項實施例僅闡釋本發明之原理且並非意欲於將本發明之範疇限於所描述之特定實施例。例如,感測器之像素可排列成不同於所展示之組態,且可包括多於或少於所展示之像素,或輸出端數目可大於或小於所展示。在一些實施例中,僅可使用一個或兩個輸入端。在適用於高速檢測系統(諸如用於半導體產業之高速檢測系統中(其中一些在本文予以描述))之較佳實施例中,多個輸出端(諸如每兩行數十個輸出端、數百個輸出端、或一個輸出端)用於同時輸出多個像素以便實現一高資料輸出速率。此等感測器可包括一約1000或數千個像素之線性陣列,或可包括一約1000或數千行之2D陣列且長度介於數百個與數千個之間。
100‧‧‧檢測系統
102‧‧‧照明源
103‧‧‧光學裝置
104‧‧‧偵測器總成
105‧‧‧物鏡
106‧‧‧偵測器
108‧‧‧樣本
112‧‧‧置物台
114‧‧‧計算系統
116‧‧‧載體媒體
118‧‧‧程式指令

Claims (19)

  1. 一種背面照明雪崩感測器,其包括:一磊晶矽層;一薄型高度摻雜p型層、一n型摻雜層及一硼層,其等經安置於該磊晶矽層之一光敏表面上;及諸電路,其等經形成於該磊晶矽層之一相對表面上,其中該磊晶矽層包括具有小於每立方釐米(cm-3)2x1013摻雜劑原子之本徵矽及p型摻雜矽中之一者,其中該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,其中該薄型高度摻雜p型層包括具有大於5x1018摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度及小於50nm之一厚度之p-型摻雜矽,且其中該n型摻雜層包括具有介於5x1015摻雜劑原子cm-3與1017摻雜劑原子cm-3之間之一摻雜劑濃度之n型摻雜矽,及介於1μm與5μm之間的一厚度。
  2. 如請求項1之感測器,其中該硼層包括具有在2nm至6nm範圍中之一厚度之純硼,且其中該感測器進一步包括經安置於該硼層上之一或多個抗反射層。
  3. 如請求項1之感測器,其中該感測器進一步包括用於維持該硼層相對於該磊晶層之該相對表面處於介於-10V與-400V之間之一負電位的構件。
  4. 如請求項1之感測器,其中該等電路包括CMOS影像電路、CCD電路及雙極電晶體中之至少一者。
  5. 如請求項1之感測器,其中該感測器包括一線性陣列感測器。
  6. 如請求項1之感測器,其中該感測器包括一個二維像素陣列。
  7. 如請求項6之感測器,其中各像素包括諸電路,該等電路包含經組態用於電荷轉電壓轉換之一浮動擴散區域。
  8. 一種用於檢測一樣本之系統,該系統包括:一照明源,其包括用於照明該樣本之一UV雷射;影像中繼光學裝置,其經組態以在該樣本之光輸出對應於一第一通道時將該等光輸出、該樣本之反射或透射引導至一第一通道影像模式中繼器,且在該等光輸出對應於一第二通道時,將該等光輸出、該樣本之反射或透射引導至一第二通道影像模式中繼器;一感測器,其經組態以接收該第一通道影像模式中繼器及該第二通道影像模式中繼器之中繼器輸出,其中該感測器包括:一磊晶矽層,其包括具有小於2x1013摻雜劑原子cm-3之本徵矽及p型摻雜矽中之一者;該磊晶層之一光敏表面上之一純硼塗層;及形成於該磊晶層之一相對表面上之電路,該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,且此外其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,且其中該系統進一步包含一電壓源,該電壓源經組態以維持該硼表面相對於該相對表面處於介於-10V與-400V之間之一負電位。
  9. 如請求項8之系統,其中該感測器進一步包括經塗覆至該純硼塗層之該表面之一抗反射塗層。
  10. 如請求項8之系統,其中該感測器進一步包括鄰近於該純硼塗層之一n型摻雜層,該n型摻雜層具有介於1μm與5μm之間之一厚 度,且包括具有介於5x1015摻雜劑原子cm-3與1017摻雜劑原子cm-3之間之一摻雜劑濃度之n型摻雜矽。
  11. 如請求項8之系統,其中該等電路係使用CMOS、CCD或雙極技術中之至少一者來製造。
  12. 一種表面檢測裝置,其包括:一照明系統,其經組態以相對於一表面以一非法向入射角產生UV、DUV或VUV雷射入射之一經聚焦光束,以實質上在該經聚焦光束之一入射平面中於該表面上形成一照明線,其中該入射平面係由該經聚焦光束及通過該經聚焦光束且法向於該表面之一方向界定;一收集系統,其經組態以使該照明線成像,其中該收集系統包括:一成像透鏡,用於收集從包括該照明線之該表面之一區域散射之光;一聚焦透鏡,用於使該經收集光聚焦;及一感測器,其包括一光敏元件陣列,其中該光敏元件陣列之各光敏元件經組態以偵測該照明線之一放大影像之一對應部分,其中該感測器包括:一磊晶矽層,其包括具有小於2x1013摻雜劑原子cm-3之本徵矽及p型摻雜矽中之一者;該磊晶層之一光敏表面上之一純硼塗層;及形成於該磊晶層之一相對表面上之電路,該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,且此外其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,且其中該照明系統進一步包含一電壓源,該電壓源經組態以維持該硼表面相對於該相對表面處於介於-10V與-400V之間 之一負電位。
  13. 一種晶圓檢測系統,其包括:一UV、DUV或VUV雷射,用於產生一輸出光束;用於使該輸出光束聚焦於一晶圓上之構件;及用於收集從該晶圓散射之光並將該經散射光引導至一影像感測器之構件,其中該影像感測器包括:一磊晶矽層,其包括具有小於2x1013摻雜劑原子cm-3之本徵矽及p型摻雜矽中之一者;該磊晶層之一光敏表面上之一純硼塗層;及形成於該磊晶層之一相對表面上之電路,該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,且此外其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,且其中該晶圓檢測系統進一步包含一電壓源,該電壓源經組態以維持該硼表面相對於該相對表面處於介於-10V與-400V之間之一負電位。
  14. 如請求項13之晶圓檢測系統,其中該感測器進一步包括鄰近於該純硼塗層之一n型摻雜層,該n型摻雜層具有介於1μm與5μm之間的一厚度,且包括具有介於5x1015摻雜劑原子cm-3與1017摻雜劑原子cm-3之間之一摻雜劑濃度之n型摻雜矽。
  15. 一種用於偵測一樣本之異象之光學系統,該光學系統包括:一雷射,用於產生一輸出光束;第一光學裝置,其沿一第一路徑將該第一光束引導至該樣本之一表面上之一第一光點上;第二光學裝置,其沿一第二路徑將該第二光束引導至該樣本之該表面上之一第二光點上,該第一路徑及該第二路徑係以不同角度入射至該樣本之該表面; 一第一偵測器;收集光學裝置,其包含一彎曲鏡像表面,用於接收從該樣本表面上之該第一光點或該第二光點散射之輻射並使該經散射輻射聚焦至該第一偵測器,該第一偵測器回應於該彎曲鏡像表面使該輻射聚焦至其上而提供一輸出值;及一儀器,其致使該第一光束及該第二光束與該樣本之間的相對運動,使得該第一光點及該第二光點跨該樣本之該表面進行掃描,其中該偵測器包含一感測器,該感測器包括:一磊晶矽層,其為具有小於2x1013摻雜劑原子cm-3之本徵或p型摻雜磊晶矽層;該磊晶層之該光敏表面上之一純硼塗層;及形成於該磊晶層之該相對表面上之電路,該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,且此外其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,且該硼表面相對於該相對表面保持處於介於10V與400V之間之一負電位。
  16. 一種折反射成像系統,其包括:一UV、DUV或VUV光源;及調適光學裝置,用於控制一受檢測表面上之一照明光束大小及輪廓;一物鏡,其包含相對於彼此操作之一折反射物鏡、一聚焦透鏡群組及一縮放鏡筒透鏡區段;及一稜鏡,用於沿光學軸引導UV光使其法向入射至一樣本之一表面,且沿一光學路徑將來自該樣本之表面特徵之鏡面反射以及來自該物鏡之光學表面之反射引導至定位於一成像平面處之一影像感測器,其中該影像感測器包括:一磊晶矽層,其為具有小於2x1013摻 雜劑原子cm-3之本徵或p型摻雜磊晶矽層;該磊晶層之該光敏表面上之一純硼塗層;及形成於該磊晶層之該相對表面上之電路,該等電路包括一n型摻雜埋設通道,且此外其中該等電路之至少一些係在具有大於1016摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一接地p+井中製造,且該硼表面相對於該相對表面保持處於介於10V與400V之間之一負電位。
  17. 如請求項16之折反射成像系統,其中該感測器進一步包括鄰近於該純硼塗層之一n型摻雜層,該n型摻雜層具有介於約1μm與約5μm之間之一厚度,且包括具有介於5x1015摻雜劑原子cm-3與1017摻雜劑原子cm-3之間之一摻雜劑濃度之n型摻雜矽。
  18. 一種製造一背面照明雪崩影像感測器之方法,該方法包括:在一矽晶圓上形成具有小於2x1013摻雜劑原子cm-3之一p摻雜劑濃度之一本徵或p型摻雜矽磊晶層;在該磊晶層之一正面表面上形成CMOS、CCD及雙極電路中之至少一者,該等電路包括至少一埋設n型通道,且該等電路之至少部分係形成於具有大於1016原子cm-3之一摻雜濃度之一p+摻雜井中;拋光或蝕除該矽晶圓,以使該磊晶層之一背面表面曝光於至少一光敏區中;在該經曝光表面上磊晶地生長具有大於5x1018摻雜劑原子cm-3之一摻雜劑濃度之一p型層;在該經曝光表面上磊晶地生長具有介於5x1015摻雜劑原子cm-3與1017摻雜劑原子cm-3之間之一摻雜劑濃度之一n型層;及在該磊晶層之該經曝光背面表面上沈積一純硼塗層,使得該硼塗層相對於該磊晶層之該正面表面耦合至介於-10V與-400V之間之一負電位。
  19. 如請求項18之方法,進一步包括在該純硼塗層上沈積一抗反射塗層。
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TWI645179B (zh) 2018-12-21
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US9620547B2 (en) 2017-04-11
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