TW201500773A - 使用繞射編碼成像技術拍攝靜態圖像和視訊之裝置及方法 - Google Patents

使用繞射編碼成像技術拍攝靜態圖像和視訊之裝置及方法 Download PDF

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TW201500773A
TW201500773A TW103107526A TW103107526A TW201500773A TW 201500773 A TW201500773 A TW 201500773A TW 103107526 A TW103107526 A TW 103107526A TW 103107526 A TW103107526 A TW 103107526A TW 201500773 A TW201500773 A TW 201500773A
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image
pattern
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Stephen G Perlman
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Rearden Llc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
    • G01T1/295—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using coded aperture devices, e.g. Fresnel zone plates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1842—Gratings for image generation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
    • H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
    • H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
    • H04N25/71—Charge-coupled device [CCD] sensors; Charge-transfer registers specially adapted for CCD sensors
    • H04N25/75—Circuitry for providing, modifying or processing image signals from the pixel array
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B2207/00—Coding scheme for general features or characteristics of optical elements and systems of subclass G02B, but not including elements and systems which would be classified in G02B6/00 and subgroups
    • G02B2207/129—Coded aperture imaging

Abstract

本發明闡述一種用於拍攝可見光以及其他輻射波長中之圖像之裝置及方法。在一項實施例中，該裝置包括：一繞射編碼成像系統，其包含以一繞射編碼陣列圖案配置之複數個光圈，其中不透明材料阻擋不含有光圈之陣列元件；及一光或輻射敏感感測器，其耦合至該繞射編碼成像系統陣列且定位於該繞射編碼成像系統陣列後方之一指定距離處，該輻射敏感感測器經組態以感測透過該繞射編碼成像系統陣列中之該等光圈而透射及繞射之光或輻射。

Description

使用繞射編碼成像技術拍攝靜態圖像和視訊之裝置及方法 以引用方式併入
本申請案以引用方式併入有全部受讓於本申請案之受讓人之以下美國專利、專利申請案及臨時申請案：標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Techniques」之第13/652,259號美國專利申請案；標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Techniques」之第13/226,461號美國專利申請案(現為美國專利8,228,704)；於2010年1月21日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Techniques」之第12/691,500號美國專利申請案(現為美國專利8,013,285)；於2005年8月22日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Technique」之第11/210,098號美國專利申請案(現為美國專利7,671,321)；於2005年1月18日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Aperture Techniques」之第11/039,029號美國專利申請案(現為美國專利7,767,949)；及於2005年7月20日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Techniques」之第60/701,435號美國臨時申請案。
本發明一般而言係關於圖像拍攝及圖像處理之領域。更特定而言，本發明係關於一種用於使用編碼鏡頭技術拍攝靜態圖像及視訊之裝置及方法。
攝影成像通常藉由使用放置於一光敏感偵測器(諸如一攝影膠片)或一半導體感測器(包含CCD及CMOS感測器)前方之一單個玻璃鏡頭來聚焦來自一場景之光而進行。
對於使高能量輻射(諸如x射線或γ射線)成像，必須使用其他技術，此乃因此類輻射無法使用玻璃鏡頭來繞射。已提出若干種技術，包含單針孔相機及多孔準直器系統。一種特別有益之技術係「編碼光圈成像」，其中由透明元件與不透明元件之一經適當選擇圖案組成之一結構化光圈放置於對將成像之輻射敏感之一偵測器前方。當適當選擇光圈圖案時，經成像場景可依據偵測器信號以數位方式進行重構。編碼光圈成像具有組合高空間解析度與高光效率之優點。使用矩形或六邊形元件之結構化陣列之x射線及γ射線輻射之編碼光圈成像自R.H.DICKE之SCATTER-HOLE CAMERA FOR X-RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS(ASTROHYS.J.，153：L101-L106，1968)(下文中稱為「Dicke」)而已知且已廣泛地應用於天文成像及核醫學中。
一特別有用類別之編碼成像系統自E.E.FENIMORE及T.M.CANNON之CODED APERTURE IMAGING WITH UNIFORMLY REDUNDANT ARRAYS(APPL.OPT.，17：337-347，1978)(下文中稱為「Fenimore」)而已知。在系統之此類別中，循環地重複一基本光圈圖案以使得該光圈圖案係基本圖案之一2×2馬賽克。偵測器具有至 少與基本光圈圖案相同之大小。在此一系統中，「完全編碼FOV」(「FOV」在本文中應用於指代「視域」)定義為FOV內之區域，在其內，一點源將使基本光圈圖案之一經循環移位版本之一完全陰影投射至光圈上。同樣地，「部分編碼FOV」定義為FOV內之區域，在其內，一點源將僅使基本光圈圖案之一部分陰影投射至光圈上。根據Dicke，將一準直器放置於偵測器前方，該準直器將FOV限制於完全編碼FOV，因此允許依據偵測器信號之場景之一清楚重構。
依據J.GUNSON及B.POLYCHRONOPULOS之OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A CODED MASK X-RAY TELESCOPE FOR ROCKET APPLICATIONS(MON.NOT.R.ASTRON.SOC.，177：485-497，1976)(下文中稱為「Gunson」)，進一步知曉賦予光圈之不透明元件一有限厚度，以使得光圈自身充當一準直器且將FOV限制於完全編碼FOV。此一「自準直光圈」允許在偵測器前方省略一單獨準直器。
應注意，除限制FOV之外，一準直器亦具有在不具有衰減之情況下僅透射完全平行於光學軸之光之不期望性質。通過準直器之任何離軸光係衰減的，該衰減朝向FOV之極限而增加。在FOV之極限處，衰減為100%的，亦即，沒有光可以此等角度通過準直器。此效應在此文件內將表示為「準直器衰減」。沿x方向及沿y方向兩者，準直器衰減與光與光學軸之間的角度之正切成比例。
在於一編碼光圈成像系統中依據一感測器信號重構一圖像之後，可不得不逆轉準直器衰減之效應以便獲得一光度計上正確之圖像。此涉及將每一個別像素值乘以來自像素屬於之方向之光已衰減之因數之倒數。應注意，靠近於FOV之極限，衰減(尤其準直器衰減)係極高的，亦即，此因數接近於零。在此情形中反轉準直器衰減涉及以一極大因數將像素值放大至無限接近於FOV之極限處。由於重構中之任何雜訊亦將被放大此因數，因此靠近於FOV之極限之像素可係極嘈 雜的或甚至不可用的。
在根據Fenimore或Gunson之一編碼光圈系統中，基本光圈圖案可藉助為0及1之一「光圈陣列」表徵，其中一1代表一透明光圈元件且一0代表一不透明光圈元件。此外，FOV內之場景可表徵為一個二維陣列，其中每一陣列元件含有自FOV內之一單個像素發射之光強度。當場景在距光圈之無限距離處時，已知，感測器信號可表徵為FOV陣列與光圈陣列之間的二維週期性交叉相關函數。應注意，如此之感測器信號與將成像之場景不具有相似性。然而，一「重構濾光器」可藉由計算與光圈陣列有關之二維週期性逆濾光器而設計。二維週期性逆濾光器係以光圈陣列及逆濾光器之二維週期性交叉相關函數之所有旁波瓣皆為零之此一方式而構造之一個二維陣列。藉由計算感測器信號及重構濾光器之二維週期性交叉相關函數，可依據感測器信號來重構原始場景之一圖像。
自Fenimore知曉使用一所謂的「均勻冗餘陣列」(URA)作為光圈陣列。URA具有其旁波瓣值全部相等之一個二維週期性交叉相關函數。URA具有一逆濾光器，該逆濾光器具有與URA自身相同之結構，惟一恆定偏移及恆定比例因數除外。此等重構濾光器係最佳的，在此意義上，感測器信號中之任何雜訊在重構濾光期間將經受最低可能放大。然而，URA可僅針對極少大小而以代數方式構造。
自S.R.GOTTESMAN及E.E.FENIMORE之NEW FAMILY OF BINARY ARRAYS FOR CODED APERTURE IMAGING(APPL.OPT.，28：4344-4352，1989)(下文中稱為「Gottesman」)進一步知曉使用稱作「經修改均勻冗餘陣列」(MURA)之一經修改類別之光圈陣列，該MURA存在有所有大小p×p，其中p為一奇數質數。因此，MURA存在有比URA多得多之大小。其相關性質及雜訊放大性質係接近最佳的且幾乎與URA之性質一樣好。除一單列及一單行之外，MURA具有其 可表示為兩個一維序列之乘積之額外優點，一個一維序列為至陣列之僅行索引之一函數，且另一個一維序列為至陣列之僅列索引之一函數。同樣地，除一單列及一單行之外，其逆濾光器亦可表示為兩個一維序列之乘積。此性質准許由兩個一維濾光操作之一序列替換二維逆濾光，從而使重構程序計算起來高效得多。
自A.BUSBOOM之ARRAYS UND REKONSTRUKTIONSALGORITHMEN FUER BILDGEBENDE SYSTEME MIT CODIERTER APERTUR(VDI VERLAG，DUESSELDORF，1999，ISBN 3-18-357210-9)(下文中稱為「Busboom」)進一步知曉使用所謂的「完美二進制陣列」(PBA)，該PBA存在有全部大小3s 2r×3s 2r及全部大小3s 2r-1×3s 2r+1，其中s=0、1、2...且r=1、2、3...。因此，PBA亦存在有諸多大小，尤其存在有具有偶數數目個行及列之諸多正方形大小。其相關性質及雜訊放大性質與URA之相關性質及雜訊放大性質一樣好。
若場景在距光圈之一有限距離處，則發生感測器圖像之一幾何放大。應注意，場景中之一點源將使光圈圖案之一陰影投射至感測器上，該陰影與實際光圈大小相比被放大f=(o+a)/o倍，其中o為場景與光圈之間的距離且a為光圈與感測器之間的距離。因此，若場景在一有限距離處，則感測器圖像需要以重構濾光器之一據此經放大版本而濾光。
若場景極靠近於光圈，則發生所謂的近場效應。「近場」定義為小於感測器大小、光圈大小或光圈與感測器之間的距離之10倍(無論此等數量中哪個最大)之彼等範圍。若一物件在近場中，則感測器圖像可不再闡述為場景與光圈陣列之間的二維交叉相關。此在試圖使用逆濾光來重構場景時導致假影。在Lanza等人之第6,737,652號美國專利申請案中，揭示用於減少此等近場假影之方法。此等方法涉及使用 兩個單獨編碼光圈來將場景成像，其中第二光圈陣列為第一光圈陣列之逆(亦即，透明元件由不透明元件替換且反之亦然)。然後，依據以在組合兩個感測器圖像之程序中減少近場假影之此一方式藉助兩個不同光圈而獲得之兩個感測器信號而計算重構。
編碼光圈成像目前為止一直限於主要關於x射線或γ射線輻射之工業、醫療及科學應用，且目前為止已開發之系統各自經設計以在一特定受限環境內工作。舉例而言，現有編碼光圈成像系統各自經設計具有一特定景深(例如，有效地針對天文學在無窮遠處或針對核成像或x射線成像在一特定距離範圍處)。其次，目前為止，編碼光圈成像一直與受控輻射源(例如在核成像、x射線成像或工業成像中)或具有相對穩定且有效地在無窮遠處之天文輻射源一起使用。因此，與(舉例而言)使用一鏡頭之一典型攝影相機完全不同，現有編碼光圈系統具有在受限環境內操作之益處。使用一單鏡頭之一典型攝影相機(亦即，每感測器或膠片框一單鏡頭；立體相機具有2個鏡頭，但利用每鏡頭一單獨感測器或膠片框)經設計以同時處置含有具有自近距離至有效無限距離之變化距離之三維物件之場景之成像，且經設計以將反射、漫射、吸收、折射或逆反射具有未知來源、角度及廣泛變化之強度之多個周圍輻射源之物件成像。除中所列舉且以引用方式併入本文中之專利申請案中所闡述之系統之外，沒有編碼光圈系統曾經設計可處置數十億具有單鏡頭之攝影相機每天處置之此等類型之不受限成像環境。
使用一單鏡頭之光譜中之攝影成像具有若干缺點及限制。單鏡頭攝影之主要限制係其有限景深(DOF)，特別在大光圈設定處。一有限DOF處之僅有場景可處於一單鏡頭圖像中之焦點中，而比DOF靠近或遠離相機之任何物件在圖像中將顯得模糊。
此外，一單鏡頭相機在可拍攝一圖像之前必須手動或自動聚 焦。此在將快速移動之物件成像時或出乎意料地(諸如)在體育攝影或者兒童或動物之攝影中(特別在具有一短DOF之大光圈下)係一缺點。在此等情形中，圖像可能在焦點外，此乃因不存在足夠時間來聚焦或乃因在獲取圖像時物件出乎意料地移動。一旦獲取一圖像，單鏡頭攝影便不允許一攝影師回溯性地改變焦點。
仍進一步，聚焦一單鏡頭相機涉及調整一或多個鏡頭與感測器之間的距離。此使一單鏡頭相機必需含有使其易於機械故障之機械地移動之部分。已提出玻璃鏡頭之各種替代方案(諸如液體鏡頭)(參見例如B.HENDRIKS及STEIN KUIPER之THROUGH A LENS SHARPLY(IEEE SPECTRUM，2004年12月))以減輕一玻璃鏡頭之機械限制，但除此等替代方案之經添加設計複雜性及可能限制(例如，操作溫度範圍及光圈大小)外，該等替代方案仍具有一有限焦點範圍之限制。
仍進一步，單鏡頭相機因其感測器(膠片或半導體感測器)具有一有限動態範圍而具有一有限動態範圍。此在將含有極亮區及極暗區兩者之場景成像時係一嚴峻限制。通常，在暗區具有充分對比度時亮區將顯現過曝光，或在亮區具有充分對比度時暗區將顯現欠曝光。為解決此問題，已開發允許一圖像感測器之每一像素各自以一唯一增益進行取樣以便容納圖像中之不同亮度區之專門半導體圖像感測器(例如，加利福尼亞州山景城之Pixim公司之D1000)。但此等圖像感測器比習用CCD或CMOS圖像感測器昂貴得多，且因此對於諸多應用(包含大眾一般攝影)不具有成本競爭力。用以達成較高動態範圍之另一方法係經組態而以變化增益拍攝連續圖像且然後後處理圖像序列以自在感測器之動態範圍內之每一連續圖像之部分裝配一單個圖像之數位相機。關於此方法之一缺點係若場景或相機處於迅速運動中，則連續圖像將係不同的且可不能很好地組合成一均勻單個圖像。
由於聚焦之要求，單鏡頭可提供對鏡頭與一標的物件之間的距 離之一粗略估計。但由於大部分攝影應用需要經設計以具有儘可能長之一同時聚焦範圍之鏡頭，因此使用針對一距離估計之焦點係極不精確的。由於一單鏡頭一次最多可僅聚焦至一單個距離範圍，因此一鏡頭將提供在一給定時間至一單個物件範圍之距離之一估計。
可見光攝影編碼光圈成像(CAI)(如於2005年1月18日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Aperture Techniques」之美國專利7,767,949中所揭示；下文中將「CAI應用」及技術闡述為「CAI」)解決一單鏡頭相機之限制中之諸多限制。相對於一單鏡頭相機，CAI使得製作一較薄相機、一較輕相機、具有較大動態範圍(甚至在快速運動期間)之一相機以及可重構在場景中之一大深度範圍內之焦點中之一圖像之一相機成為可能。
圖1中圖解說明根據CAI應用中所闡述之一項實施例之一可見光編碼光圈相機。所圖解說明實施例包含放置於一光敏感灰階或色彩半導體感測器104前方之一編碼光圈101。編碼光圈1012係圓形、正方形、六邊形、矩形或其他磚形元件之一圖案，該等元件中之某些元件對可見光係透明的(例如元件102)且該等元件中之某些元件係不透明的(例如元件103)。注意，出於圖解清晰目的，編碼光圈101具有極少透明元件。一典型編碼光圈可具有顯著較透明元件(例如，50%)。來自二維或三維場景100之可見光a(其可由周圍或人工照明照射)透過編碼光圈101而投影至圖像感測器104上。該相機能夠將FOV限制於投影至感測器上之完全編碼FOV。在一項實施例中，此藉由使用一自準直編碼光圈101(利用用於準直之擋板，如下文所闡釋)而實施。編碼光圈與感測器之間的空間由一不透光外殼105(圖1中僅展示其之輪廓)遮蔽，從而防止任何光以藉由通過編碼光圈之一打開元件以外之方式到達感測器。
相機進一步包含具有至圖像感測器104(其可類似於先前編碼光圈系統中所使用之彼等圖像感測器)之一介面109之一圖像感測器讀出子系統110。該讀出子系統自圖像感測器104時脈輸出類比圖像信號且按特定圖像感測器之需要而應用類比緩衝、放大及/或濾光。亦併入有A/D 120之此一讀出子系統110之一實例係加利福尼亞州森尼韋爾市之NuCore Technology公司之NDX-1260 CleanCapture圖像處理器。將零偏移112及增益111調整至由讀出子系統110(例如，使用至少一個操作放大器(op amp))讀取之類比像素值之能力將增加所拍攝圖像之動態範圍，但若圖像感測器在不具有一零偏移及增益調整之情況下具有所期望圖像品質之一充分動態範圍，則該能力不係必要的。
在一項實施例中，讀出子系統110之輸出由介面113耦合至將類比輸出數位化之至少一個類比轉數位轉換器(A/D)120。A/D之輸出經由介面121耦合至一圖像重構處理器130，在一項實施例中，該圖像重構處理器併入有一數位信號處理器(DSP)132及隨機存取記憶體(RAM)131。來自介面121之經數位化圖像儲存於RAM 131中，且DSP 132後處理該圖像以便將原始場景101重構成一灰階或色彩圖像。根據另一實施例，圖像重構處理器130併入有一個一般用途CPU(諸如一英特爾公司奔騰4®)或類似一般用途處理器。在又一實施例中，圖像重構處理器130併入有實施專用數位結構中之重構處理之部分或全部重構處理之一特殊應用積體電路(「ASIC」)。由重構處理器130重構之此灰階或色彩圖像透過介面133輸出以顯示於一顯示器件140上。
然而，CAI之一個限制係所重構圖像之解析度。一CAI相機之解析度受兩個主要因素中之較大者限制：(a)光圈陣列之階數，及(b)由繞射導致之所投影圖像之失真。此在以下段落中進一步闡釋。
圖4展示「階」101、61及31(CAI應用中較詳細闡述)之MURA之數個代表性編碼光圈陣列圖案。圖4亦展示階8及24之PBA之編碼光圈 陣列圖案。(PBA 8及24展示為相對於MURA經放大以較佳地展示其圖案。)注意，編碼光圈陣列圖案由一正方形陣列(具有指定階數之水平及垂直維度)形成，該正方形陣列沿水平維度重複兩次且沿垂直維度重複兩次。因此，舉例而言，MURA 101圖案具有202×202之一總大小。亦注意，陣列中之光圈元件中之每一者具有相同大小。儘管顯得光圈中之某些光圈大於其他光圈，但此僅係因為毗鄰光圈組合以形成顯示為一較大光圈之光圈。一CAI相機無法解析為比其編碼光圈陣列之階數高之解析度之一圖像。舉例而言，一MURA 101 CAI相機無法解析具有比101×101像素高之解析度之一圖像。
出於圖解目的，圖5展示圖1中所展示之可見光編碼光圈相機之一項實施例。圖5中所展示之實施例對於諸多應用不係有用的，此乃因所重構圖像之解析度僅為3×3像素，但其圖解說明諸如圖1中所展示之相機之一相機如何工作。一MURA階3(「MURA 3」)光圈陣列301含有16個打開光圈(諸如打開光圈302)及20個閉合光圈(諸如閉合光圈303)。色彩或灰階感測器304之大小與MURA 3光圈陣列301之一個象限(亦即，光圈之一個3×3區塊)相同且在此實施例中，其定位於相對於MURA 3光圈陣列301之中心處。
圖5之正射視圖320揭露相機之較多結構。擋板(在CAI應用中稱為「準直器」)317用於使通過打開光圈(諸如打開光圈302)之光準直。此將每一光圈投影之FOV約束至色彩或灰階感測器304上。閉合光圈(諸如閉合光圈303)覆蓋有一不透明覆蓋物，因此其不允許光通過。感測器304與MURA 3光圈陣列301及擋板317分離以允許用於來自打開光圈中之每一者之重疊投影之空間。該整個單元含於一不透光相機主體316內，出於圖解目的，該不透光相機主體展示為透明的。注意，在此特定實例中，雖然感測器304係一極高解析度感測器，但僅可重構一3×3像素圖像。
圖7展示圖5中之相機之一側視圖，其圖解說明通過光圈圖解300之MURA 3之光圈之最左邊行且到達光感測器304(圖7中之光感測器804)之光之投影之上部及下部廣度。圖7之圖式800a及800b之不同之處僅在於800a以虛線展示針對一單個光圈(為清晰起見)之光之投影範圍805，而800b展示針對全部打開光圈之光之投影範圍。來自場景之光經投影穿過打開光圈(包含打開光圈802)且經阻擋而不通過閉合光圈(包含閉合光圈803)。投影之FOV受擋板(諸如801)約束。穿過打開光圈之投影跨越相機之焦距而投影且來自每一打開光圈之光中之某些或全部光投影至感測器804上。作為一實例，投影805大部分投影至感測器上，但部分越過感測器之頂部而投影，且因此，感測器僅偵測投影至感測器上之投影之部分。如800b中可見，來自多個打開光圈之投影彼此重疊。
圖6圖解說明光如何經投影穿過MURA 3光圈陣列。圖解400展示具有例示性打開光圈402及閉合光圈403的由一實心黑色輪廓描繪之MURA 3光圈陣列401。色彩或灰階感測器404之位置由一點線輪廓描繪。打開光圈405由一虛線描繪。通過光圈405之光投影至展示為一灰色正方形406之感測器平面上之一正方形區域上。注意，由於光圈陣列401展示為覆蓋圖解400中之投影，因此投影406中之大部分被閉合光圈阻礙。然而，投影406之周界可由一實心灰色輪廓描繪而可見。
在此實施例中，投影406係比光圈405大約9倍且以光圈405為中心之一正方形。取決於感測器404距光圈陣列多近或多遠，此投影可對應於一較寬或較窄FOV。此實施例中使用圍繞光圈405之擋板(此圖解中未展示，但如圖5中之擋板317可見)來將投影406之廣度限制於比光圈405之大小大約9倍。
注意，在此實施例中，投影406之區域之僅一小百分比重疊感測器404。此重疊之部分透過一打開光圈409可見且此重疊之部分被閉合 光圈408遮蔽。
圖解410展示來自光圈陣列401之右上部象限之4個投影之覆蓋。(為清晰起見，在圖解410及420中，僅展示MURA 3光圈陣列401之輪廓。)以虛線輪廓描繪右上部象限中之4個打開光圈415。來自此等4個光圈之4個投影416展示為重疊灰色區域。每一投影(如圖解400中所展示之投影406)係為其光圈之大小之約9倍且以其光圈為中心之一正方形，且由一實心灰色線描繪。為指示感測器平面之每一區域中之重疊投影之數目，使用變化位準之灰階來填充每一區域。最亮灰色指示1個投影，下一較暗色指示2個投影重疊，下一較暗色指示3個投影重疊，且最後最暗色指示4個投影重疊。
圖解420展示來自整個光圈陣列401之全部16個投影之覆蓋。16個打開光圈425由虛線輪廓描繪。每一投影(如圖解400中所展示之投影406)係為其光圈之大小之約9倍且以其光圈為中心之一正方形，且由一實心灰色線描繪。為指示感測器平面之每一區域中之重疊投影之數目，使用變化位準之灰階，如先前段落中所闡述。注意，在此實施例中，感測器404之每一區域展示為由4個重疊投影覆蓋。實務上，正確地，絕大部分感測器區域內將存在4個重疊投影，但由於容限變化、繞射效應及至所觀察場景中之物件之變化距離，因此在投影之邊界附近可存在較少或較多重疊投影，此在圖解420中展示為實心灰色線。
亦注意，擊中MURA 3光圈陣列401之光中之大部分光超越感測器404之邊緣而投影且因此，此光不用於重構。若忽略MURA 3光圈陣列401之最右邊行之區域(由於彼行中之所有光圈皆閉合，因此其不有助於任何光至相機且可自系統移除而不影響圖像重構)，則擊中MURA 3光圈陣列401之其餘區域之光中之約13%實際上投影至感測器404上。由於一習用單個f/2.8鏡頭透射擊中鏡頭之光中之約12.7%，因 此此MURA 3編碼光圈陣列相機之13%之光透射效能可視為與一習用f/2.8鏡頭相當。
一般而言，由於f/2.8係一攝影鏡頭之良好光透射效能，因此最後幾段中之MURA 3編碼光圈相機之說明表徵具有可能期望光透射特性之一相機。遺憾地，所闡述之系統可重構僅一3×3像素圖像。
一CAI相機中之每一元件在幾何學上如一針孔相機中之一針孔一樣作用。通過每一光圈之光形成至感測器上之一投影，猶如其在一針孔相機中一樣。且如一針孔相機一樣，一CAI相機經受通過一針孔之光之繞射效應。在一針孔中，此等繞射效應形成通常稱為「艾裏斑」之一點源投影之圖案。艾裏斑之主波瓣粗略地定義來自一給定針孔相機投影之最小可解析點大小。在自針孔至感測器之一給定距離處，當針孔之大小減小時，艾裏斑之大小增加。自一幾何角度來看，當針孔變得較小時，來自一針孔相機之圖像之解析度(亦即，最小點源投影點大小)亦增加。因此，對於針孔至感測器之任何給定距離，在點源投影點大小等於艾裏斑之主波瓣之大小之情況下，存在一最佳針孔大小。若針孔製成為小於此最佳大小，則解析度因艾裏斑之大小增加而減小。若針孔製成為大於此最佳大小，則解析度因一點源投影點大小增加而減小。由於一針孔相機之解析度之表徵係主觀的，因此已提出用於計算最佳針孔直徑之不同公式。一個此類公式係A=SQRT(55F)，其中A為以千分之幾英吋為單位之針孔直徑，F為以英吋為單位之相機焦距，且SQRT()為平方根函數。
注意，當相機之焦距增加時，一針孔相機中之可達成解析度增加。遺憾地，相機之實體大小通常與焦距成比例地增加，且因此，高解析度針孔圖像需要一極大相機。舉例而言(使用公式A=SQRT(55F))，一1"焦距(亦即，1"厚)針孔相機之最佳針孔大小為約0.007"。對於約53°之一「正常」視角，此產生約一134.8像素對角尺 寸或約一95×95像素解析度圖像。一10"焦距(亦即，10"厚)針孔相機之最佳針孔大小為約0.023"。在一53°視角下，此產生約一426.4對角解析度或約一301×301解析度圖像。(注意，不同攝影師在評估一針孔相機之可解析解析度時將使用不同主觀準則。此處所計算之解析度係基於對可解析解析度之一個解釋。其他解釋可導致較高或較低解析度評估，但將通常在比此處所呈現之數目高或低2X之一範圍內。)
如針孔相機，可見光CAI相機亦經受可產生解析度/大小折衷之繞射效應。由於光圈圖案之複雜性，因此該等繞射圖案比針孔繞射圖案更複雜，且因此，判定對圖像解析度及/或相機大小要求之影響係較複雜的。但由於CAI圖像之像素解析度可不高於光圈陣列之階數，因此為達成一高解析度圖像，需要利用可能展現比較低階光圈陣列差之繞射效應之高階光圈陣列，或替代地需要較長焦距(及因此較大相機大小)來減輕彼等繞射效應。
用以改良一數位相機之一鏡頭系統之效能之另一方法係一全光相機。第5,076,687號美國專利中闡述一全光相機之基本概念。儘管該專利中未使用詞「全光」，但該專利中所提及之器件在闡述相機之一應用之一論文中被其發明者稱作一「全光相機」，該論文為「Single Lens Stereo with a Plenoptic Camera」，Edward H.Adelson及John Y.A.Wang，IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence，第14卷，第2期，1992年2月，當前在以下網址處可找到：http：//persci.mit.edu/pub_pdfs/plenoptic.pdf。2005年，史丹福大學研究員發表了闡述在拍攝將由一f/4鏡頭聚集之來自場景之相等光時達成一習用f/22鏡頭之DOF之一全光相機實施方案之一應用之一論文(Stanford Tech Report CTSR 2005-02)。遺憾地，光聚集能力之此增加引致圖像解析度之理論線性成本。由於該團隊所構造之原型產生超 過理論解析度損失之約2X，因此藉助一4000×4000像素感測器，僅能夠重構一296×296圖像，此展現具有f/4光拍攝之f/22 DOF(亦即，一1600萬像素感測器產生一9萬像素圖像)。雖然此一系統對於某些專門應用可係有用的，但感測器解析度之巨大損失將可能使此一系統對於一般攝影應用不具有競爭力。此外，放置於微鏡頭陣列前方之習用鏡頭系統之笨重性導致一極長鏡頭之相機，此不適於正逐漸取代厚主體之習用相機之薄器件，諸如行動電話或平板電腦。加利福尼亞州山景城之Lytro公司(www.lytro.com)發行了全光相機之一商業版本，且此時可獲得之相機之所廣告尺寸為1.61英吋×1.61英吋×4.41英吋，其中4.41英吋之最長尺寸係由鏡頭之長度所致。一通常可獲得行動電話相機之鏡頭具有僅幾毫米之一長度。
本發明闡述一種用於拍攝可見光以及其他輻射波長中之圖像之裝置及方法。在一項實施例中，該裝置包括：一繞射編碼成像系統，其包含以一繞射編碼陣列圖案配置之複數個光圈，其中不透明材料阻擋不含有光圈之陣列元件；及一光或輻射敏感感測器，其耦合至該繞射編碼成像系統陣列且定位於該繞射編碼成像系統陣列後方之一指定距離處，該輻射敏感感測器經組態以感測透過該繞射編碼成像系統陣列中之該等光圈而透射及繞射之光或輻射。
101‧‧‧編碼光圈/自準直編碼光圈/原始場景/二維或三維場景
102‧‧‧元件/編碼光圈/自準直編碼光圈/光圈圖案/編碼光圈陣列/實體光圈圖案/光圈/輻射偵測感測器
103‧‧‧元件
104‧‧‧光敏感灰階或色彩半導體感測器/圖像感測器/元件
105‧‧‧不透光外殼/圖像感測器
106‧‧‧光敏感灰階或色彩半導體感測器/圖像感測器/感測器
107‧‧‧介面
110‧‧‧圖像感測器讀出子系統/讀出子系統
111‧‧‧增益
112‧‧‧零偏移
113‧‧‧介面
120‧‧‧類比轉數位轉換器
121‧‧‧介面
130‧‧‧圖像重構處理器/重構處理器
131‧‧‧隨機存取記憶體
132‧‧‧數位信號處理器
133‧‧‧介面/所得輸出
140‧‧‧顯示器件/顯示器
233‧‧‧數位介面/特定介面
240‧‧‧電腦
300‧‧‧光圈圖解/圖解/實體光圈圖案/實體光圈
301‧‧‧經修改均勻冗餘陣列階3光圈陣列
302‧‧‧打開光圈/光圈/實體光圈圖案開口
303‧‧‧閉合光圈
304‧‧‧色彩或灰階感測器/感測器/光感測器
316‧‧‧不透光相機主體
317‧‧‧擋板
320‧‧‧正射視圖
330‧‧‧輸出緩衝器
333‧‧‧數位介面/介面
340‧‧‧個人電腦/外部計算器件
400‧‧‧圖解
401‧‧‧經修改均勻冗餘陣列3光圈陣列/光圈陣列
402‧‧‧打開光圈
403‧‧‧閉合光圈
404‧‧‧色彩或灰階感測器/感測器
405‧‧‧打開光圈/光圈
406‧‧‧灰色正方形/投影
408‧‧‧閉合光圈
409‧‧‧打開光圈
410‧‧‧圖解
415‧‧‧打開光圈
416‧‧‧投影
420‧‧‧圖解
425‧‧‧打開光圈
504‧‧‧感測器
800a‧‧‧圖式
800b‧‧‧圖式
801‧‧‧擋板
802‧‧‧打開光圈
803‧‧‧閉合光圈
804‧‧‧光感測器/感測器
805‧‧‧投影範圍/投影
1104‧‧‧感測器
依據以下詳細說明連同圖式一起可獲得對本發明之一較佳理解，在圖式中：圖1圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一編碼光圈相機。
圖2圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一編碼光圈相機。
圖3圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一編碼光圈相機。
圖4圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之MURA及PBA圖案。
圖5圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一MURA階3編碼光圈陣列、擋板、感測器及一相機主體之組態。
圖6圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之來自一MURA 3編碼光圈陣列中之透明光圈之輻射之投影。
圖7圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一MURA階3編碼成像相機之一側視圖。
圖8圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一編碼鏡頭相機。
圖9圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一MURA階3編碼鏡頭陣列、擋板、感測器及一相機主體之組態。
圖10圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之來自一MURA 3編碼鏡頭陣列中之鏡頭之輻射之投影。
圖11圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一MURA階3編碼鏡頭相機之一側視圖。
下文闡述一種用於使用編碼鏡頭成像技術拍攝靜態圖像及視訊之系統及方法。在說明中，出於闡釋目的，陳述眾多特定細節以便提供對本發明之一透徹理解。然而，熟習此項技術者將明瞭，可在不具有此等特定細節中之某些細節之情況下實踐本發明。在其他例項中，以方塊圖形式展示眾所周知之結構及裝置以避免使本發明之基本原理模糊。
編碼光圈成像(CAI)相機系統架構
圖1中圖解說明根據本發明之一項實施例之一可見光編碼光圈相機。所圖解說明實施例包含放置於一光敏感灰階或色彩半導體感測器106前方之一編碼光圈102。編碼光圈102係圓形、正方形或矩形元件之一圖案，該等元件中之某些元件對可見光係透明的(例如元件103)且該等元件中之某些元件係不透明的(例如元件104)。注意，出於圖 解清晰目的，編碼光圈102具有極少透明元件。一典型編碼光圈可具有顯著較透明元件(例如，50%)。來自二維或三維場景101之可見光a(其可由周圍或人工照明照射)透過編碼光圈102而投影至圖像感測器106上。該相機能夠將視域限制於投影至感測器上之完全編碼視域。在一項實施例中，此藉由使用一自準直編碼光圈102(下文闡釋自準直)而實施。編碼光圈與感測器之間的空間由一不透光外殼105(圖1中僅展示其之輪廓)遮蔽，從而防止任何光以藉由通過編碼光圈之一打開元件以外之方式到達感測器。
相機進一步包含具有至圖像感測器105(其可類似於先前編碼光圈系統中所使用之彼等圖像感測器)之一介面107之一圖像感測器讀出子系統110。該讀出子系統自圖像感測器106時脈輸出類比圖像信號且按特定圖像感測器之需要而應用類比緩衝、放大及/或濾光。亦併入有A/D 120之此一讀出子系統110之一實例係加利福尼亞州森尼韋爾市之NuCore Technology公司之NDX-1260 CleanCapture圖像處理器。將零偏移112及增益111調整至由讀出子系統110(例如，使用至少一個操作放大器(op amp))讀取之類比像素值之能力將增加所拍攝圖像之動態範圍，但若圖像感測器在不具有一零偏移及增益調整之情況下具有所期望圖像品質之一充分動態範圍，則該能力不係必要的。
在一項實施例中，讀出子系統110之輸出由介面113耦合至將類比輸出數位化之至少一個類比轉數位轉換器(A/D)120。A/D之輸出經由介面121耦合至一圖像重構處理器130，在一項實施例中，該圖像重構處理器併入有一數位信號處理器(DSP)132及隨機存取記憶體(RAM)131。來自介面121之經數位化圖像儲存於RAM 131中，且DSP 132後處理該圖像以便將原始場景101重構成一灰階或色彩圖像。根據另一實施例，圖像重構處理器130併入有一個一般用途CPU(諸如一英特爾公司奔騰4®)或類似一般用途處理器。在又一實施例中，圖像重構處 理器130併入有實施專用數位結構中之重構處理之部分或全部重構處理之一特殊應用積體電路(「ASIC」)。由重構處理器130重構之此灰階或色彩圖像透過介面133輸出以顯示於一顯示器件140上。
注意，圖1中所圖解說明之相機不需要任何種類之一鏡頭。此外，不需要特殊成像條件(例如，既不需要相機或場景中之物件之受控定位，亦不需要受控照明)。此外，該相機能夠將三維真實世界之場景(亦即，含有具有未知及變化範圍之物件之場景)成像。簡言之，圖1中所圖解說明之相機可以相同方式用作一習用鏡頭相機。
根據圖2中所圖解說明之一項實施例，來自重構處理器之所得輸出133係表示相機之視域內之場景之灰階或色彩像素之一個二維陣列。在一項實施例中，像素資料透過數位介面233而傳輸至一電腦240(或其他圖像處理器件)。因此，編碼光圈相機之輸出將顯現給任何所附接器件，猶如其係一習用數位相機之輸出一樣。用於傳送所重構圖像資料之數位介面233可係能夠針對其所需應用而處置來自相機之頻寬之任何數位介面，諸如，舉例而言，一Thunderbolt介面或一USB 3.0介面(其將適於靜態及視訊相機應用)。當然，本發明之基本原理不限於任何特定介面233。較佳地，相機包含一顯示器140(例如，一LCD或OLED顯示器)以用於將所重構圖像呈現給攝影師，但在此實施例中，顯示器件140及介面133係選用的。
根據圖3中所圖解說明之一項實施例，相機不包含重構處理器130。而是，來自A/D轉換器120之經數位化圖像資料透過介面121耦合至輸出緩衝器330，其中圖像資料經封包化及經格式化以透過數位介面333而輸出。數位介面333通常將耦合至一外部計算構件(諸如一個人電腦340)以隨即進行處理及重構或儲存於一大容量儲存媒體(例如，磁碟或光碟、半導體記憶體等)上以供稍後進行處理及重構。較佳地，外部計算器件340具有用於將所重構圖像呈現給攝影師之一顯 示器。替代地或另外，介面333直接耦合至一大容量儲存媒體(例如，磁碟或光碟、半導體記憶體等)。用於傳送所重構圖像資料之數位介面333可係能夠針對其所需應用而處置來自相機之頻寬之任何數位介面(例如，IEEE1394(「火線」)介面或一USB 2.0介面)。
光圈圖案構造
根據本發明之一項實施例，光圈圖案102係一經修改均勻冗餘陣列(「MURA」)圖案。基本光圈圖案之大小可與感測器相同，且總體光圈可為此基本光圈圖案之一2×2馬賽克。光圈之每一透明或不透明元件具有至少感測器之一像素之大小。圖4中圖解說明三種例示性MURA圖案及兩種PBA圖案。MURA 101係一101×101元件圖案，MURA 61係一61×61元件圖案，且MURA 31係一31×31元件圖案。PBA 8係一8×8元件圖案且PBA 24係一24×24元件圖案。每一黑色區域係不透明的且每一白色區域係透明的(打開的)。
光圈製作
在一項實施例中，編碼光圈由承載一薄鉻層之一玻璃晶圓組成。在製造後，鉻層承載對電子束敏感之一清漆膜。光圈之結構藉由電子微影而形成。特定而言，在透明光圈元件之位置處移除清漆。接下來，在未由清漆覆蓋之彼等位置中灼燒鉻層。然後移除其餘清漆。
光圈像素大小
在一項實施例中，為允許場景之一準確重構，感測器之一個別像素不大於按幾何比例因數f=(o+a)/o放大之一個別光圈元件，其中o為場景與光圈之間的距離且a為光圈與感測器之間的距離。若物件在無窮遠處，則此因數為1，且若物件在一有限距離處，則此因數小於1。因此，若感測器像素大小選定為大小與一個別光圈元件相同或小於一個別光圈元件，則可準確地重構在所有距離處之物件。
若一個別光圈元件之大小為正成像之光之波長之數量級，則除 選擇性地阻擋及透射光之所期望效應之外，光圈亦可導致不期望之光波干擾。可見光之波長介於380nm與780nm之間的範圍內。較佳地，光圈尺寸為將成像之最長波長之至少十倍大。因此，在一項實施例中，一個別光圈元件之寬度或高度為至少7.8微米以避免光波干擾或繞射效應。注意，雖然較大光圈元件將減輕某些光波干擾或繞射效應，但將總是存在一較大或較小程度之某些光波干擾及繞射效應。
繞射編碼成像(DCI)相機系統架構
儘管可藉由利用較大光圈而減輕光波干擾及繞射效應，如先前段落中所闡述，但在一可見光編碼鏡頭陣列相機之一項實施例中，刻意地利用光波干擾或繞射效應以不僅允許較小光圈且亦(作為實例但不限於)容納產生光波或繞射效應之所拍攝波長、相機或光圈陣列之任何其他性質，諸如但不限於光圈之形狀、至感測器之距離、相機之實體結構、相機之大小、改變所需之圖像處理、製造不精確或達成在其光透射方面較高效之光圈圖案。經如此構造以利用(及/或容納)光波干擾及/或繞射效應之一相機在本文中稱為一繞射編碼成像(DCI)相機系統(或「DCI相機」)。
上文且在CAI應用中闡述一編碼光圈成像(CAI)相機系統(「CAI相機」)，且如圖1中所展示，來自一場景之光透過一編碼光圈陣列102而投影至一感測器106上。如圖5中所展示，使用擋板317來將來自每一光圈之光準直以自光圈產生重疊投影，如圖6之420中所展示。上文且在CAI應用中以及在中之以引用方式併入之其他專利、申請案及一臨時申請案中闡述實施一實用CAI系統之進一步細節。此外，於2005年8月22日提出申請之標題為「Apparatus And Method For Capturing Still Images And Video Using Coded Lens Imaging Techniques」之第11/210,098號美國專利申請案(現為美國專利7,671,321)中以及中之以引用方式併入之其他專利、申請案及一臨時 申請案中闡述類似於CAI但使用鏡頭而非光圈之一編碼鏡頭系統(CLI)。
在一項實施例中，一DCI相機系統經組態且以極類似於圖1中所展示之CAI相機系統之一方式操作，其中極顯著差異在於實體光圈圖案102經刻意地選擇以應用光波干擾及/或繞射效應，以使得感測器106上之所投影光呈若實體光圈圖案102具有一所期望光圈圖案(例如圖5之圖解300中之MURA 3實體光圈圖案)則可能產生且不存在光波干擾及/或繞射效應之一所期望重疊圖案(例如，諸如針對圖6中之一MURA 3而展示之重疊圖案)，而非假設通過實體光圈圖案102之輻射在很大程度上不受光波干擾及/或繞射效應影響。以圖解方式，若所選擇波長相對於實體光圈圖案102中之光圈之大小係如此短(例如x射線或γ射線輻射)以致在輻射通過圖5之光圈302、擋板317並到達感測器304時，存在不顯著光波干擾及/或繞射效應，則在此退化情形中，實體光圈圖案102將與用於以數位方式重構圖像之光圈圖案(例如圖5之圖解300中之MURA 3光圈圖案)相同，如在中之以引用方式併入本文中之專利、專利申請案及臨時申請案中所闡述之系統中之情形，但若輻射波長使得在輻射通過圖5之光圈302、擋板317並到達感測器304時，存在顯著光波干擾及/或繞射效應，則圖5之實體光圈圖案300(在此實例中為一MURA 3)將不係所使用之實體光圈圖案，如此圖5中所展示。替代地，一實體光圈圖案將經選擇以使得在來自場景之輻射(例如光、微波)通過實體光圈圖案開口302、任何擋板317並到達感測器304時，光波及/或繞射效應在感測器304上產生一重疊圖像，諸如圖6中之420中所展示之重疊圖像，猶如用於重構之所期望光圈圖案一直用於圖5之實體光圈300中且不存在光波干擾及/或繞射效應一樣。然後，使用中之以引用方式併入本文中之專利、專利申請案及臨時申請案中所闡述之CAI技術而自此重疊圖案(諸如圖6之420中所展示之重 疊圖案)重構圖像。
因此，在前述段落中所闡述之DCI相機較佳實施例中，DCI相機組態為圖1至圖3、圖5及圖7中所展示之CAI相機，且感測器上之所得所投影重疊圖像如其在圖6中所展示，且使用陣列圖案(諸如圖4中所展示之彼等陣列圖案)而重構圖像。但，圖1至圖3之實體光圈圖案102及圖5之300以及圖7中之800b之最左邊行將不與用於圖像之數位重構之實體光圈圖案相同。而是，一實體光圈圖案將經選擇以使得作為光波干擾及/或繞射效應之一結果，感測器上之所得所投影重疊圖像如其在圖6中所展示。有效地，在較佳實施例中，選擇預補償光波干擾及/或繞射之效應之一實體光圈圖案以使得感測器上之重疊之所投影圖案係用於以數位方式重構圖像之所期望圖案。因此，取決於光波干擾及/或繞射之廣度，所使用之實體光圈圖案可與用於以數位方式重構圖像之所期望圖案具有較少或不具有相似性。舉例而言，為達成圖6之420中所圖解說明之MURA 3重疊投影，用於圖1及圖2之光圈102、圖5之300及圖7之800a及800b中所展示之最左邊光圈行圖案之實體光圈圖案可與一MURA 3不具有任何相似性。
如熟習此項技術者所已知，通過一小光圈或沿著邊緣(諸如擋板中之邊緣)而通過之光將演示繞射效應，如藉由感測器上之投影所觀察。此外，通過其投影在一表面(例如圖7中之感測器804之表面)處重疊之多個光圈之光將展示由光波之干擾(例如相長性或相消性組合)所致之該表面上之干擾效應。此等效應係眾所周知的且可針對光圈之一給定幾何形狀、擋板、焦距等以數學方式精確地模型化。舉例而言，關於光之繞射之維基百科文章部分http：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction#Diffraction_of_light提供繞射及光波干擾之公式及圖解。繞射及光波干擾在本文中將稱為「光之繞射及干擾效應」，且輻射之繞射及波干擾通常在本文中將稱為「繞射 及干擾效應」。
猶如穿過光圈之光之繞射及干擾效應係眾所周知的且由熟習此項技術者以數學方式良好地表徵，穿過鏡頭而投影之光之繞射及干擾效應亦如此。圖8圖解說明一編碼鏡頭成像(CLI)系統，該CLI系統像一CAI系統一樣將來自一場景之光透過重疊投影之一圖案而投影至一感測器504上。CAI系統與一CLI系統之間的明顯差異係CAI系統將穿過光圈之光投影，而CLI系統將穿過鏡頭之光投影。圖8、圖9、圖10及圖11中圖解說明此，且中之以引用方式併入之專利、專利申請案及一臨時申請案中闡述CLI。如同CAI系統中之光圈一樣，通過小鏡頭或沿著邊緣(諸如擋板中之邊緣)通過之光將演示繞射效應，如藉由感測器上之投影所觀察。此外，通過其投影在一表面(例如圖11中之感測器1104之表面)處重疊之多個鏡頭之光將展示由光波之干擾(例如相長性或相消性組合)所致之該表面上之干擾效應。此等效應係眾所周知的且可針對鏡頭之一給定幾何形狀、結構及折射特性、在鏡頭之後方或前方之光圈之幾何形狀、擋板、焦距等而以數學方式準確地模型化。
此外，猶如穿過光圈及鏡頭之光之繞射及干擾效應係眾所周知的且由熟習此項技術者以數學方式良好地表徵，穿過光圈而投影之以非光波長之輻射之繞射及干擾效應亦如此。雖然圖1至圖3、圖5及圖7圖解說明一可見光相機且感測器上之所得所投影重疊圖像如其在圖6中所展示，但若輻射係處於一非可見光波長(例如可見光之附近波長(諸如紅外線或紫外線)，或者距可見光極遠之波長(諸如微波))且感測器對此類輻射波長做出回應且經阻擋光圈及擋板具有用以阻擋此等波長之適當材料，則相同圖將亦圖解說明用於拍攝非可見光中之圖像之編碼光圈成像相機。雖然習用基於鏡頭之相機商業上可用於紅外線及紫外線成像，但通常不可獲得用於在其他波長中進行拍攝之相機，因 而仍存在可使用此等相機之一寬應用範圍。舉例而言，微波可無害地通過壁及活組織以及其他障礙物(例如，不同於可通過障礙物但對活組織可有害之x射線)。但微波波長與可見光中之波長相比係如此長以致無法使用習用光成像技術(例如一小玻璃鏡頭相機)。一CAI相機將需要極大光圈(對於大部分成像應用不實用)以能夠以微波波長成像而不引發顯著繞射及干擾效應。可使用較小光圈(例如以形成具有一實用大小之一相機)，但將存在實質繞射及干擾效應。若代替一CAI相機而使用一DCI相機，則光圈圖案經選擇以便預補償繞射及干擾效應。因此，一DCI相機可利用較小光圈且仍在感測器上產生投影之一所期望重疊圖案，且然後可利用中之以引用方式併入之專利、專利申請案及臨時申請案中所闡述之CAI技術而以數位方式重構非可見光波長中之圖像。
對於某些輻射波長，對於一相機而言鏡頭可不係一實用選項，此乃因輻射可穿透鏡頭材料而不顯著折射，或者鏡頭可不得不係不實用地大的。在一DCI相機中，可使用一實體光圈圖案，透過繞射及干擾該實體光圈圖案在感測器上產生若實體鏡頭係實用的則將產生之一重疊圖案。以此方式，可使用CLI成像及數位圖像重構技術來重構圖像，甚至在鏡頭對於一實用相機將不可行之情況下使用之波長中亦如此。
在圖及說明之所有CAI及CLI系統中，使用擋板(或與擋板等厚度之光圈)來將光準直，以使得對於每一所投影圖案存在一有限限制。在一DCI系統之情形中，若繞射及干擾效應使得在不具有擋板之情況下達成感測器上之所期望重疊之所投影圖案，則可仍使用擋板，但亦可消除擋板。因此，藉助DCI可能形成甚至比一CAI或CLI相機更簡單之一相機，此乃因不需要擋板，僅需要實體光圈及/或實體鏡頭。
取決於一DCI相機之輻射波長及幾何形狀(例如焦距、光圈之大 小)，可不存在預補償用於圖像之數位重構之一特定所期望圖案之繞射及干擾效應之一實體光圈圖案。若否，則可確實存在可由一實體圖案預補償之用於數位重構之一替代圖案。若是，則可使用實體光圈圖案，且數位重構將使用產生之所投影圖案。如中之以引用方式併入之專利、專利申請案及臨時申請案中所述，某些數位重構圖案與其他數位重構圖案相比產生較佳結果。若可針對一種以上數位重構圖案而發現實體光圈圖案，則在一項實施例中，使用產生最佳圖像重構結果之實體光圈圖案。
儘管用於可見光、紅外線光及紫外線光之圖1中之輻射偵測感測器102通常係一CCD或CMOS陣列，但非光波長處之感測器可呈一不同形式。舉例而言，微波輻射之一感測器可呈微波敏感天線之一陣列而非光敏感CCD或CMOS像素之一陣列之形式。
本發明之實施例可包含上文所陳述之各種步驟。該等步驟可體現於致使一個一般用途處理器或特殊用途處理器執行特定步驟之機器可執行指令中。舉例而言，上文所闡述之各種操作可係由一個人電腦執行或嵌入於一個人電腦內之一PCI卡上之軟體。替代地或另外，該等操作可由一DSP或ASIC實施。此外，已自圖及說明排除與本發明之基本原理不相關之各種組件(諸如電腦記憶體、硬碟機、輸入器件等)以避免使本發明之相關態樣模糊。
本發明之元件亦可提供為用於儲存機器可執行指令之一機器可讀媒體。該機器可讀媒體可包含但不限於快閃記憶體、光碟、CD-ROM、DVD ROM、RAM、EPROM、EEPROM、磁性或光學卡、傳播媒體或適於儲存電子指令之其他類型之機器可讀媒體。舉例而言，本發明可下載為一電腦程式，該電腦程式可藉助體現於一載波中之資料信號自一遠端電腦(例如，一伺服器)傳送至一請求電腦(例如，一用戶端)或經由一通信鏈路(例如，一數據機或網路連接)傳送至其他傳播 媒體。
貫穿前述說明，出於闡釋目的，陳述眾多特定細節以便提供對本發明系統及方法之一透徹理解。然而，熟習此項技術者將明瞭，可在不具有此等特定細節中之某些細節之情況下實踐該系統及方法。舉例而言，雖然以上在一「相機」之上下文中闡述本發明之實施例，但本發明之基本原理可實施於事實上任何類型之器件內，包含但不限於PDA、蜂巢電話及筆記型電腦。因此，應依據以下申請專利範圍而判斷本發明之範疇及精神。
1104‧‧‧感測器

Claims (1)

  1. 一種用於編碼圖像之裝置，其包括：一輻射敏感感測器，其經組態以偵測表示一場景之輻射；一光圈陣列，其以一第一圖案配置，藉此繞射及干擾產生投影至該感測器上之經編碼重疊圖像之一第二圖案；其中該場景之一圖像自對投影至該感測器上之重疊圖像之該第二圖案之數位處理而重構。
TW103107526A 2013-03-12 2014-03-05 使用繞射編碼成像技術拍攝靜態圖像和視訊之裝置及方法 TW201500773A (zh)

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