TW201420817A - 在電解製法中適用做為陰極之電極及其製法以及電解電池和電解槽 - Google Patents
在電解製法中適用做為陰極之電極及其製法以及電解電池和電解槽 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種電極,適合做為工業上電解製法中釋氫用之陰極。電極包括金屬基材、含銠之內部觸媒層,和含釕之外部觸媒層。
Description
本發明係關於一種電極,尤指一種金屬電極,做為工業電解製法中釋氫用之陰極,及其製法。
鹼性鹽水經電解,同時生產氯和鹼,以及次氯酸鹽和氯酸鹽產生之電化製法,是工業電解應用之最典型例,在陰極釋出氫,但電極並不限於任何特別用途。在電解製法產業上,競爭涉及若干因數,主要是降低能量消耗,直接關係到製法電壓;此點使減少後者諸多組件之許多努力正當化,其中必須包含陰極過電壓。利用抗化學材料(例如碳鋼)製成的電極,自然可得陰極過電壓,長久以來未認為觸媒活性可接受。在特殊情況下,市場雖然需要提高苛性產品濃度,由於腐蝕問題,以致使用碳鋼陰極不可行;此外,增加能量成本,宜使用觸媒以便利陰極釋氫。一種可能解決方案是使用比碳鋼更具抗化學性之鎳基材,以及鉑為基礎之觸媒塗料。此種陰極的特徵是,可接受之陰極過電壓,但可用壽命有限,可能是塗料對基材之粘著性不良之故。於觸媒層配添加稀土類,視情形做為多孔性外層,對下方以鉑質(以鉑為基礎的)觸媒層,發揮保護功用,可對觸媒塗料對鎳基材之粘著性可得部份改進;此類陰極在正常操作條件下充分耐用,惟在工業工場故障時不免有時產生電流逆流,容易遭到嚴重損壞。
欲求抵抗電流逆流之部份改進,可用二種截然不同相組成之塗料,活化鎳陰極基材,第一相是鉑質觸媒添加銠,第二相包括鈀具有保護功用。然而,此種配方在觸媒相內需高負載鉑和銠,造成相當高的生產成本。
呈現高活性兼具對電流逆流若干抵抗性之低廉觸媒塗料,為釕和稀土類(例如鐠)之混合物;按照如此配方所得電極之電阻,可藉在
陰極基材和觸媒塗料間介置鉑質薄層而提高。
上述配方所得電極,按照工業上通常實務,能夠在所提供正確操作之工業電解池內,有充分時間發揮功用,若按排程或突然工場停止運轉,可藉賦予小小剩餘電壓,作動極化裝置,用來保護電池組件免受腐蝕。以此等裝置,只有在電氣負載停供和剩餘電壓啟用之間的短時間內,陰極不售價任何明顯損害時,才會發生電流逆流。然而,工業電解池設計之最近發展,尤其是從鹼性鹽水生產氯和鹼之電解池,由電解池構成,具有陽極和陰極室,以離子交換膜分開,提供使用材料和構造技術,可省略極化裝置,節省其安裝和管理之重大額外成本。沒有極化裝置的電解池在工場停止運轉,至少在初期階段,必然因二室內有反應生成物殘餘存在,造成電池電流反逆現象:在此等情況下,電解電池可當做電池組作業短期間,相關陰極則遇到陽極電流通過。此舉引起需比最佳習知配方,更高度耐受電流逆流之相關陰極。
本發明諸要旨列在附帶申請專利範圍內。
本發明一要旨係關於一種電極,適用做電解製法中之陰極,包括基材,由金屬製成,例如鎳,具備觸媒塗料,由至少三個不同層形成:內層,與基材直接接觸,含鉑;至少一中間層,由氧化物之混合物組成,含銠佔元素之40-60%重量;外層,為氧化釕質。
內層之鉑主要以金屬形式存在,惟尤其在陰極釋氫下之操作條件不包含在內,特別是在第一次使用之前,鉑或其一部份可呈氧化物存在。
在一具體例中,內層單獨由一層鉑組成。
在一具體例中,外層單獨由一層氧化釕組成。在本文內,氧化釕一辭指在電極製造後主要以氧化物形式存在之該元素;惟尤其在陰極釋氫下之操作條件不包含在內,因為該氧化物會部份還原成釕金屬。
在一具體例中,中間層的氧化物之混合物,除銠外,又含10-30%重量鈀,和20-40%重量稀土類;在一具體例中,稀土類含量全部由鐠組成。在本文中,氧化物之混合物一辭指,在電極製造後,在相關配方內主要以氧化物形式存在之元素;尤其在陰極釋氫下的操作條件時不包
含在內,因該氧化物有一部份會還原成金屬,甚至形成氫化物,如鈀即是。
本發明人等意外發現,此種配方對電流逆流之抵抗性,以實質上減少貴金屬比負載而言,比最接近的先前技術配方,要高好幾倍。
在一具體例中,鉑在內層之比負載為0.3至1.5g/m2之間,銠、鈀和稀土類合計在中間層之比負載介於1和3g/m2之間,釕在外層之比負載介於2和5g/m2之間。本發明人等事實上觀察到,以上述配方而言,如此減少貴金屬負載,遠充分賦予高度觸媒活性,加上先前技術無法達成的對電流逆流之抵抗性。
本發明另一要旨係關於電極之製法,包括對金屬基材施加塗佈一次或多次Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2(二胺基二硝酸鉑)乙酸溶液,隨即在80-100℃乾燥,在450-600℃熱分解,可視需要重複循環,直到達成所需負載為止(例如0.3-1.5g/m2鉑金屬);對如此所得觸媒內層施加塗佈一次或多次乙酸溶液,含硝酸銠以及視需要之鈀和稀土類硝酸鹽,隨即在80-100℃乾燥,在450-600℃熱分解,視需要重複循環,直到達成所需負載(例如Rh、Pd和稀土類合計1-3g/m2);對如此所得觸媒中間層施加塗佈一次或多次亞硝醯基硝酸Ru,隨在80-100℃乾燥,在450-600℃熱分解,視需要重複循環,直到達成所需負載(例如2-5g/m2Ru金屬)。
如眾所知,亞硝醯基硝酸Ru指市售化合物,化學式為Ru(NO)(NO3)3,有時寫成Ru(NO)(N)3)x,表示釕之平均氧化態,與數值3稍有出入。
上述溶液之施加方式,可以刷塗、噴塗、浸塗,或其他已知技術進行。
本發明人等已觀察到,在所採取製造條件使用特定前質,有益於形成具有特別排序的晶體晶格之觸媒,對活性、耐久性和電流逆流抵抗性有正面衝擊。
藉調節諸溶液之熱分解溫度於480-520℃範圍,可得最佳結果。
下述實施例用來證明本發明特別具體例,其實施性大部份在所請求數值範圍內已獲證實。凡技術專家均知下列實施例內揭示之組成份和技術,代表本發明人等所發現組成物和技術,在本發明實施時功能良好;惟技術專家從本案內容,應知在所揭示特別具體例內可進行許多改變,仍可得相同或相似結果,不悖本發明範圍。
取二胺基二硝酸鉑Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2,其量相當於40公克Pt,溶入160毫升冰醋酸內。溶液經攪拌3小時,並維持溫度50℃,再以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱鉑溶液)。
取Ru(NO)(NO3)3,其量相當於200公克Ru,溶入600毫升冰醋酸內,添加數毫升濃硝酸。溶液經攪拌3小時,並維持溫度50℃。溶液以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱釕溶液)。
另外取Rh(NO3)3、Pd(NO3)2和Pr(NO3)3.6H2O,其量相當於4.25公克Rh、1.7公克Pd和25.5公克Pr,均以金屬計,在攪拌下混合(以下稱銠溶液)。
尺寸100mm×100mm×0.89mm之鎳網200,經噴金剛砂處理,以20% HCl在85℃蝕刻2分鐘,在500℃加熱退火1小時。
刷塗鉑溶液單一循環,在80-90℃進行乾燥處理10分鐘,在500℃熱分解10分鐘,得比負載Pt 0.8g/m2。
然後,刷塗銠溶液三次,每次塗後,在80-90℃進行乾燥處理10分鐘,在500℃熱分解10分鐘,獲得比負載Rh 1.4g/m2、Pd 0.6g/m2和Pr 0.84g/m2。
再刷塗釕溶液四次,每次塗後,在80-90℃進行乾燥處理10分鐘,在500℃熱分解10分鐘,得比負載Ru 3g/m2。
樣本經效益測試,顯示在溫度90℃,於33% NaOH內釋氫下,在3kA/m2,電阻降校正過初始陰極電位-930mV/NHE。
同樣樣本以10mV/s掃描率,經-1至+0.5V/NHE之循環電量計測;25次循環後,陰極電位-935mV/NHE,表示電流逆流抵抗性完美適於無極化裝置之工業電解槽操作。
取二胺基二硝酸鉑Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2,其量相當於40公克Pt,溶入160毫升冰醋酸內。溶液經攪拌3小時,並維持溫度50℃,再以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱鉑溶液)。
取Ru(NO)(NO3)3,其量相當於200公克Ru,溶入600毫升冰醋酸內,添加數毫升濃硝酸。溶液經攪拌3小時,並維持溫度50℃。溶液以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱釕溶液)。
另外取Pr(NO3)3,其量相當於200公克Pr,溶入600毫升冰醋酸內,添加數毫升濃硝酸。溶液經攪拌3小時,並維持溫度50℃。溶液再以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱稀土溶液)。
取480毫升釕溶液與120毫升稀土溶液混拌,攪拌5分鐘。所得溶液以10%重量乙酸調至1公升容量(以下稱釕鐠溶液)。
尺寸100mm×100mm×0.89mm之鎳網200,經噴金剛砂處理,以20% HCl在85℃蝕刻2分鐘,在500℃加熱退火1小時。
刷塗鉑溶液單一循環,在80-90℃進行乾燥處理10分鐘,在500℃熱分解10分鐘,得比負載Pt 1g/m2。
然後,刷塗釕鐠溶液接續四次,每次塗後,在80-90℃進行乾燥處理10分鐘,在500℃熱分解10分鐘,獲得比負載Ru 4g/m2和Pr 1g/m2。
樣本經效益測試,顯示在溫度90℃,於33% NaOH內釋氫下,在3kA/m2,電阻降校正過初始陰極電位-930mV/NHE。
同樣樣本以10mV/s掃描率,經-1至+0.5V/NHE之循環電量計測;25次循環後,陰極電位-975mV/NHE,表示電流逆流抵抗性只有裝設極化裝置才適於工業電解槽操作。
前述無意限制本發明,可按照不同具體例使用,不違其範圍,本發明之程度純以所附申請專利範圍為準。
在本案說明書和申請專利範圍中,使用「包括」一辭,無意排除其他元素、組成份或額外製法步驟存在。
說明書內所提到文件、規章、材料、裝置、論文等,目的只在提供本發明脈絡。並非意味或代表任何或全部此等事物形成先前技術基礎之一部份,或是本案各項申請專利範圍優先權日之前,與本發明相關領
域之一般常識。
Claims (9)
- 一種電解製法中適用做為陰極之電極,包括金屬基材,裝設觸媒塗料,該觸媒塗料包括含鉑內層,與基材直接接觸;至少一中間層,由含有佔元素40-60%重量銠之氧化物混合物組成;和氧化釕外層者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之電極,其中該金屬基材係由鎳製成者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之電極,其中該至少一中間層含有佔元素10-30%重量鈀,和20-40%重量稀土類者。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之電極,其中該稀土類係由鐠組成者。
- 如申請專利範圍第3或4項之電極,其中該內層之鉑比負載為0.3-1.5g/m2,該中間層之銠、鈀、稀土類比負載合計為1-3g/m2,該外層之釕比負載為2-5g/m2者。
- 一種如前述申請專利範圍一項電極之製法,包括如下步驟:a.於金屬基材施加Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2之乙酸溶液,隨即在80-100℃乾燥,並在450-600℃熱分解;b.視情形重複步驟a,直到觸媒內層獲得Pt比負載0.3-1.5g/m2;c.於該觸媒內層施加含硝酸銠之乙酸溶液,可視需要添加鈀和稀土類之硝酸鹽,隨即在80-100℃乾燥,並在450-600℃熱分解;d.視情形重複步驟c,直到觸媒中間層獲得Rh、Pd和稀土類比負載合計1-3g/m2;e.於該觸媒中間層施加含亞硝醯基硝酸Ru之乙酸溶液,隨即在80-100℃乾燥,並在450-600℃熱分解;f.視情形重複步驟e,直到觸媒外層獲得Ru比負載2-5g/m2者。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之方法,其中該步驟a,b,c之熱分解溫度,在480至520℃範圍者。
- 一種電解電池,包括陽極室和陰極室,利用離子交換膜隔離,其中陰極室裝設有申請專利範圍第1-5項之任一項電極者。
- 一種電解槽,用於從鹼鹽水製造氯和鹼,無保護極化裝置,包括申請專利範圍第8項之電池模組式配置者。
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CN107815703B (zh) * | 2016-09-14 | 2019-09-10 | 蓝星(北京)化工机械有限公司 | 析氢活性阴极及其制备方法和包含所述析氢活性阴极的电解槽 |
KR102283328B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-28 | 2021-07-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 환원 전극의 재생방법 |
US10815578B2 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2020-10-27 | Electrode Solutions, LLC | Catalyzed cushion layer in a multi-layer electrode |
CN108070877B (zh) * | 2017-11-09 | 2020-07-07 | 江苏安凯特科技股份有限公司 | 一种用于电解生产的阴极及其制备方法 |
US11668017B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2023-06-06 | Water Star, Inc. | Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes |
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CN112080756B (zh) * | 2019-06-14 | 2021-07-06 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种析氢电极及其制备和应用 |
CN113337845B (zh) * | 2020-02-17 | 2024-02-09 | 马赫内托特殊阳极(苏州)有限公司 | 一种能够极性反转的电极及其用途 |
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CA1225066A (en) * | 1980-08-18 | 1987-08-04 | Jean M. Hinden | Electrode with surface film of oxide of valve metal incorporating platinum group metal or oxide |
CA1232227A (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1988-02-02 | Christopher Vance | Manufacturing electrode by immersing substrate in aluminium halide and other metal solution and electroplating |
FR2583781A1 (fr) * | 1985-06-24 | 1986-12-26 | Atochem | Cathode pour electrolyse et un procede de fabrication de ladite cathode |
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JP4927006B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-07 | 2012-05-09 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 水素発生用陰極 |
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