JP2016502606A - 水素の電解発生用の陰極 - Google Patents
水素の電解発生用の陰極 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016502606A JP2016502606A JP2015544404A JP2015544404A JP2016502606A JP 2016502606 A JP2016502606 A JP 2016502606A JP 2015544404 A JP2015544404 A JP 2015544404A JP 2015544404 A JP2015544404 A JP 2015544404A JP 2016502606 A JP2016502606 A JP 2016502606A
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- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PNPIRSNMYIHTPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroso nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)ON=O PNPIRSNMYIHTPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 rare earth nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZDGGJQMSELMHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-Trifluoromethylhippuric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CNC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ZDGGJQMSELMHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009993 protective function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003251 chemically resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
- C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/097—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds comprising two or more noble metals or noble metal alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Ptについて40gに相当する一定量のジアミノ二硝酸白金(Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2)を160mlの氷酢酸の中に溶解した。温度を50℃に維持しながら溶液を3時間攪拌し、次いで、10重量%の酢酸を用いて容量を1リットルにした(白金溶液)。
Ptについて40gに相当する一定量のジアミノ二硝酸白金(Pt(NH3)2(NO3)2)を160mlの氷酢酸の中に溶解した。温度を50℃に維持しながら溶液を3時間攪拌し、次いで、10重量%の酢酸を用いて容量を1リットルにした(白金溶液)。
Claims (9)
- 電解プロセスにおいて陰極として用いるのに適した電極であって、触媒被膜を備え付けた金属の支持体を含み、前記触媒被膜は、支持体と直接接触している白金を含む内側の層、元素について40〜60重量%のロジウムを含む酸化物の混合物からなる少なくとも一つの中間層、および酸化ルテニウムの外側の層を含む、前記電極。
- 前記金属の支持体はニッケルからなる、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記少なくとも一つの中間層は、元素について10〜30重量%のパラジウムと20〜40重量%の希土類元素を含む、請求項1または2に記載の電極。
- 前記希土類元素はプラセオジムからなる、請求項3に記載の電極。
- 前記内側の層における白金の特定の配合量は0.3〜1.5g/m2であり、前記中間層におけるロジウム、パラジウムおよび希土類元素の特定の配合量の合計は1〜3g/m2であり、そして前記外側の層におけるルテニウムの特定の配合量は2〜5g/m2である、請求項3または4に記載の電極。
- 請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の電極を製造するための方法であって、以下の各工程:
a)金属の支持体にPt(NH3)2(NO3)2の酢酸溶液を塗布し、次いで、80〜100℃において乾燥し、そして450〜600℃において熱分解する工程;
b)場合により、Ptについて0.3〜1.5g/m2の特定の配合量を有する内側の触媒層が得られるまで工程a)を繰り返す工程;
c)前記内側の触媒層に、硝酸ロジウムおよび場合によりパラジウムと希土類元素の硝酸塩を含む酢酸溶液を塗布し、次いで、80〜100℃において乾燥し、そして450〜600℃において熱分解する工程;
d)場合により、Rh、Pdおよび希土類元素の合計として1〜3g/m2の特定の配合量を有する中間の触媒層が得られるまで工程c)を繰り返す工程;
e)前記中間の触媒層にニトロシル硝酸Ruを含む酢酸溶液を塗布し、次いで、80〜100℃において乾燥し、そして450〜600℃において熱分解する工程;
f)場合により、Ruについて2〜5g/m2の特定の配合量を有する外側の触媒層が得られるまで工程e)を繰り返す工程;
を含む前記方法。 - 工程a)、c)およびe)の前記熱分解の温度は480℃から520℃までの範囲である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- イオン交換膜によって分離された陽極区画と陰極区画を有する電解セルであって、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の電極を陰極区画に備え付けた、前記電解セル。
- アルカリブラインから塩素とアルカリを製造するための電解装置であって、保護用の分極装置を備えておらず、請求項8に記載のセルのモジュール配置を含む、前記電解装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT002030A ITMI20122030A1 (it) | 2012-11-29 | 2012-11-29 | Catodo per evoluzione elettrolitica di idrogeno |
ITMI2012A002030 | 2012-11-29 | ||
PCT/EP2013/073490 WO2014082843A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 | 2013-11-11 | Cathode for electrolytic evolution of hydrogen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2016502606A true JP2016502606A (ja) | 2016-01-28 |
JP6324402B2 JP6324402B2 (ja) | 2018-05-16 |
Family
ID=47633166
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2015544404A Active JP6324402B2 (ja) | 2012-11-29 | 2013-11-11 | 水素の電解発生用の陰極 |
Country Status (26)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150308004A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2925909B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6324402B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20150089077A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN104769163B (ja) |
AR (1) | AR093390A1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2013351395C1 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112015012177A8 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2885810C (ja) |
CL (1) | CL2015001428A1 (ja) |
DK (1) | DK2925909T3 (ja) |
EA (1) | EA028211B1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2606306T3 (ja) |
HU (1) | HUE032149T2 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL237869A (ja) |
IT (1) | ITMI20122030A1 (ja) |
MX (1) | MX361261B (ja) |
MY (1) | MY183338A (ja) |
PE (1) | PE20151011A1 (ja) |
PL (1) | PL2925909T3 (ja) |
PT (1) | PT2925909T (ja) |
SG (1) | SG11201502482TA (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI592521B (ja) |
UY (1) | UY35125A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2014082843A1 (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA201502734B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017174563A1 (de) | 2016-04-07 | 2017-10-12 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Bifunktionelle elektrode und elektrolysevorrichtung für die chlor-alkali-elektrolyse |
CN107815703B (zh) * | 2016-09-14 | 2019-09-10 | 蓝星(北京)化工机械有限公司 | 析氢活性阴极及其制备方法和包含所述析氢活性阴极的电解槽 |
KR102283328B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-28 | 2021-07-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 환원 전극의 재생방법 |
US10815578B2 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2020-10-27 | Electrode Solutions, LLC | Catalyzed cushion layer in a multi-layer electrode |
CN108070877B (zh) * | 2017-11-09 | 2020-07-07 | 江苏安凯特科技股份有限公司 | 一种用于电解生产的阴极及其制备方法 |
US11668017B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2023-06-06 | Water Star, Inc. | Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes |
CA3141530A1 (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2020-12-17 | Olin Corporation | Electrode coating |
CN112080756B (zh) * | 2019-06-14 | 2021-07-06 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种析氢电极及其制备和应用 |
CN113337845B (zh) * | 2020-02-17 | 2024-02-09 | 马赫内托特殊阳极(苏州)有限公司 | 一种能够极性反转的电极及其用途 |
IT202100020735A1 (it) * | 2021-08-02 | 2023-02-02 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Elettrodo per evoluzione elettrolitica di idrogeno |
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JP2010506050A (ja) * | 2006-10-11 | 2010-02-25 | インドゥストリエ・デ・ノラ・ソチエタ・ペル・アツィオーニ | 電解プロセス用陰極 |
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WO2012150307A1 (en) * | 2011-05-03 | 2012-11-08 | Industrie De Nora S.P.A. | Electrode for electrolytic processes and method of manufacturing thereof |
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