TW201414730A - 菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體之新穎正向異位調節劑 - Google Patents

菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體之新穎正向異位調節劑 Download PDF

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TW201414730A
TW201414730A TW102122667A TW102122667A TW201414730A TW 201414730 A TW201414730 A TW 201414730A TW 102122667 A TW102122667 A TW 102122667A TW 102122667 A TW102122667 A TW 102122667A TW 201414730 A TW201414730 A TW 201414730A
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phenyl
ethyl
disease
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Joergen Eskildsen
Anette Graven Sams
Ask Pueschl
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Lundbeck & Co As H
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Abstract

本發明係關於適用於療法中之化合物，包含該等化合物之組成物，及包含投予該等化合物之疾病治療方法。該等所提及之化合物為菸鹼乙醯膽鹼α7受體之正向異位調節劑(PAM)。

Description

菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體之新穎正向異位調節劑
本發明係關於適用於療法中之化合物，包含該等化合物之組成物，及包含投予該等化合物之疾病治療方法。該等所提及之化合物為菸鹼乙醯膽鹼α7受體之正向異位調節劑(positive allosteric modulator；PAM)。
菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體(nAChR)屬於配位體閘控離子通道超家族且閘控包括鈣在內之陽離子之流動。nAChR由乙醯膽鹼(ACh)內源性活化且可分為神經肌肉接點之菸鹼受體及神經元菸鹼受體(NNR)。NNR廣泛表現於整個中樞神經系統(central nervous system；CNS)及周邊神經系統(peripheral nervous system；PNS)中。已表明NNR藉由調節許多神經傳遞質，例如尤其ACh、去甲腎上腺素、多巴胺、血清素及GABA之釋放而在CNS功能方面起重要作用，從而產生多種生理作用。
迄今為止已報導十七個nAChR次單元，其鑑別為α2-α10、β1-β4、γ、δ及ε。自此等次單元中，九個次單元α2至α7及β2至β4顯著存在於哺乳動物腦中。存在許多功能不同之nAChR複合物，例如五個α7次單元可形成呈同聚功能五聚體形式之受體或不同次單元之組合可形成諸如α4 β2及α3 β4受體之雜聚受體(Gotti,C.等人，Prog.Neurobiol.,2004,74：363-396；Gotti,C.等人，Biochemical Pharmacology,2009,78：703-711)。
同聚α7受體以及α4 β2受體為腦中最豐富NNR之一，其中其大量表現於海馬區、皮層、視丘核、腹側被蓋區及黑質中(Broad,L.M. 等人，Drugs of the Future,2007,32(2)：161-170,Poorthuis RB,Biochem Pharmacol.2009,1；78(7)：668-76)。
已積極研究α7 NNR在神經元信號傳導中之作用。已證明α7 NNR調控中間神經元興奮性且調節興奮性以及抑制性神經傳遞質之釋放。另外，已報導在細胞損傷之實驗模型中α7 NNR與神經保護作用有關(Shimohama,S.,Biol Pharm Bull.2009,32(3)：332-6)。
研究已展示α7次單元在試管內重組表現時會快速活化且脫敏，且展示相較於其他NNR組合相對較高之鈣滲透性(Papke,R.L.等人，J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2009,329(2)：791-807)。
NNR一般與諸如學習、記憶及注意力之各種認知功能有關，且因此與CNS病症，例如阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease；AD)、帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease；PD)、注意力不足過動症(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder；ADHD)、妥瑞氏症候群(Tourette's syndrome)、精神分裂症、躁鬱症、疼痛及菸草依賴有關(Keller,J.J.等人，Behav.Brain Res.2005,162：143-52；Haydar,S.N.等人，Curr Top Med Chem.2010；10(2)：144-52)。
詳言之，亦已發現α7 NNR與認知病症相關聯，該等認知病症包括例如ADHD、自閉症系列障礙(autism spectrum disorder)、AD、輕度認知障礙(mild cognitive impairment；MCI)、年齡相關性記憶障礙(age associated memory impairment；AAMI)、老年性癡呆、額顳葉退化症(frontotemporal lobar degeneration)、HIV相關性癡呆(HIV associated dementia；HAD)、HIV相關性認知障礙(HIV associated cognitive impairment；HIV-CI)、皮克氏病(Pick's disease)、與路易體(Lewy body)相關之癡呆、與多發性硬化症相關之認知障礙、血管性癡呆、癲癇症中之認知障礙、與X脆折(fragile X)相關之認知障礙、與弗里德賴希氏共濟失調(Friedreich's Ataxia)相關之認知障礙及與唐氏症候群(Down's syndrome)相關之癡呆，以及與精神分裂 症相關之認知障礙。此外，已展示α7-NNR在試管內(Jonnala,R.B.等人，J.Neurosci.Res.,2001,66：565-572)與活體內(Shimohama,S.,Brain Res.,1998,779：359-363)皆與菸鹼之神經保護作用有關以及與疼痛信號傳導有關。更特定言之，神經退化為若干進行性CNS病症之根本，該等進行性CNS病症包括(但不限於)AD、PD、肌萎縮性側索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)、亨丁頓氏病(Huntington's disease)、路易體性癡呆以及由創傷性腦損傷所致之CNS功能減弱。舉例而言，已提出與AD相關聯之由β-類澱粉肽所致之α7 NNR功能障礙為與該疾病相關之認知不足之發展中的關鍵因素(Liu,Q.-S.等人，PNAS,2001,98：4734-4739)。因此，調節α7 NNR之活性證明可能有望預防或治療許多上文所示疾病，諸如AD、其他癡呆、其他神經退化性疾病、精神分裂症及神經退化，以及與包括例如學習、記憶及注意力態樣之認知功能相關之潛在病變(Thomsen,M.S.等人，Curr Pharm Des.2010年1月；16(3)：323-43；Olincy,A.等人，Arch Gen Psychiatry.2006,63(6)：630-8；Deutsch,S.I.,Clin Neuropharmacol.2010,33(3)：114-20；Feuerbach,D.,Neuropharmacology.2009,56(1)：254-63)。
包括α7配位體之NNR配位體亦與體重控制、糖尿病性炎症、強迫症(obsessive-compulsive disorder；OCD)、血管生成有關且提出作為潛在止痛劑(Marrero,M.B.等人，J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther 2010,332(1)：173-80；Vincler,M.,Exp.Opin.Invest Drugs,2005,14(10)：1191-1198；Rosas-Ballina,M.,J.Intern Med.2009 265(6)：663-79；Arias,H.R.,Int.J.Biochem.Cell Biol.2009,41(7)：1441-51；Tizabi,Y.,Biol Psychiatry.2002,51(2)：164-71)。
已知菸鹼在投予時會增強注意力及認知效能、減輕焦慮、增強感覺閘控且具有止痛及神經保護作用。該等作用由菸鹼對多種菸鹼受體亞型之非選擇性作用介導。然而，菸鹼亦產生不良事件，諸如心血管及胃腸問題(Karaconji,I.B.等人，Arh Hig Rada Toksikol.2005,56(4)：363-71)。因此， 需要鑑別保留菸鹼或NNR配位體之有益作用，同時消除或降低不良作用之亞型選擇性化合物。
所報導之NNR配位體之實例為α7 NNR促效劑，諸如DMXB-A、SSR180711及ABT-107，已展示其對齧齒動物與人類中之認知加工均有一些有益作用(參見例如Hajos,M.，等人，J.Pharmacol Exp Ther.2005,312：1213-22；Olincy,A.等人，Arch Gen Psychiatry.2006 63(6)：630-8；Pichat,P.,等人，Neuropsychopharmacology.2007 32(1)：17-34；Bitner,R.S.,J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2010 1；334(3)：875-86)。另外，已報導α7 NNR之調節會改良患有精神分裂症之患者的陰性症狀(Freedman,R.等人，Am J Psychiatry. 2008 165(8)：1040-7)。
儘管NNR配位體具有有益作用，但仍不確定用影響NNR之促效劑進行長期治療是否可能因使NNR(尤其α7 NNR亞型)持續活化及脫敏而提供次最佳益處。與促效劑對比，投予正向異位調節劑(PAM)可在不直接刺激目標受體之情況下增強內源性膽鹼激導性傳遞。菸鹼PAM可選擇性調節ACh對NNR之活性，從而保留受體之活化及去活化動力學。因此，已出現α7 NNR選擇性PAM(Faghih,R.,Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov.2007,2(2)：99-106)。
因此，藉由經由PAM增強內源性神經傳遞質乙醯膽鹼之作用而增加α7 NNR功能將為有益的。此可在不直接活化α7 NNR之情況下增強內源性膽鹼激導性神經傳遞，如同促效劑。實際上，已證實用於增強通道活性之PAM在臨床上成功用於GABAa受體，其中苯并二氮呯及巴比妥酸鹽在不同部位起PAM之作用(Hevers,W.等人，Mol.Neurobiol.,1998,18：35-86)。
迄今為止，僅已知數種NNR PAM，諸如5-羥基吲哚(5-hydroxyindole；5-HI)、伊維菌素(ivermectin)、加蘭他敏(galantamine) 及SLURP-1(一種來源於乙醯膽鹼酯酶(acetylcholinesterase；AChE)之肽)。亦報導染料木素(Genistein)(一種激酶抑制劑)可增加α7反應。據報導PNU-120596(一種脲衍生物)可增加ACh效能以及改良大鼠內由安非他命(amphetamine)誘發之聽覺閘控不足。此外，已報導NS1738、JNJ-1930942及化合物6可增強ACh之反應且在齧齒動物實驗性感覺及認知加工模型中發揮有益作用。其他NNR PAM包括啶、吲哚、苯并吡唑、噻唑及苯并異噻唑之衍生物(Hurst,R.S.等人，J.Neurosci.2005,25：4396-4405；Faghih,R.,Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov.2007,2(2)：99-106；Timmermann,D.B.,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.2007,323(1)：294-307；Ng,H.J.等人，Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U S A.2007,8；104(19)：8059-64；Dinklo,T.,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.2011,336(2)：560-74)。
WO 2009/043784敍述具有以下整體結構之化合物 認為該化合物為α7 NNR之PAM。
目前已知之α7 NNR PAM一般證明活性微弱，具有多種非特異性作用或僅可有限地通向大量表現α7 NNR之中樞神經系統。因此，鑑別並提供用於治療與α7 NNR相關之疾病及病症的α7 NNR之新穎PAM化合物及組成物將為有益的。若該等化合物可藉由選擇性地調節α7 NNR提供改良之治療功效同時減少與靶向神經元菸鹼受體之化合物有關之不良作用，則將進一步尤其有益。
WO 2010/137351敍述具有以下整體結構之化合物
其為鈣或鈉通道阻斷劑，亦即與不同於本發明化合物之藥理學機制相關之化合物。
本發明之目的為提供作為菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體亞型α7之正向異位調節劑(PAM)的化合物。
本發明之化合物由以下式[I]定義：
其中R1、R2、R3、R4及R5為H；R6係選自甲基及羥甲基；A7為C-R7，A8為N且A9為C-R9；R7、R10及R11為H；R9為OR12，其中R12表示具有4-6個環原子之單環飽和環部分，其中該等環原子中之一者為O且其餘為C；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於一種式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽，其係用作醫藥品。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於一種式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽，其係用於治療選自以下之疾病或病症：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)； 年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome；WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於一種醫藥組成物，其包含式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽以及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於一種套組，其包含式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽以及選自由以下組成之清單的化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於一種治療選自以下之疾病或病症之方法：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛，該方法包含投予治療有效量之式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在一個具體實例中，本發明係關於式[I]化合物及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽的用途，其係用於製造用以治療選自以下之疾病或病症之醫藥品：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
定義
在本發明上下文中，「烷基(alkyl)」意欲指示直鏈、分支鏈及/或環狀飽和烴。詳言之，「C1-6烷基(C1-6alkyl)」意欲指示具有1、2、3、4、5或6個碳原子之該烴。C1-6烷基之實例包括甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、甲基環丙基、2-甲基-丙基及第三丁基。經取代C1-6烷基之實例包括例如氟甲基及羥甲基。
在本發明上下文中，「羥基(hydroxy)」意欲指示-OH。
在本發明上下文中，「單環部分(monocyclic moiety)」意欲為僅包含一個環之環狀部分，該環狀部分可為飽和或不飽和的。
在本發明上下文中，「環原子(ring atom)」意欲指示構成環之原子，且環原子係選自C、N、O及S。舉例而言，苯與甲苯皆具有6個碳作為環原子，而吡啶具有5個碳及1個氮作為環原子。
在本發明上下文中，「對映異構過量(enantiomeric excess)」表示化合物對映異構體之混合物中化合物之過量%。若例如對映異構過量為90%，則化合物與其對映異構體之比率為95：5，且若對映異構過量為95%， 則化合物與其對映異構體之比率為97.5：2.5。同樣地，「非對映異構過量(diastereomeric excess)」表示化合物非對映異構體之混合物中化合物之過量%。
在本發明上下文中，醫藥學上可接受之鹽包括醫藥學上可接受之酸加成鹽。酸加成鹽包括無機酸以及有機酸之鹽。
適當無機酸之實例包括鹽酸、氫溴酸、氫碘酸、磷酸、硫酸、胺基磺酸、硝酸及其類似物。
適當有機酸之實例包括甲酸、乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氟乙酸、丙酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、檸檬酸、反丁烯二酸、乙醇酸、衣康酸、乳酸、甲烷磺酸、順丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、丙二酸、杏仁酸、草酸、苦味酸、丙酮酸、柳酸、丁二酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、酒石酸、抗壞血酸、雙羥萘酸、雙亞甲基柳酸、乙烷二磺酸、葡萄糖酸、甲基順丁烯二酸、天冬胺酸、硬脂酸、棕櫚酸、EDTA、乙醇酸、對胺基苯甲酸、麩胺酸、苯磺酸、對甲苯磺酸、茶鹼乙酸以及8-鹵茶鹼，例如8-溴茶鹼及其類似物。醫藥學上可接受之無機或有機酸加成鹽之其他實例包括Berge,S.M.等人，J.Pharm.Sci.1977,66,2中所列舉之醫藥學上可接受之鹽，該文獻以引用的方式併入本文中。
在本發明上下文中，醫藥載劑包括惰性固體稀釋劑或填充劑、無菌水溶液及各種有機溶劑。固體載劑之實例包括乳糖、白土、蔗糖、環糊精、滑石、明膠、瓊脂、果膠、阿拉伯膠、硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸及纖維素之低碳烷基醚。液體載劑之實例包括(但不限於)糖漿、花生油、橄欖油、磷脂、脂肪酸、脂肪酸胺、聚氧乙烯及水。類似地，載劑可包括單獨或與蠟混合的此項技術中已知之任何持續釋放物質，諸如單硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯。
在本發明上下文中，術語化合物之「治療有效量 (therapeutically effective amount)」意謂在包含投予該化合物之治療性干預中足以治癒、減輕或部分阻滯既定疾病及其併發症之臨床表現的量。將足以實現此目的之量定義為「治療有效量」。用於各目的之有效量將視疾病或損傷之嚴重程度以及個體之體重及一般狀況而定。應瞭解，可使用常規實驗，藉由建構值之矩陣且測試矩陣中之不同點，確定適當劑量，其全部屬於熟練醫師之一般技術範疇。
在本發明上下文中，術語「治療(treatment)」及「治療(treating)」意謂管理及護理患者以達成與病狀(諸如疾病或病症)對抗之目的。該術語意欲包括針對患者所患之既定病狀之治療的全部系列，諸如投予活性化合物以減輕症狀或併發症、延緩疾病、病症或病狀之進程、減輕或緩解症狀及併發症及/或治癒或消除疾病、病症或病狀以及預防病狀，其中預防應理解為管理及護理患者以達成與疾病、病狀或病症對抗之目的且包括投予活性化合物以預防症狀或併發症之發作。在本發明之一個態樣中，「治療(treatment)」及「治療(treating)」係指防治性(預防性)治療。在另一個態樣中，「治療(treatment)」及「治療(treating)」係指(治癒性)治療。待治療之患者較佳為哺乳動物，尤其為人類。
在本發明上下文中，術語「認知病症(cognitive disorder)」意欲指示特徵為知覺、問題解決、語言、學習、工作記憶、記憶、社會識別、注意力及前注意加工態樣異常之適應症，諸如(但不限於)注意力不足過動症(ADHD)、自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)、輕度認知障礙(MCI)、年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)、老年性癡呆、血管性癡呆、額顳葉退化症、皮克氏病、與路易體相關之癡呆及與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆、與多發性硬化症相關之認知障礙、癲癇症中之認知障礙、與X脆折相關之認知障礙、與神經纖維瘤相關之認知障礙、與弗里德賴希氏共濟失調相關之認知障礙、進行性核上麻痹(progressive supranuclear palsy；PSP)、HIV相 關性癡呆(HAD)、HIV相關性認知障礙(HIV-CI)、亨丁頓氏病、帕金森氏病(PD)、強迫症(OCD)、創傷性腦損傷、癲癇症、創傷後壓力症、韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)、創傷後健忘症、與抑鬱症相關之認知不足以及與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙。
化合物之認知增強特性可例如藉由注意定勢轉移範例來評估，該範例為允許經由維度內(intra-dimensional；ID)對比維度外(extra-dimensional；ED)轉移辨別學習評估執行功能之動物模型。該研究可藉由測試化合物是否會削弱藉由大鼠中亞慢性PCP投予所誘發之「注意效能障礙」來執行，如Rodefer,J.S.等人，Eur.J.Neurosci.2005,21：1070-1076所述。
在本發明上下文中，術語「自閉症系列障礙(autism spectrum disorder)」意欲指示特徵為社會互動及言語與非言語溝通普遍異常以及興趣有限、行為及注意力反覆之病症，諸如(但不限於)自閉症、亞斯伯格症候群(Asperger syndrome)、未分類廣泛性發育障礙(Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified；PDD-NOS)、瑞特症候群(Rett syndrome)、安裘曼症候群(Angelmann syndrome)、X脆折、戴喬治症候群(DiGeorge syndrome)及兒童期崩解症(Childhood Disintegrative Disorder)。
在本發明上下文中，術語「發炎性病症(inflammatory disorder)」意欲指示特徵為免疫系統異常之病症，諸如(但不限於)導致異常發炎之過敏性反應及肌病，以及病因源於發炎過程之非免疫疾病，認為包括(但不限於)癌症、動脈粥樣硬化、骨關節炎、類風濕性關節炎及缺血性心臟病。
本發明之發明者已發現某些新穎化合物為NNR之正向異位調節劑(PAM)，且因而可用於治療各種病症。
NNR之PAM可與其他藥物組合給予以在某些患者群體中達成更有效治療。α7 NNR PAM可與另一藥物協同作用，此情況已描述於將影響菸鹼受體(包括α7 NNR)及D2拮抗作用之化合物組合之動物中(Wiker,C,Int.J.Neuropsychopharmacol.2008,11(6)：845-50)。
因此，本發明之化合物與例如選自以下之另一藥物組合可為有用治療：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑、麩胺酸受體拮抗劑、多巴胺轉運抑制劑、去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑、D2拮抗劑、D2部分促效劑、PDE10拮抗劑、5-HT2A拮抗劑、5-HT6拮抗劑及KCNQ拮抗劑、鋰、鈉通道阻斷劑、GABA信號傳導增強劑。
在一個具體實例中，將本發明之化合物用於治療已用選自以上清單之另一藥物治療之患者。在一個具體實例中，本發明之化合物適合於與該其他藥物同時投予。在一個具體實例中，本發明之化合物適合於與該其他藥物依序投予。在一個具體實例中，將本發明之化合物用作治療患者之唯一醫藥品。在一個具體實例中，將本發明之化合物用於治療尚未用選自以上清單之另一藥物治療之患者。
本發明之具體實例
在下文中，揭示本發明之具體實例。第一具體實例表示為E1，第二具體實例表示為E2等。
E1.一種式[I]化合物，
其中R1、R2、R3、R4及R5為H；R6係選自甲基及羥甲基；A7為C-R7，A8為N且A9為C-R9；R7、R10及R11為H；R9為OR12，其中R12表示具有4-6個環原子之單環飽和環部分，其中該等環原子中之一者為O且其餘為C；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E2.如具體實例1之化合物，其中R6為甲基。
E3.如具體實例1之化合物，其中R6為羥甲基。
E4.如具體實例1至3中任一具體實例之化合物，其非對映異構過量為至少80%，諸如至少85%，諸如至少90%，諸如至少95%。
E5.如具體實例1之化合物，其係選自：13： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(S)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺； 14： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺； 19： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(S)-1-[6-(氧雜環丁烷-3-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺； 43： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((R)-2-羥基-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧 基]-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；44：(1S,2S)-N-[(1R)-2-羥基-1-[6-[(3S)-四氫呋喃-3-基]氧基-3-吡啶基]乙基]-2-苯基-環丙烷甲醯胺； 45： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(R)-2-羥基-1-[6-(四氫-哌喃-4-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及任何該等化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E6.如具體實例1之化合物，其為13：(1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E7.如具體實例1之化合物，其為14： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E8.如具體實例1之化合物，其為19： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(S)-1-[6-(氧雜環丁烷-3-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E9.如具體實例1之化合物，其為43： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((R)-2-羥基-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E10.如具體實例1之化合物，其為44： (1S,2S)-N-[(1R)-2-羥基-1-[6-[3S)-四氫呋喃-3-基]氧基-3-吡啶基]乙基]-2-苯基-環丙烷甲醯胺； 及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E11.如具體實例1之化合物，其為45： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(R)-2-羥基-1-[6-(四氫-哌喃-4-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
E12.如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物，其係用作醫藥品。
E13.如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物，其係用於療法中。
E14.如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物，其係用於治療選自以下之疾病或病症：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
E15.如具體實例14之化合物，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD；自閉症系列障礙；PD；肌萎縮性側索硬化症；亨丁頓氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆及疼痛。
E16.如具體實例15之化合物，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD及自閉症系列障礙。
E17.如具體實例16之化合物，其中該疾病或病症係選自精神分裂症之陰性及/或認知症狀。
E18.如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物，其係與治療有效量之選自由以下組成之清單的化合物相伴或依序用於治療如具體實例14至17中任一具體實例之疾病或病症：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
E19.一種醫藥組成物，其包含如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑。
E20.如具體實例19之組成物，該組成物另外包含選自由以下組成之清單的第二化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
E21.如具體實例20之組成物，其中該第二化合物為乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑。
E22.一種套組，其包含如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物以及選自由以下組成之清單的第二化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
E23.如具體實例22之套組，其中該第二化合物為乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑。
E24.一種治療選自以下之疾病或病症之方法，，該方法包含向需要該治療之患者投予治療有效量之如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障 礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
E25.如具體實例24之方法，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD；自閉症系列障礙；PD；肌萎縮性側索硬化症；亨丁頓氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆及疼痛。
E26.如具體實例25之方法，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD及自閉症系列障礙。
E27.如具體實例26之方法，其中該治療包含治療精神分裂症之陰性及/或認知症狀。
E28.如具體實例24至27中任一具體實例之方法，其中該治療進一步包含投予治療有效量之選自由以下組成之清單的第二化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
E29.如具體實例28之方法，其中該第二化合物為乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑。
E30.一種如具體實例1至11中任一具體實例之化合物之用途，其係用於製造供治療選自以下之疾病或病症用之醫藥品：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症 (ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病；帕金森氏病(PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
E31.如具體實例30之用途，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD；自閉症系列障礙；PD；肌萎縮性側索硬化症；亨丁頓氏病；與路易體相關之癡呆及疼痛。
E32.如具體實例31之用途，其中該疾病或病症係選自：精神分裂症；AD；ADHD及自閉症系列障礙。
E33.如具體實例32之用途，其中該疾病為精神分裂症之陽性、陰性及/或認知症狀。
E34.如具體實例30至33中任一具體實例之用途，其中該製造另外包含使用選自由以下組成之清單的第二化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
E35.如具體實例34之用途，其中該第二化合物為乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑。
本發明之化合物可呈未溶劑化形式以及溶劑分子選自醫藥學上可接受之溶劑(諸如水、乙醇及其類似物)之溶劑化形式存在。一般而言，為達成本發明之目的，該等溶劑化形式視為等效於非溶劑化形式。
本發明之化合物具有三個具有由以下箭頭指示之固定立體 化學的不對稱中心。
如以下實例所示，本發明之化合物由兩種分別具有一個及兩個不對稱中心之對掌性中間物製造。
關於此點，應瞭解若指定中間物之對映異構形式，則中間物呈對映異構過量，例如基本上呈純的單對映異構形式。因此，所得本發明化合物之非對映異構過量為至少80%。本發明之一個具體實例係關於一種本發明化合物，其關於上文所示三個不對稱中心的非對映異構過量為至少80%，諸如至少85%，諸如至少90%，較佳至少95%或至少97%。
取決於取代基R9，本發明之化合物可另外具有一或多個其他不對稱中心。呈分離、純或部分純化之光學異構體形式之任何光學異構體(亦即對映異構體或非對映異構體)及其任何混合物(包括外消旋混合物，亦即因取代基R9中之不對稱中心而出現之立體異構體之混合物)意欲包括於本發明範疇內。
可藉由已知方法，例如藉由用光學活性酸分離其非對映異構鹽，且藉由用鹼處理來釋放光學活性胺化合物，將外消旋形式解析為光學對映體。另一種將外消旋體解析為光學對映體之方法係基於光學活性基質之層析。亦可藉由形成非對映異構衍生物來解析本發明之化合物。可使用熟習此項技術者已知的其他解析光學異構體之方法。該等方法包括J.Jaques,A.Collet及S.Wilen,「Enantiomers,Racemates,and Resolutions」,John Wiley and Sons,New York(1981)中所論述之彼等方法。亦可由光學活性起始物質製備光學活性化合物。
此外，當分子中存在雙鍵或完全或部分飽和環系統時，可形成幾何異構體。呈分離、純或部分純化之幾何異構體形式的任何幾何異構體或其混合物意欲包括於本發明範疇內。同樣地，具有限制旋轉之鍵的分子可形成幾何異構體。此等異構體亦意欲包括在本發明之範疇內。
此外，本發明之一些化合物可呈不同互變異構形式存在且化合物能夠形成之任何互變異構形式均意欲包括在本發明之範疇內。
本發明之化合物可以單次或多次劑量，作為純化合物單獨投予或與醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑組合投予。本發明之醫藥組成物可根據諸如以下文獻中揭示之習知技術與醫藥學上可接受之載劑或稀釋劑，以及任何其他已知佐劑及賦形劑一起調配：Remington：The Science and Practice of Pharmacy，第19版，Gennaro編，Mack Publishing公司，Easton,PA,1995。
醫藥組成物可經特定調配以用於藉由任何適合途徑投予，諸如口服、經直腸、經鼻、經肺、局部(包括經頰及舌下)、經皮、腦池內、腹膜內、陰道及非經腸(包括皮下、肌肉內、鞘內、靜脈內及皮內)途徑，口服途徑較佳。應瞭解，較佳途徑將視待治療個體之一般狀況及年齡、待治療病狀之性質及所選活性成分而定。
用於口服投予之醫藥組成物包括諸如膠囊、錠劑、糖衣藥丸、丸劑、口含錠、散劑及顆粒劑之固體劑型。若適當，將該等劑型製備成具有塗層。
用於口服投予之液體劑型包括溶液、乳液、懸浮液、糖漿及酏劑。
用於非經腸投予之醫藥組成物包括無菌水性及非水性可注射溶液、分散液、懸浮液或乳液以及在使用之前方復原成無菌可注射溶液或分散液之無菌粉末。
其他適合投藥形式包括栓劑、噴霧劑、軟膏、乳膏、凝膠、吸入劑、經皮貼片、植入劑等。
在一個具體實例中，以每天每公斤體重約0.001mg至約100mg之量投予本發明之化合物。詳言之，日劑量可在每天每公斤體重0.01mg至約50mg範圍內。精確劑量將視投藥頻率及模式、性別、年齡、體重及待治療個體之一般狀況、待治療病狀之性質及嚴重性、任何待治療之併發疾病、所需治療效果及熟習此項技術者已知之其他因素而定。
本發明化合物之成人典型口服劑量將在每天0.1-1000mg範圍內，諸如每天1-500mg，諸如每天1-100mg或每天1-50mg。
本發明之化合物宜以含有該等化合物之單位劑型投予，本發明化合物之量為約0.1至500mg，諸如10mg、50mg、100mg、150mg、200mg或250mg。
對於非經腸投藥而言，可採用本發明化合物於無菌水溶液、丙二醇水溶液、維生素E水溶液或芝麻或花生油中之溶液。必要時應適當緩衝該等水溶液，且液體稀釋劑首先使得與足夠生理食鹽水或葡萄糖等張。水溶液尤其適用於靜脈內、肌肉內、皮下及腹膜內投予。所用無菌水性介質均可藉由熟習此項技術者已知之標準技術容易地獲得。
適合醫藥載劑包括惰性固體稀釋劑或填充劑、無菌水溶液及各種有機溶劑。固體載劑之實例為乳糖、白土、蔗糖、環糊精、滑石、明膠、瓊脂、果膠、阿拉伯膠、硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸及纖維素之低碳烷基醚。液體載劑之實例為糖漿、花生油、橄欖油、磷脂、脂肪酸、脂肪酸胺、聚氧乙烯及水。藉由組合本發明化合物與醫藥學上可接受之載劑形成之醫藥組成物接著易於以適於所揭示投藥途徑之多種劑型投予。
適用於口服投藥之本發明調配物可呈離散單元形式呈現，該離散單元形式為諸如膠囊或錠劑，其各含有預定量之活性成分，且其可包 括適當賦形劑。此外，可口服之調配物可呈散劑或顆粒劑、於水性或非水性液體中之溶液或懸浮液、或水包油型或油包水型液體乳液之形式。
若固體載劑用於口服投藥，則製劑可為錠劑，例如以散劑或丸粒形式置於硬明膠膠囊中或呈糖衣錠或口含錠形式。固體載劑之量可變化，但通常將為約25mg至約1g。
若使用液體載劑，則製劑可呈糖漿、乳液、軟明膠膠囊或無菌可注射液體形式，諸如水性或非水性液體懸浮液或溶液。
錠劑可藉由使活性成分與一般佐劑及/或稀釋劑混合，隨後用習知壓片機將混合物壓在一起來製備。佐劑或稀釋劑之實例包含：玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、滑石、硬脂酸鎂、明膠、乳糖、樹膠及其類似物。通常可使用任何其他佐劑或添加劑達成該等目的，諸如可使用著色劑、香料、防腐劑等，其限制條件為其與活性成分相容。
本文中引用之所有參考文獻，包括公開案、專利申請案及專利均以全文引用的方式併入本文中且其引用的程度就如同每一參考文獻個別地且特定地以引用的方式併入且全文闡述於本文中一般(達法律所允許之最大程度)，與本文其他地方進行的特定文獻之任何個別併入無關。
除非本文另外指出或上下文明顯矛盾，否則在描述本發明之上下文中使用術語「一(a)」及「一(an)」及「該(the)」及類似指示物視為涵蓋單數與複數。舉例而言，除非另外指出，否則片語「該化合物(the compound)」應理解為提及各種本發明之「化合物」或特定描述態樣。
除非另有說明或上下文明顯矛盾，否則本文中關於要素使用諸如「包含(comprising)」、「具有(having)」、「包括(including)」或「含有(containing)」之術語對本發明任何態樣或態樣之描述意欲對「由特定要素組成」、「基本上由特定要素組成」或「實質上包含特定要素」之本發明類似態樣或態樣提供支援(例如除非另有說明或上下文明顯矛盾，否則本文 中描述為包含特定元素之組成物應理解為亦描述由該元素組成之組成物)。
應瞭解本文中提及之本發明之各種態樣、具體實例、實施例及特徵可單獨或以任何組合形式主張。
實施例
本發明將由以下非限制性實施例來說明。
製備本發明化合物之方法
本發明之化合物可如WO 2013/007621所述來製備。為方便起見，在例示性化合物名稱前以粗體所示之編號係指WO 2013/007621中之相應化合物編號。
本發明之例示性化合物列於以下表1中。
試管內分析
菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體α7為可滲透鈣之離子通道，其活性可藉由在哺乳動物細胞或卵母細胞中之過度表現來量測。此兩種個別分析分別描述於實施例1及2中。
實施例1：α7 NNR通量分析
菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體α7為可滲透鈣之離子通道，其活性可藉由在哺乳動物細胞或卵母細胞中之過度表現來量測。在此分析型式中，人類α7受體穩定表現於大鼠GH4C1細胞系中。使用該分析來鑑別α7受體之正向異位調節劑(PAM)。藉由用鈣敏感性螢光染料鈣-4(Calcium-4)(來自Molecular Devices之分析套組)負載細胞，且接著在用測試化合物處理時量測即時螢光變化來量測通道活化。
在實驗之前2-3天自冷凍儲備物將來自Genionics之細胞系ChanClone GH4C1-nAChR α7於培養基中接種於384孔板中以在實驗當天形成約80%匯合層。
細胞塗鋪及染料負載
將細胞培養物以每平方公分約100×103個細胞分至「22.5cm×22.5cm」板中。在濕潤培育箱中在37℃及5% CO2下培育四天之後，其生長成80%-90%匯合層且收集細胞。
培養基：
500mL DMEM/F12(Gibco 31331)
50mL FBS(Gibco 10091-155，批號453269FD)
5mL丙酮酸鈉(Gibco 11360)
5mL青黴素(Pen)/鏈黴素(Strep)(Gibco 15140)
0.1mg/mL G-418(Gibco 11811-064)
在實驗之前兩天或三天，將細胞接種於來自Greiner bio-one 之384孔板(781946，CELLCOAT，聚D-離胺酸，黑色，μClear)中。
倒出培養基且板用PBS洗滌並使其排乾。添加5mL胰蛋白酶(Trypsin)，洗滌細胞且培育(在室溫下)約10秒。快速倒出胰蛋白酶且細胞在37℃下培育2分鐘(若細胞尚未剝離)。使細胞再懸浮於10mL培養基中且轉移至50mL管。
自第一板計數細胞懸浮液(NucleoCounter，總細胞計數)以估計全部批料之總細胞數。將細胞以每孔30μL(30000個細胞/孔)接種於384孔板中，同時攪拌細胞懸浮液或以其他方式預防細胞沈澱。在室溫下培育各板30-45分鐘。將各板置於培育箱中兩天(37℃及5% CO2)。
負載細胞
負載緩衝液為含5% v/v鈣-4套組及2.5mM丙磺舒(Probenecid)之分析緩衝液。
190mL分析緩衝液
10mL套組溶液
2mL 250mM丙磺舒
此體積足夠用於3×8個細胞板。
自細胞板移除培養基且在各孔中添加20μL負載緩衝液。將細胞板置於托盤中且在培育箱(37℃)中培育90分鐘。此後，各板仍然避光在室溫下培育30分鐘。
細胞板現隨時可在功能性藥物篩檢系統(Functional Drug Screening System；FDSS)中操作。
分析緩衝液為含20mM HEPES(pH 7.4)及3mM CaCl2之HBSS。
FDSS Ca分析
用50μL分析緩衝液稀釋200nL 10mM化合物之DMSO溶液。細胞板中之最終測試濃度為 20-10-5-2.5-1.25-0.625-0.312-0.156-0.078-0.039μM。使用分析緩衝液及3μM PNU-120596進行對照。
添加促效劑乙醯膽鹼達最終濃度為20μM(約EC100)。
在EDSS7000中，以1秒時間間隔量測Ex480-Em540。基線由添加測試化合物之前的5個框架產生，且在添加乙醯膽鹼之前產生另外95個框架。在第2次添加之後，量測終止之30個框架。
以100-131秒時間間隔收集各孔之原始資料作為「最大螢光計數」且以96-100秒時間間隔收集作為「平均螢光計數」。第2次添加中之正向異位調節為相較於單獨促效劑，在測試化合物下促效劑反應之增強。
結果計算為相較於設置為100%之參照PNU-120596的測試化合物之調節%。自此等資料產生EC50曲線，從而得到EC50、希爾斜率(hill)及最大刺激。
展示本發明化合物為α7受體之PAM。在通量分析中特性化之本發明化合物之EC50值通常低於20.000nM或20.000nM以下，諸如低於10.000nM。實際上，許多化合物之EC50值低於5.000nM。表2展示本發明之例示性化合物之EC50值。
實施例2：α7 NNR卵母細胞分析
α7 nACh受體表現於爪蟾(Xenopus)卵母細胞中
以外科手術自用0.4% MS-222麻醉10-15分鐘之成熟雌性有爪蟾蜍(Xenepus laevis)移除卵母細胞。接著在室溫下用含0.5mg/mL膠原 酶(IA型，Sigma-Aldrich)之OR2緩衝液(82.5mM NaCl、2.0mM KCl、1.0mM MgCl2及5.0mM HEPES，pH 7.6)消化卵母細胞2-3小時。選擇無卵泡層之卵母細胞且用補充有2mM丙酮酸鈉、0.1U/l青黴素及0.1μg/l鏈黴素之改良之巴特氏鹽水緩衝液(88mM NaCl、1mM KCl、15mM HEPES、2.4mM NaHCO3、0.41mM CaCl2、0.82mM MgSO4、0.3mM Ca(NO3)2)培育24小時。鑑別IV期卵母細胞且在將其用於電生理學記錄時注射4.2-48nl含有0.1-1.2ng編碼人類α7 nACh受體之cRNA或3.0-32ng編碼大鼠α7 nACh受體之cRNA的無核酸酶水且在18℃下培育1-10天。
表現於卵母細胞中之α7 nACh受體之電生理學記錄
在注射之後1-10天將卵母細胞用於電生理學記錄。
將卵母細胞置於1mL浴液中且灌注林格氏緩衝液(Ringer buffer)(115mM NaCl、2.5mM KCl、10mM HEPES、1.8mM CaCl2、0.1mM MgCl2，pH 7.5)。細胞用含有3M KCl之插瓊脂之0.2-1MΩ電極刺穿，且在-90mV下藉由GeneClamp 500B放大器進行電壓鉗制。在室溫下進行實驗。用林格氏緩衝液連續灌注卵母細胞且將藥物施加於灌注液中。將施加30秒之ACh(30μM)用作α7 nACh受體活化之標準促效劑。在標準篩檢裝置中，預先施加1分鐘施加新穎測試化合物(10μM或30μM)以允許評估促效活性，隨後與ACh(30μM)共施加30秒以允許評估PAM活性。共施加之反應與用單獨ACh獲得之促效反應進行比較。計算藥物誘導之對峰反應與總電荷(AUC)反應兩者之影響，由此以對照反應之調節倍數形式給出藥物誘導之PAM活性之影響。
為進行更精細之研究，可完成劑量-反應曲線以評估峰反應與AUC反應之最大倍數調節及EC50值。

Claims (15)

  1. 一種式[I]化合物， 其中R1、R2、R3、R4及R5為H；R6係選自甲基及羥甲基；A7為C-R7，A8為N且A9為C-R9；R7、R10及R11為H；R9為OR12，其中R12表示具有4-6個環原子之單環飽和環部分，其中該等環原子中之一者為O且其餘為C；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其中R6為甲基。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其中R6為羥甲基。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項中任一項之化合物，其非對映異構過量為至少80%，諸如至少85%，諸如至少90%，諸如至少95%。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其係選自：13： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(S)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺； 14： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺； 19： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(S)-1-[6-(氧雜環丁烷-3-基氧基)-吡啶-3- 基]-乙基}-醯胺； 43： (IS,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((R)-2-羥基-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；44：(1S,2S)-N-(1R)-2-羥基-1-[6-[(3S)-四氫呋喃-3-基]氧基-3-吡啶基]乙基]-2-苯基-環丙烷甲醯胺； 45： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(R)-2-羥基-1-[6-(四氫-哌喃-4-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及任何該等化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為13： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(S)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為14： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((S)-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為19： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(S)-1-[6-(氧雜環丁烷-3-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為43： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸((R)-2-羥基-1-{6-[(R)-(四氫-呋喃-3-基)氧基]-吡啶-3-基}-乙基)-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為 44： (1S,2S)-N-[(1R)-2-羥基-1-[6-[(3S)-四氫呋喃-3-基]氧基-3-吡啶基]乙基]-2-苯基-環丙烷甲醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1項之化合物，其為45： (1S,2S)-2-苯基-環丙烷甲酸{(R)-2-羥基-1-[6-(四氫-哌喃-4-基氧基)-吡啶-3-基]-乙基}-醯胺；及其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
  12. 一種用作醫藥品之如申請專利範圍第1項至第11項中任一項之化合物。
  13. 一種用於治療疾病或病症之如申請專利範圍第1項至第11項中任一項之化合物，該疾病或病症係選自：精神病；精神分裂症；認知病症；與精神分裂症相關之認知障礙；注意力不足過動症(ADHD)；自閉症系列障礙、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease；AD)；輕度認知障礙(MCI)；年齡相關性記憶障礙(AAMI)；老年性癡呆；AIDS癡呆；皮克氏病(Pick's disease)；與路易體(Lewy body)相關之癡呆；與唐氏症候群(Down's syndrome)相關之癡呆；亨丁頓氏病(Huntington's disease)；帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease；PD)；強迫症(OCD)；創傷性腦損傷；癲癇症；創傷後壓力症；韋尼克-科爾薩科夫症候群(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome；WKS)；創傷後健忘症；與抑鬱症相關之認知不足；糖尿病、體重控制、發炎性病症、血管生成減少；肌萎縮性側索硬化症及疼痛。
  14. 一種醫藥組成物，其包含如申請專利範圍第1項至第11項中任一項之化合物及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑或賦形劑。
  15. 一種套組，其包含如申請專利範圍第1項至第11項中任一項之化合物以及選自由以下組成之清單的第二化合物：乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑；麩 胺酸受體拮抗劑；多巴胺轉運抑制劑；去甲腎上腺素轉運抑制劑；D2拮抗劑；D2部分促效劑；PDE10拮抗劑；5-HT2A拮抗劑；5-HT6拮抗劑；KCNQ拮抗劑；鋰；鈉通道阻斷劑及GABA信號傳導增強劑。
TW102122667A 2011-07-08 2013-06-26 菸鹼乙醯膽鹼受體之新穎正向異位調節劑 TW201414730A (zh)

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