TW201328913A - 電動車輛待命模式之可偵測指示 - Google Patents

電動車輛待命模式之可偵測指示 Download PDF

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Publication number
TW201328913A
TW201328913A TW101137021A TW101137021A TW201328913A TW 201328913 A TW201328913 A TW 201328913A TW 101137021 A TW101137021 A TW 101137021A TW 101137021 A TW101137021 A TW 101137021A TW 201328913 A TW201328913 A TW 201328913A
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
vehicle
power
electric motor
idle state
traction electric
Prior art date
Application number
TW101137021A
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English (en)
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TWI569992B (zh
Inventor
學森 荷倫斯 路克
馬修 懷丁 泰勒
Original Assignee
睿能創意公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/559,264 external-priority patent/US9437058B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,333 external-priority patent/US8862388B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,038 external-priority patent/US9182244B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,010 external-priority patent/US10055911B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,314 external-priority patent/US9129461B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,064 external-priority patent/US9830753B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,125 external-priority patent/US9424697B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,390 external-priority patent/US8996212B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,259 external-priority patent/US8901861B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,343 external-priority patent/US20130030920A1/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,054 external-priority patent/US8560147B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/559,091 external-priority patent/US9552682B2/en
Application filed by 睿能創意公司 filed Critical 睿能創意公司
Publication of TW201328913A publication Critical patent/TW201328913A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of TWI569992B publication Critical patent/TWI569992B/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/02—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to electric heating circuits
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
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    • B60L3/0069—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

本發明提供用於基於指示怠速狀態之所感測參數中之一或多者而偵測到一電動馬達驅動車輛(例如，一電動小輪機踏車或機車)正怠速之系統及方法。此等所感測參數可包含以下各項中之一或多者(單獨或呈任何組合形式)：一所感測油門位置；該車輛之一牽引電動馬達、一電力轉換器或一電儲存裝置之至少一個所感測電特性；及該牽引電動馬達或可驅動地耦合至該牽引電動馬達之一車輪之一驅動軸之一所感測旋轉速率。在偵測到該車輛處於一怠速狀態中之後，該車輛之一控制器旋即進入至一待命模式中。在該待命模式中，將一相對小電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達以致使該馬達之一振動來警示一駕駛員該車輛通電而處於該待命模式中且準備好被驅動。另外，可在該待命模式中發出一聽覺及/或視覺指示以進一步警示該駕駛員該車輛通電且準備好被驅動。

Description

電動車輛待命模式之可偵測指示
本發明一般而言係關於採用電動馬達作為原動機或牽引馬達之車輛，且特定而言，係關於提供一車輛通電且準備好被驅動之一可偵測指示。
混合動力車輛及全電動車輛正變得愈來愈常見。此等車輛可達成優於傳統內燃機車輛之若干個優勢。舉例而言，混合動力車輛或電動車輛可達成較高燃料經濟性且可具有較小或甚至零尾管污染。特定而言，全電動車輛可不僅具有零尾管污染，而且可與較低總體污染相關聯。舉例而言，電力可自可再生能源(例如，太陽能、水力)產生。此外，舉例而言，可在不產生空氣污染之發電廠(例如，核電廠)處產生電力。此外，舉例而言，可在燃繞相對「潔淨燃繞」燃料(例如，天然氣)之發電廠處產生電力，該等發電廠具有高於內燃機之效率及/或採用污染控制或移除系統(例如，工業空氣洗滌器)。
諸如以燃機為動力之小輪機踏車及/或機車之個人運輸車輛在諸多地方(舉例而言，在亞洲之諸多大城市中)普遍存在。此等小輪機踏車及/或機車往往相對便宜，尤其與機動車、汽車或卡車相比。具有高數目之燃機小輪機踏車及/或機車之城市亦往往係人口極稠密且遭受高位準之空氣污染。諸多較新燃機小輪機踏車及/或機車被視為相對低之個人運輸污染源。舉例而言，此等小輪機踏車及/或 機車可具有高於較大車輛之里程額定值。某些小輪機踏車及/或機車甚至可配備有基本污染控制設備(例如，觸媒轉化器)。遺憾地，在使用小輪機踏車及/或機車且其不能維護時及/或在藉由(舉例而言)觸媒轉化器之有意或無意拆卸而修改小輪機踏車及/或機車時，很快就會超過工廠規定排放位準。通常，小輪機踏車及/或機車之所有者或操作者缺少用以維護其車輛之金融資源或動機。
已知空氣污染對人類健康具有一負面效應，空氣污染與致使各種疾病或使各種疾病惡化相關聯(例如，眾多報導將空氣污染與肺氣腫、氣喘、肺炎及囊腫纖維化以及各種心血管疾病聯繫在一起)。此等疾病奪走大量生命且嚴重降低無數其他人之生活品質。
燃機之零尾管排放替代方案將極大地有益於空氣品質及因此大量人口之健康。
雖然瞭解全電動車輛之零尾管排放益處，但大量人口對全電動車輛之採用一直係緩慢的。原因中之一者似乎與電動車輛之安全相關。由於以下事實而產生一個特定安全問題：一駕駛員(使用者)通常難以確定一電動車輛是斷電、通電及正被驅動(下文中稱為「處於一驅動模式中」)還是通電但怠速(而非在運動中)且僅準備好被驅動(下文中稱為「處於一待命模式中」)。不同於當接通一車輛時(亦即，當接通引擎時)致使該車輛振動從而給駕駛員該車輛準備好被驅動之一指示之一傳統燃機，當一電動車輛通電時， 該車輛並不提供該車輛準備好被驅動之一清晰指示。換言之，一電動車輛在其斷電時與其通電但處於其中該車輛正怠速且準備好被驅動之待命模式中時之間給駕駛員之「感覺」之方式上並無不同。因此，若當事實上車輛通電且處於待命模式中(準備好被驅動)時駕駛員錯誤地認為該車輛斷電，則甚至一簡單操作者錯誤可導致涉及對人身及財產之傷害之一嚴重事故。
本文中所闡述之方法可解決可已限制零尾管排放技術之調適(尤其在稠密擁擠之城市中)之此等安全問題。
舉例而言，本文中所闡述之方法中之某些方法採用用於基於指示一怠速狀態之一或多個所感測參數而偵測到一電動馬達驅動車輛(例如，一電動小輪機踏車或機車)處於該怠速狀態之系統及方法。此等所感測參數可包含以下各項中之一或多者(單獨或呈任何組合形式)：一所感測油門位置；車輛之一牽引電動馬達、一電力轉換器或一電儲存裝置之至少一個所感測電特性；及該牽引電動馬達或可驅動地耦合至該牽引電動馬達之一車輪或者該車輛之另一車輪之一驅動軸之一所感測旋轉速率。根據各種例示性系統及方法，在偵測到該車輛處於一怠速狀態中之後，該車輛之一控制器旋即進入至一待命模式中。在該待命模式中，將一相對小電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達以致使該馬達及因此該車輛之一振動以警示一駕駛員該車輛處於該待命模式中且準備好被驅動。另外，可在該待命模式中發出一聽覺及/或視覺指示以進一步警示該駕駛員該車輛通電且準備 好被驅動。在其他實施例中，當該車輛接通但並未處於該待命模式中時，可發出觸覺回饋(例如，該馬達或該車輛之其他部分之振動)及/或聽覺及/或視覺指示。
一種根據本發明之一項實施例之用於一車輛之電力系統可總結為包含：一牽引電動馬達，其經耦合以驅動該車輛之至少一個牽引車輪；及一電能儲存裝置，其用以驅動該牽引電動馬達。該電力系統進一步包含一控制電路，該控制電路包含經配置以感測該車輛之一怠速狀態之至少一個怠速狀態感測器。該控制電路至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而致使該電能儲存裝置將一第一(相對小)電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達，以便形成駕駛員可偵測之一小振動以藉此警示該駕駛員該車輛處於待命模式中且準備好被驅動。
根據非限制性實施例，該至少一個怠速狀態感測器可係以下各項中之任一者：一油門位置感測器；一旋轉感測器，其經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達或該車輛之至少一個牽引車輪之一驅動軸之一旋轉速率；一電壓感測器或一電流感測器，其經耦合以感測該電能儲存裝置、一或多個電力轉換器或該牽引電動馬達之至少一個電特性。
該電力系統可進一步包含經組態以在待命模式期間發出聽覺及/或視覺信號(指示)之一揚聲器及/或一視覺指示器，以進一步警示該駕駛員該車輛通電且準備好被驅動。
在其他非限制性實施例中，該電力系統可包含耦合至控制電路及電能儲存裝置之一振動裝置。在感測到該車輛之 一怠速狀態之後，該控制電路旋即部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而致使該電能儲存裝置將一第一電力量供應至該振動裝置，以便形成駕駛員可偵測之一小振動以藉此警示該駕駛員該車輛處於該待命模式中且準備好被驅動。該怠速感測器亦可不止感測該車輛之一怠速狀態，例如，感測該車輛之運動。舉例而言，該怠速感測器可係以下各項中之任一者：一油門感測器，其經組態以感測油門位置；旋轉感測器，其經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達或該車輛之至少一個牽引車輪之一驅動軸之旋轉速率；一電壓感測器或一電流感測器，其經耦合以感測該電能儲存裝置、一或多個電力轉換器或該牽引電動馬達之至少一個電特性；或一運動感測器，其經組態以感測該車輛或車輛組件(諸如，該牽引電動馬達與該牽引驅動車輪之間的至少一個牽引車輪或一驅動機構)之移動。
一種用於操作用於具有根據一項實施例之一牽引電動馬達之一車輛之一電力系統之方法可總結為包含：在一驅動模式中將電力自一電能儲存裝置供應至該車輛之該牽引電動馬達；感測該車輛之一怠速狀態；至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而自該驅動模式切換至一待命模式；及在該待命模式中將一第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
在該方法中，感測該車輛之一怠速狀態可包含連續地感測該怠速狀態達一定義時間段，以便進一步可靠地偵測到該車輛處於該怠速狀態中。
該方法可進一步包含：感測該車輛之一通電狀態；至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測通電狀態而進入至該驅動模式中；及至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測通電狀態而將一第二電力量供應至一揚聲器。
在用於操作用於具有根據本文中所闡述之實施例之一牽引電動馬達之一車輛之一電力系統之方法之實施例中，將電力自一電能儲存裝置供應至一牽引電動馬達、感測該車輛或車輛組件之移動且在待命模式中將一第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達或至一振動裝置。
一種根據一項實施例之車輛可總結為包含：一牽引電動馬達，其經耦合以驅動該車輛之至少一個車輪；一電力儲存裝置，其儲存電力；一怠速狀態感測器，其經定位及組態以感測該車輛之一怠速狀態或者該車輛或車輛組件之運動；及一控制器，其至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態或者該車輛或車輛組件之所感測移動而將一第一電力量自該電力儲存裝置供應至該牽引電動馬達或振動裝置。待供應至該牽引電動馬達或該振動裝置之該第一量之電力可定義為一第一電流或電壓量。
在圖式中，相同元件符號標識類似元件或行為。圖式中之元件之大小及相對位置未必按比例繪製。舉例而言，各種元件之形狀及角度未按比例繪製，且此等元件中之某些元件經任意擴大及定位以改良圖式清晰度。此外，如所繪示之元件之特定形狀並非意欲傳達關於特定元件之實際形 狀之任何資訊，且僅為易於在圖式中識別而選擇。
在以下說明中，陳述某些特定細節以便提供對各種所揭示實施例之一透徹理解。然而，熟習相關技術者將認識到可在不具有此等特定細節中之一或多者之情形下或者藉助其他方法、組件、材料等實踐實施例。在其他例項中，尚未詳細展示或闡述與電動車輛、蓄電池、超電容器或超級電容器及電力轉換器相關聯之已知結構(包含但不限於：變壓器、整流器、DC/DC電力轉換器、切換模式電力轉換器、控制器以及通信系統、結構及網路)以避免不必要地使對實施例之說明模糊。
除非上下文需要，否則在以下說明書及申請專利範圍通篇中，應將措辭「包括(comprise)」及其變化形式(諸如，「包括(comprises)」及「包括(comprising)」)解釋為一開放、包含性意義，亦即如「包含但不限於」。
此說明書通篇中對「一項實施例」或「一實施例」之提及意指與該實施例一起闡述之一特定特徵、結構或特性包含於至少一項實施例中。因此，此說明書通篇中各種地方出現之片語「在一項實施例中」或「在一實施例中」未必皆指代同一實施例。
序數(諸如，第一、第二及第三)之使用未必暗指一分級次序意義，而是可僅將一行為、值或結構之多個例項區分開。舉例而言，第一量及第二量可僅將一量之兩個例項區分開，該兩個量可相同或彼此不同。
對一可攜式電力儲存裝置或電能儲存裝置之提及意指能 夠儲存電力及釋放所儲存電力之任何裝置(包含但不限於：蓄電池、超電容器或超級電容器)。對蓄電池之提及意指一化學儲存電池胞或若干化學儲存電池胞，舉例而言，可再充電式或二次蓄電池電池胞(包含但不限於：鎳鎘合金或鋰離子蓄電池電池胞)。
本文中所提供之本發明之標題及發明摘要僅為方便起見且並不解釋實施例之範疇或意義。
圖1展示根據一項圖解說明實施例之呈一電動小輪機踏車或機車100之形式之一電動個人運輸車輛。
如先前所述，燃機小輪機踏車或機車在諸多大城市中(舉例而言，在亞種、歐洲及中東中)係常見的。解決全電動車輛之安全問題之能力可促進使用全電動小輪機踏車或機車100來代替內燃機小輪機踏車或機車，藉此緩解空氣污染以及減小雜訊。
電動小輪機踏車或機車100包含一車架102、車輪104a、104b(共同地104)及一把手106，把手106具有諸如油門108、制動桿110、轉彎指示燈切換器112等之使用者控制件，所有該等使用者控制件可係習用設計。電動小輪機踏車或機車100亦可包含一電力系統114，電力系統114包含：一牽引電動馬達116，其經耦合以驅動車輪104中之至少一者；至少一個電力儲存裝置118，其儲存電力以給至少牽引電動馬達116提供動力；及控制電路120，其控制至少電力儲存裝置118與牽引電動馬達116之間的電力分配。
儘管牽引電動馬達116可採取各種形式中之任一者，但 通常將係能夠產生充足功率(瓦特或馬力)及扭矩來以可期望速度及加速度驅動期望之負載之一永久磁體感應馬達。牽引電動馬達116可係能夠在一驅動模式中操作以及視需要在一再生制動模式中操作之任何習用電動馬達。在驅動模式中，牽引電動馬達消耗電力以驅動車輪。在選用再生制動模式中，牽引電動馬達操作為回應於車輪之旋轉而產生電流且產生一制動效應以使一車輛減速之一產生器。
電能儲存裝置118可採取各種形式，舉例而言，蓄電池(例如，蓄電池電池胞陣列)或者超電容器或超級電容器(例如，超級電容器電池胞陣列)。舉例而言，電能儲存裝置118可採取可再充電式蓄電池(亦即，二次蓄電池電池胞或蓄電池)之形式。電能儲存裝置118可(舉例而言)經定大小以在實體上配合個人運輸車輛(諸如，全電動小輪機踏車或機車100)且以電方式給其提供動力，且可係可攜式的以允許容易替換或交換。給定由運輸應用強加之可能需求，電能儲存裝置118可能採取一或多個化學蓄電池電池胞之形式。
電能儲存裝置118可包含可自電能儲存裝置118之一外部接達之若干個電端子122a、122b(圖解說明了兩個，共同地122)。電端子122允許一電荷自電能儲存裝置118遞送且允許一電荷被遞送至電能儲存裝置118以給電能儲存裝置118充電或再充電。雖然在圖1中圖解說明為柱，但電端子122可採取可自電能儲存裝置118之一外部接達之任何其他形式(包含定位於一蓄電池殼體中之槽內之電端子)。
如圖2中所較佳圖解說明及下文所闡述，控制電路120包含用於向一駕駛員發出電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於待命模式中且準備好被驅動之一(若干)可偵測指示之各種組件。
圖2展示根據一項圖解說明實施例之電動小輪機踏車或機車100之部分。特定而言，圖2展示採用電能儲存裝置118以在驅動模式期間將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116且視情況在再生制動模式期間接收由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力之一實施例。根據各種例示性實施例，當車輛怠速(而非在運動中)時，在「待命」模式期間電能儲存裝置118進一步將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116以產生一小振動來模擬一怠速燃機。因此，駕駛員可在身體上偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電且準備好被驅動。
如所圖解說明，牽引電動馬達116包含經直接或間接耦合以驅動電動小輪機踏車或機車100之至少一個車輪104b之一軸202。雖然未圖解說明，但可採用一傳輸件(例如，鏈、齒輪、萬向接頭)。
控制電路120可採取各種各樣之形式中之任一者，且通常將包含一控制器204、一或多個電力轉換器206a至206e(圖解說明了五個)以及切換器及/或感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH、SK。
如圖2中所圖解說明，控制電路120可包含在一驅動模式或組態中耦合電能儲存裝置118以將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116之一第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a。第一DC/DC電 力轉換器206a可將來自電能儲存裝置118之電力之一電壓升高至足以驅動牽引電動馬達116之一位準。第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a可採取各種形式，舉例而言，可或並不經隔離之一未經調節或經調節切換模式電力轉換器。舉例而言，第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a可採取一經調節升壓切換模式電力轉換器或升降壓切換模式電力轉換器之形式。
控制電路120可包含通常稱為一變頻器之一DC/AC電力轉換器206b，在驅動模式或組態中，DC/AC電力轉換器206b經由第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a耦合電能儲存裝置118以將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116。DC/AC電力轉換器206b可將來自第一DC/DC轉換器206a之電力反轉成適合於驅動牽引電動馬達116之一AC波形。AC波形可係單相或多相(舉例而言，兩相AC電力或三相AC電力)。DC/AC電力轉換器206b可採取各種形式，舉例而言，可或並不經隔離之一未經調節或經調節切換模式電力轉換器。舉例而言，DC/AC電力轉換器206b可採取一經調節變頻器之形式。
分別經由控制信號C1、C2控制第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b，控制信號C1、C2經由控制器204供應。舉例而言，控制器204或某些中間閘極驅動電路可供應脈衝寬度經調變閘極驅動信號以控制第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及/或DC/AC電力轉換器206b之切換器(例如，金屬氧化物半導體場效應電晶體或MOSFET、雙極絕緣閘極電晶體或IGBT)之操作。
如圖2中所進一步圖解說明，控制電路120可包含通常稱 為一整流器之一AC/DC電力轉換器206c，在一選用制動或再生制動模式或組態中，AC/DC電力轉換器206c耦合牽引電動馬達116以藉此將所產生之電力供應至電能儲存裝置118。AC/DC電力轉換器206c可將由牽引電動馬達116產生之一AC波形整流成適合於供應至電能儲存裝置118及視情況其他組件(諸如，控制電路120)之一DC波形。AC/DC電力轉換器206c可採取各種形式，舉例而言，一全橋被動二極體整流器或全橋主動電晶體整流器。
控制電路120亦可包含經由AC/DC電力轉換器206c將牽引電動馬達116耦合至電能儲存裝置118之一第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d。第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d可將由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力之一電壓降低至適合於電能儲存裝置118之一位準。第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d可採取各種形式，舉例而言，可或並不經隔離之一未經調節或經調節切換模式電力轉換器。舉例而言，第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d可採取一經調節降壓切換模式電力轉換器、同步降壓切換模式電力轉換器或升降壓切換模式電力轉換器之形式。
分別經由控制信號C3、C4控制AC/DC電力轉換器206c及第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d，控制信號C3、C4經由控制器204供應。舉例而言，控制器204或某些中間閘極驅動控制器可供應脈衝寬度經調變閘極驅動信號以控制AC/DC電力轉換器206c及/或第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d之切換器(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)之操作。
儘管未圖解說明，但熟習此項技術者將瞭解，電能儲存裝置118可包括兩個或兩個以上電能儲存裝置(諸如)：一主要電能儲存裝置，其用以經由第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116；及一輔助電能儲存裝置，其用以在一選用再生制動操作期間經由AC/DC電力轉換器206c及第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d接收由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力。在此實例中，由於輔助電能儲存裝置並不驅動牽引電動馬達116，因此在選擇其形式(例如，超電容器或超級電容器電池胞、蓄電池電池胞)上可允許較大靈活性。
如圖2中所進一步圖解說明，控制電路120可包含將電能儲存裝置118電耦合至各種其他組件(舉例而言，控制器120、一揚聲器208及一視覺指示器210)之一第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e。第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可將由電能儲存裝置118供應之電力之一電壓降低至適合於一或多個其他組件之一位準。第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可採取各種形式，舉例而言，可或並不經隔離之一未經調節或經調節切換模式電力轉換器。舉例而言，第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可採取一經調節降壓切換模式電力轉換器、同步降壓切換模式電力轉換器或升降壓切換模式電力轉換器之形式。
如圖2中所圖解說明，揚聲器208及視覺指示器210可提供於(舉例而言)電動小輪機踏車或機車100之一控制面板(儀錶板)212上。揚聲器208可係將電信號轉換成聽覺信號 之任何獨立揚聲器，或可係提供於電動小輪機踏車或機車100上之一媒體播放器系統之部分。視覺指示器可由任何適合照明裝置(諸如，一發光二極體(LED))形成且可包含標記以指示車輛處於待命模式中，如下文將更全面地闡述。熟習此項技術者應明瞭，揚聲器208及視覺指示器210之位置不侷限於控制面板212。而是，只要來自揚聲器208之聽覺信號可被駕駛員偵測到，其即可配置於任何位置處，同樣，只要視覺指示器210之指示可被駕駛員視覺地偵測到，其即可配置於任何位置處。分別經由控制信號CS1、CS2控制揚聲器208及視覺指示器210，控制信號CS1、CS2經由控制器204供應。
控制器204可採取可包含一或多個積體電路、積體電路組件、類比電路或類比電路組件之各種形式。如所圖解說明，控制器204包含一微控制器220、非暫時性電腦或處理器可讀記憶體(諸如，一唯讀記憶體(ROM)222及/或隨機存取記憶體(RAM)224)且視情況可包含一或多個閘極驅動電路226。
微控制器220執行邏輯以控制電力系統之操作且可採取各種形式。舉例而言，微控制器220可採取一微處理器、程式化邏輯控制器(PLC)、可程式化閘陣列(PGA)(諸如，一場可程式化閘陣列(FPGS))及特殊應用積體電路(ASIC)或其他此類微控制器裝置之形式。ROM 222可採取能夠儲存處理器可執行指令及/或資料以實施控制邏輯之各種形式中之任一者。RAM 224可採取能夠暫時地保留處理器可 執行指令或資料之各種形式中之任一者。微控制器220、ROM 222、RAM 224及選用閘極驅動電路226可由一或多個匯流排(未展示)耦合，該等匯流排包含電力匯流排、指令匯流排、資料匯流排、位址匯流排等。另一選擇係，可在一類比電路中實施控制邏輯。
閘極驅動電路226可採取適合於經由驅動信號(例如，PWM閘極驅動信號)驅動電力轉換器206之切換器(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)之各種形式中之任一者。雖然圖解說明為控制器204之部分，但一或多個閘極驅動電路可在控制器204與電力轉換器206之間。
控制器204可自一或多個感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH、SK接收信號。該控制器可使用所感測資訊來偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100正怠速(而非在運動中)，以便然後切換至一待命模式中。如本文中所使用，除驅動模式(在該驅動模式期間將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116以驅動車輪104b)及選用制動模式(在該制動模式期間基於車輪104b之旋轉而由牽引電動馬達116產生電力)之外，待命模式亦意指電動小輪機踏車或機車100之一第三操作模式。具體而言，待命模式意指電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電但正怠速(而非在運動中)。亦即，待命模式意指電動小輪機踏車或機車100準備好被驅動，但當前未正被驅動。控制器204可至少部分地基於以下各項中之任一者而偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於怠速狀態中(而非在運動中)：一所感測油門位置；電能儲存裝置 118、電力轉換器206及/或牽引電動馬達116之一所感測電特性；以及牽引電動馬達116及/或車輪104b之一所感測旋轉速度，如下文將更全面地闡述。
一旦控制器204偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於怠速狀態中，控制器204即進入至待命模式中且將一相對小電力量自電能儲存裝置118供應至牽引電動馬達116以產生模擬一怠速燃機之一小振動。然後，駕駛員將在身體上感覺到且偵測到車輛通電且處於待命模式中(準備好被驅動)。此可藉由施加控制信號C1、C2以控制一電力量透過第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b至牽引電動馬達116之供應來達成。控制信號C1、C2可設定所施加電力之一電壓位準或電流位準及甚至所施加電力之一極性。在待命模式期間待供應之電力量可係任何量，該任何量足以產生可由電動小輪機踏車或機車100之駕駛員在身體上偵測到之牽引電動馬達116之一振動，但其可不足以致動耦合至電動馬達116之車輪104b。作為將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116以產生可由駕駛員/使用者偵測到之振動之一替代方案，當控制器204偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車處於怠速狀態中時，該控制器可致使將一相對小電力量自電能儲存裝置118供應至一振動裝置117以產生可由駕駛員偵測到之振動。利用不同於牽引電動馬達之一振動源移除確保供應至牽引電動馬達以產生振動之電力不足以致動耦合至馬達之車輪之移動之任何需要。
為進一步確保使駕駛員知曉電動小輪機踏車或機車100 處於待命模式中且準備好被驅動，控制器204可另外將控制信號CS1發送至揚聲器208及/或將控制信號CS2發送至視覺指示器210。除牽引電動馬達116之小振動之外，來自揚聲器208之聽覺信號及/或基於視覺指示器210之視覺指示亦可全部用於警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於待命模式中。視覺指示器210可發出其強度及/或間隔可由控制信號CS2容易地控制之連續視覺信號或閃爍視覺信號。
除感測及判定電動車輛(例如，小輪機踏車或機車)處於待命模式中之外，亦可判定小輪機踏車或機車之移動且可產生觸覺、聽覺及/或視覺信號以警示駕駛員該移動及/或模擬當一以燃機為動力之小輪機踏車或機車以與所偵測到移動相同之方式移動時出現之觸覺感覺及聽覺聲音。舉例而言，當駕駛員藉由嚙合及解嚙合油門而正向前及向後搖動電動小輪機踏車時，可由控制電路120產生模擬來回搖動一以內燃機為動力之小輪機踏車或機車之感覺(例如，車輛之振動)及聲音(例如，加快轉速)之一觸覺及音訊信號。以與上文所闡述之用於偵測怠速狀態相同之方式偵測小輪機踏車或機車之移動。當偵測到小輪機踏車或機車之移動時，以與當偵測到怠速狀態時產生振動及音訊輸出相同之方式產生觸覺及音訊輸出。一偵測到此移動，即將產生對應於小輪機踏車或機車之移動之觸覺及音訊輸出。藉由如此操作，將觸覺及音訊輸出與小輪機踏車或機車之移動同步化，此導致一較富有使用者體驗。回應於偵測到小 輪機踏車或機車之移動而產生之振動及音訊輸出可不同於當控制電路偵測到怠速模式時由其產生之振動及音訊信號。舉例而言，當偵測到小輪機踏車或機車之移動時，觸覺及音訊輸出可類似於當一以內燃機為動力之小輪機踏車或機車以相同方式移動時所產生之觸覺及音訊輸出。舉例而言，當以一方式嚙合及移動油門以使小輪機踏車或機車加速或減速時，音訊信號可類似於當一以內燃機為動力之小輪機踏車正加速或減速時出現之聲音。
接下來詳細闡述可用於偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中之各種感測器。
一蓄電池電壓感測器SVB可經定位以感測跨越電力儲存裝置118之一電壓且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VB。
一蓄電池電荷感測器SIB可經定位以感測電力儲存裝置118之一電荷且提供指示所感測電荷之信號IB。
一電力轉換器電壓感測器SVC可經定位以感測跨越電力轉換器206中之一或多者之一電壓且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VC。
一電力轉換器電荷感測器SIC可經定位以感測穿過電力轉換器206中之一或多者之一電荷且提供指示所感測電荷之信號IC。
一牽引馬達電壓感測器SVM可經定位以感測跨越牽引電動馬達116之一電壓且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VM。
一牽引馬達電流感測器SIM可經定位以感測穿過牽引電動馬達116之一電流且提供指示所感測電流之信號IM。
一牽引馬達旋轉感測器SRM可經定位以感測牽引馬達116之一旋轉速率且提供指示所感測旋轉速度之信號RPM(M)。
一車輪旋轉感測器SW可經定位以感測車輪104b或其他車輪之一旋轉速率且提供指示所感測旋轉速度之信號RPM(W)。
一油門位置感測器STH可經定位以感測電動小輪機踏車或機車100之油門108之一位置且提供指示所感測油門位置之信號P。
一鑰匙感測器SK可經定位以感測一鑰匙109是否被接納(例如，插入於一鑰匙槽中或接近於電動小輪機踏車或機動車輛100而放置)以使電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電且提供指示所感測接通(通電)狀態之信號O。
如本文中所論述，控制器204可使用所感測條件中之一或多者來控制牽引電動馬達116(以形成一小振動)、揚聲器208(以發出一聽覺警報)及/或視覺指示器210(以發出一視覺警報)之操作以警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電而處於待命模式中且準備好被驅動。在其他實施例中，控制器204可使用所感測條件中之一或多者來控制振動裝置117、揚聲器208及/或視覺指示器210之操作以提供對應於所偵測條件之觸覺、音訊及/或視覺回饋。
圖3展示根據一項非限制性圖解說明實施例之操作圖2之組件或結構以提供一電動車輛處於待命模式中(亦即，通電且準備好被驅動)之一可偵測指示之一高階方法300。
在302處，基於(舉例而言)指示駕駛員已轉動一鑰匙或以其他方式使電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電之信號O而感測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電。
在304處，在緊接在通電之後之此時，控制器204可將控制信號CS1發送至揚聲器208以使電力透過第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e自電能儲存裝置118供應至揚聲器208，來藉此發出警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電且準備好被驅動之聽覺信號。
在306處，控制器204進入至一驅動模式(或，若使用一選用再生制動模式，則驅動/制動模式)中且基於駕駛員之指令(例如，經由油門108)來驅動電動小輪機踏車或機車100，將電力自電力儲存裝置118供應至牽引電動馬達116以驅動車輪104b。當駕駛員應用制動桿110時，控制器204可然後進入至其中將由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力供應至電力儲存裝置118之一制動模式中。因此，如本文中所使用之驅動/制動模式係包含驅動模式及制動模式作為其兩個子模式之一較高階操作模式。如本文中所使用，在驅動模式(當不使用制動模式時)及驅動/制動模式兩者期間，駕駛員主動操作小輪機踏車或機車100且因此期望駕駛員完全知曉小輪機踏車或機車100通電。然而，如上文所闡述，在某些實施例中，當主動操作小輪機踏車或機車100時，控制電路120控制一振動裝置117、揚聲器208及/或視覺指示器210以提供模擬當一以內燃機為動力之小輪機踏車或機車正以相同方式移動時一駕駛員過到之振動、聲音 或景象之輸出。
在308處，基於(舉例而言)指示駕駛員已移除鑰匙或以其他方式使小輪機踏車或機車100斷電之信號O而感測電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否斷電。若感測到一斷電，則該方法之控制邏輯結束。
在310處，偵測電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否處於一怠速狀態中。下文將參考圖4及圖5詳細闡述如何偵測怠速狀態之某些非限制性實例。除非偵測到怠速狀態，否則控制器204保持處於驅動模式中(或，若使用制動模式，則處於驅動/制動模式中)。
在312處，在偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中之後，控制器204進入至待命模式中。如上文所論述，在待命模式期間，控制器204操作以發出駕駛員可偵測之一或多種類型之指示，來藉此警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電且準備好被驅動。
在314處，將一電力量自電能儲存裝置118供應至牽引電動馬達116以形成駕駛員可偵測之一小振動。此可藉由施加控制信號C1、C2以控制一電力量透過第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b自電能儲存裝置118至牽引電動馬達116之供應來達成。如上文所論述，控制信號C1、C2可設定所施加電力之一電壓位準或電流位準。
在316處，視情況，控制器204可將控制信號CS1發送至揚聲器208以使電力透過第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e自電能儲存裝置118供應至揚聲器208，來藉此發出聽覺信號以 警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100通電且處於待命模式中(準備好被驅動)。
在318處，進一步視情況，控制器204可將控制信號CS2發送至視覺指示器210以使電力自電能儲存裝置118透過第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e供應至視覺指示器210，來藉此發出視覺信號以警示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於待命模式中。
前述感測器亦可用於感測小輪機踏車或機車之運動及判定小輪機踏車或機車處於一運動狀態中，藉此小輪機踏車或機車並非處於怠速或斷電狀態中及正運動。
在320處，基於(舉例而言)指示駕駛員已移除鑰匙或以其他方式使小輪機踏車或機車100斷電之信號O而感測電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否斷電。若感測到一斷電，則該方法之控制邏輯結束。
若未偵測到一斷電，則控制邏輯返回至310且再次偵測電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否處於一怠速狀態中。只要電動小輪機踏車或機車保持處於一怠速狀態中，其即保持處於待命模式中且繼續發出待命模式之一或多種類型之可偵測指示。各種其他配置可能具有一或多種類型之可偵測指示，諸如可依據時間推移(在該時間推移期間電動小輪機踏車或機車100保持處於待命模式中)增加之一振動量、音訊信號音量或視覺信號強度。作為另一項實例，當視覺指示器210發出閃爍視覺信號時，可依據時間推移使得閃爍間隔較短。此外，視覺指示器210可包含電動小輪機踏 車或機車100已保持處於待命模式中之一時間段之一數值指示。舉例而言，數值標記「00：02：12」將指示駕駛員電動小輪機踏車或機車100已處於待命模式中達2分12秒。
另一方面，若偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100不再處於一怠速狀態中(例如，當駕駛員操作油門108以驅動電動小輪機踏車或機車100時)，則控制器204離開待命模式且返回至306以重新進入驅動模式(或驅動/制動模式)。
圖4展示操作圖2之組件或結構以基於自一或多個感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH提供之一或多個所感測參數信號而偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中(或未處於一怠速狀態中)之一低階方法400。
在402處，控制器204接收/感測分別由一或多個感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH提供之參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)、P中之一或多者。
在404處，控制器204至少部分地基於由此等感測器中之一或多者提供之此等參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)、P中之一或多者而偵測(判定)電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中(或未處於一怠速狀態中)。
舉例而言，信號RPM(M)(牽引電動馬達116之旋轉速率)及/或信號RPM(W)(車輪104b之旋轉速率)可單獨或與其他參數一起指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100並非在運動中且 因此處於一怠速狀態中。另一選擇係，信號RPM(M)及/或信號RPM(W)可單獨或與其他參數一起指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100在運動中且並非處於一怠速狀態中。
作為另一項實例，信號P指示油門108之一位置，且因此可提供駕駛員之意欲將電動小輪機踏車或機車100置於怠速中之一個指示(亦即，電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否處於一怠速狀態中之一指示)。若在當電動小輪機踏車或機車100並非在運動中或接近不在運動中時之同時駕駛員將油門108置於指示零電力被供應至牽引電動馬達116之一位置中，，如由信號RPM(M)及/或RPM(W)指示之零旋轉速度所指示，則控制器204可判定電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中。另一選擇係，信號P可提供電動小輪機踏車或機車100在運動中且並非處於一怠速狀態中之一指示。
作為又一項實例，為零或接近於零或者處於或鄰近一定義值(例如，低於一最小臨限值)之信號VB(跨越主要電力儲存裝置118之電壓)、IB(穿過主要電力儲存裝置118之電流)、VC(跨越電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電壓)、IC(穿過電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電流)、VM(跨越牽引電動馬達116之電壓)及IM(穿過牽引電動馬達116之電流)中之任何一或多者可單獨或與其他參數(例如，P、RPM(M)、RPM(W))一起指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否處於一怠速狀態中。舉例而言，信號VB(跨越主要電力儲存裝置118之電壓)、IB(穿過主要電力儲存裝置118之電 流)、VC(跨越電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電壓)、IC(穿過電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電流)、VM(跨越牽引電動馬達116之電壓)及IM(穿過牽引電動馬達116之電流)中之一或多者可單獨或與其他參數(例如，P、RPM(M)、RPM(W))一起提供電動小輪機踏車或機車100在運動中且並非處於一怠速狀態中之一指示。
圖5展示操作圖2之組件或結構以基於分別由一或多個感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH提供之一或多個所感測參數信號而偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中或在運動中之另一低階方法500。
在502處，控制器204接收/感測分別來自一或多個感測器SVB、SIB、SVC、SIC、SVM、SIM、SRM、SW、STH之參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)、P中之一或多者。
在504處，控制器204開始位於其中或耦合至其之一時鐘(未單獨圖解說明)以便量測一所逝去時間段。
舉例而言，當在502處接收到指示零或接近於零旋轉速率之信號RPM(M)(牽引電動馬達116之旋轉速率)及/或信號RPM(W)(車輪104b之旋轉速率)時，在504處起始時鐘。
作為另一項實例，當在502處單獨或與其他參數信號一起接收到指示零電力被供應至牽引電動馬達116之信號P時，在504處起始時鐘。
作為又一項實例，當在502處單獨或與其他參數信號(例如，P、RPM(M)、RPM(W))一起接收到為零或接近於零或 者處於或鄰近一定義值(低於一最小臨限值)之信號VB(跨越主要電力儲存裝置118之電壓)、IB(穿過主要電力儲存裝置118之電流)、VC(跨越電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電壓)、IC(穿過電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電流)、VM(跨越牽引電動馬達116之電壓)、IM(穿過牽引電動馬達116之電流)中之任何一或多者時，在504處起始時鐘。
在506處，判定由時鐘量測之所逝去時間是否已超過一臨限時間段。舉例而言，當基於指示零或接近於零旋轉速率之信號RPM(M)及/或RPM(W)之接收而起始時鐘時，臨限時間段可設定為足夠長(例如，5秒至15秒)以可靠地指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100之怠速狀態。臨限時間段亦可設定為一時間段，該時間段足夠長以使得已未在運動中達彼時間段之駕駛員可忘記電動小輪機踏車或機車100仍通電且準備好被驅動。
在508處，控制器204基於在506處對所逝去臨限時間段之判定而偵測(判定)電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中。
若在506處判定所逝去時間尚未超過臨限值，則控制邏輯返回至502且判定是否感測到指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100之怠速狀態之一或多個參數。若如此，則在504處控制邏輯使時鐘繼續運行且在506處再次判定所逝去時間是否已超過臨限值。
若在502處判定未感測到指示電動小輪機踏車或機車100之怠速狀態之一或多個參數，亦即，若偵測到電動小輪機 踏車或機車100並非處於一怠速狀態中(例如，當駕駛員操作油門108以驅動電動小輪機踏車或機車100時)，則在510處控制邏輯使時鐘停止。然後，控制邏輯等待直至在502處感測到指示怠速狀態之一或多個參數為止。
當圖5之方法當其用於監視在一時間段內所接收參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)及P中之一或多者以便更可靠地偵測到電動小輪機踏車或機車100處於一怠速狀態中時可係有利的。
如熟習此項技術者應明瞭，在使用或不使用一時鐘之情形下，使用一或多個所感測參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)、P來偵測電動小輪機踏車或機車100之怠速狀態不限於上文所闡述之彼等特定實例，且參數信號之任何其他組合以及指示怠速狀態之額外參數信號之使用屬於本發明之範圍內。舉例而言，可基於所感測參數信號VB、IB、VC、IC、VM、IM、RPM(M)、RPM(W)、P中之一或多者而準備二次參數，且可單獨或以與其他參數之任何組合形式使用二次參數來偵測怠速狀態。舉例而言，可準備指示此等參數信號隨時間推移之改變之二次參數，且分別稱為VB△、IB△、VC△、IC△、VM△、IM△、RPM(M)△、RPM(W)△、P△。各自指示各別參數信號之一改變速率之此等二次參數可用於可靠地偵測電動小輪機踏車或機車100是否處於一怠速狀態中。
本文中所闡述之各種方法可包含額外行為、省略某些行為及/或可以不同於各種流程圖中所陳述之次序之一次序 執行該等行為。
前述詳細說明已經由使用方塊圖、示意圖及實例陳述裝置及/或程序之各種實施例。只要此等方塊圖、示意圖及實例含有一個或多個功能及/或操作，熟習此項技術者即將理解，可藉由一寬廣範圍之硬體、軟體、韌體或幾乎其任一組合來個別地及/或共同地實施此等方塊圖、流程圖或實例內之每一功能及/或操作。在一項實施例中，可經由一或多個微控制器來實施本發明標的物。然而，熟習此項技術者將認識到，本文中所揭示之實施例可作為由一或多個電腦執行之一或多個電腦程式(例如，作為在一或多個電腦系統上運行之一或多個程式)、作為由一或多個控制器(例如，微控制器)執行之一或多個程式、作為由一或多個處理器(例如，微處理器)執行之一或多個程式、作為韌體或作為幾乎其任何組合而全部或部分地等效實施於標準積體電路(例如，特殊應用積體電路或ASIC)中，及鑒於本發明之教示，針對軟體及/或韌體之設計電路及/或寫入碼將恰好在熟習此項技術者之技能範圍內。
當邏輯作為軟體實施且儲存於記憶體中時，邏輯或資訊可儲存於任一非暫時性電腦可讀媒體上以供任何處理器相關系統或方法使用或與其一起使用。在本發明之上下文中，一記憶體係一非暫時性電腦或處理器可讀儲存媒體，其係非暫時性地含有或儲存一電腦及/或處理器程式之一電子、磁性、光學或其他實體裝置或構件。邏輯及/或資訊可體現於任何電腦可讀媒體中以供一指令執行系統、設 備或裝置(諸如，一基於電腦之系統、含有處理器之系統或可自指令執行系統、設備或裝置提取指令且執行與邏輯及/或資訊相關聯之指令之其他系統)使用或與其一起使用。
在本說明書之上下文中，一「電腦可讀媒體」可係可儲存與邏輯及/或資訊相關聯之程式以供指令執行系統、設備及/或裝置使用或與其一起使用之任何實體元件。電腦可讀媒體可係(舉例而言，但不限於)一電子、磁性、光學、電磁、紅外或半導體系統、設備或裝置。電腦可讀媒體之更多特定實例(一非窮盡性清單)將包含以下各項：一可攜式電腦磁片(磁性壓縮快閃卡、安全數位或諸如此類)、一隨機存取記憶體(RAM)、一唯讀記憶體(ROM)、一可抹除可程式化唯讀記憶體(EPROM、EEPROM或快閃記憶體)、一可攜式壓縮光碟唯讀記憶體(CDROM)及數位磁帶。
可組合上文所闡述之各種實施例以提供其他實施例。倘若該等實施例不與本文中之特定教示及定義不一致，則在本說明書中所提及及/或申請案資料表單中所列出之所有美國專利、美國專利申請公開案、美國專利申請案、外國專利、外國專利申請案及非專利公開案以全文引用之方式併入本文中，包含(但不限於)：標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且2011年7月26日提出申請之序號為 61/511,900號之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.401P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且2012年5月16日提出申請之序號為61/647,936美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案為170178.401P2)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,314之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.401)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BETWEEN COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且2011年9月14日提出申請之序號為61/534,753之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.402P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BETWEEN COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,091之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.402)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES」且2011年9月14日提出申請之序號為61/534,761之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.403P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,038之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.403)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BASED ON USER PROFILES」且2011年9月14日提出申請之序號為61/534,772之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案為170178.404P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BASED ON USER PROFILES」且2012年7月26日提出申請且之序號為13/559,010之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.404)；標題為「DETECTIBLE INDICATION OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR VEHICLE STANDBY MODE」且2011年10月5日提出申請之序號為61/543,720之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.405P1)；標題為「DETECTIBLE INDICATION OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR VEHICLE STANDBY MODE」且2012年8月17日提出申請之序號為61/684,432之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.405P2)；標題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且2011年7月26日提出申請之序號為61/511,887之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.406P1)；標題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且2012年5月16日提出申請之序號為61/647,941之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.406P2)；標題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,259美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.406)；標題為「DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY」且2011年7月26日提出申請之序號為61/511,880之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.407P1)；標題為「DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,264之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.407)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD,AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES」且2011年11月8日提 出申請之序號為61/557,170之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.408P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,054之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.408)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR SECURITY OF VEHICLES」且2011年11月8日提出申請之序號為61/557,176之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.409P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARTMENT」且2011年12月29日提出申請之序號為61/581,566之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.412P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARTMENT」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,125之美國專利申請案(代理檔案號為170178.412)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA」且2012年2月21日提出申請之序號為61/601,404之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.417P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,390之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.417)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且2012年2月22日提出申請之序號為61/601,949之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.418P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,333之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.418)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE」且2012年2月22日提出申請之序號為61/601,953之美國臨時專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.419P1)；標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE」且2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,343之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.419)；及標題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR RESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT RESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且於2012年7月26日提出申請之序號為13/559,064之美國專利申請案(代理人檔案號為170178.423)。若需要，則可修改實施例之態樣以採用各種專利、申請案及公開案之系統、電路及概念來提供又一些實施例。
雖然在電力系統之環境及上下文中大體論述以供與諸如全電動小輪機踏車及/或機車之個人運輸車輛一起使用，但本文中之教示可實施於各種各樣之其他環境(包含其他車輛環境)中。
上文對所圖解說明實施例之說明(包含發明摘要中所闡述之內容)並非意欲係窮盡性的或將實施例限制於所揭示之確切形式。儘管出於說明性目的而闡述特定實施例及實例，但如熟習相關技術者將認識到，在不背離本發明之精神及範疇之情形下可進行各種等效修改。
可根據上文詳細說明而對該等實施例進行此等及其他改變。一般而言，在以下申請專利範圍中，所使用之術語不應理解為將申請專利範圍限制於說明書及申請專利範圍中所揭示之特定實施例，而是應理解為包含所有可能實施例連同此等申請專利範圍所授權之等效物之全部範疇一起。因此，申請專利範圍並不由揭示內容限制。
100‧‧‧電動小輪機踏車或機車/小輪機踏車或機車/全電動小輪機踏車或機車
102‧‧‧車架
104a‧‧‧車輪
104b‧‧‧車輪
106‧‧‧把手
108‧‧‧油門
109‧‧‧鑰匙
110‧‧‧制動桿
112‧‧‧轉彎指示燈切換器
114‧‧‧電力系統
116‧‧‧牽引電動馬達/電動馬達/牽引馬達
117‧‧‧振動裝置
118‧‧‧電力儲存裝置/電能儲存裝置
120‧‧‧控制電路/控制器
122a‧‧‧電端子
122b‧‧‧電端子
202‧‧‧軸
204‧‧‧控制器
206a‧‧‧第一直流/直流電力轉換器/直流/直流電力轉換器/電力轉換器
206b‧‧‧直流/交流電力轉換器
206c‧‧‧交流/直流電力轉換器
206d‧‧‧第二直流/直流電力轉換器
206e‧‧‧第三直流/直流電力轉換器/電力轉換器
208‧‧‧揚聲器
210‧‧‧視覺指示器
212‧‧‧控制面板/儀錶板
220‧‧‧微控制器
222‧‧‧唯讀記憶體
224‧‧‧隨機存取記憶體
226‧‧‧閘極驅動電路
C1‧‧‧控制信號
C2‧‧‧控制信號
C3‧‧‧控制信號
C4‧‧‧控制信號
CS1‧‧‧控制信號
CS2‧‧‧控制信號
IB‧‧‧參數信號/信號/穿過主要電力儲存裝置之電流
IC‧‧‧參數信號/信號/穿過電力轉換器中之一或多者之電流
IM‧‧‧參數信號/信號/穿過牽引電動馬達之電流
O‧‧‧信號
P‧‧‧參數信號/信號/參數
RPM(M)‧‧‧參數信號/信號/參數
RPM(W)‧‧‧參數信號/信號/參數
SIB‧‧‧蓄電池電荷感測器/切換器/感測器
SIC‧‧‧電力轉換器電荷感測器/切換器/感測器
SIM‧‧‧牽引馬達電流感測器/切換器/感測器
SRM‧‧‧牽引馬達旋轉感測器/切換器/感測器
SVB‧‧‧切換器/感測器/蓄電池電壓感測器
SVC‧‧‧電力轉換器電壓感測器/切換器/感測器
SVM‧‧‧牽引馬達電壓感測器/切換器/感測器
SW‧‧‧車輪旋轉感測器/切換器/感測器
VB‧‧‧參數信號/信號/跨越主要電力儲存裝置之電壓
VC‧‧‧參數信號/信號/跨越電力轉換器中之一或多者之電壓
VM‧‧‧參數信號/信號/跨越牽引電動馬達之電壓
圖1係根據一項非限制性圖解說明實施例之可包含本文中所闡述之各種組件或結構之一電動小輪機踏車或機車之 一等角部分分解視圖。
圖2係根據一項非限制性圖解說明實施例的圖1之小輪機踏車或機車之組件或結構中之某些組件或結構之一方塊圖。
圖3係展示根據一項非限制性圖解說明實施例之操作圖2之組件或結構以將一電動車輛處於一待命模式中(亦即，準備好被驅動)之一可偵測指示提供至一駕駛員之一高階方法之一流程圖。
圖4係展示根據一項非限制性實施例之操作圖2之組件或結構以基於一或多個所感測參數而偵測到一車輛處於一怠速狀態中之一低階方法之一流程圖。
圖5係展示根據一項非限制性實施例之操作圖2之組件或結構以基於一或多個所感測參數而偵測到一車輛處於一怠速狀態中之另一低階方法之一流程圖。
100‧‧‧電動小輪機踏車或機車/小輪機踏車或機車/全電動小輪機踏車或機車
102‧‧‧車架
104a‧‧‧車輪
104b‧‧‧車輪
106‧‧‧把手
108‧‧‧油門
110‧‧‧制動桿
112‧‧‧轉彎指示燈切換器
114‧‧‧電力系統
116‧‧‧牽引電動馬達/電動馬達/牽引馬達
118‧‧‧電力儲存裝置/電能儲存裝置
120‧‧‧控制電路/控制器
122a‧‧‧電端子
122b‧‧‧電端子

Claims (24)

  1. 一種用於一車輛之電力系統，該系統包括：一牽引電動馬達，其經耦合以驅動該車輛之至少一個牽引車輪；一電能儲存裝置，其用以驅動該牽引電動馬達；及一控制電路，其包含經配置以感測該車輛之一怠速狀態之至少一個怠速狀態感測器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而致使該電能儲存裝置將一第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  2. 如請求項1之電力系統，其進一步包括一揚聲器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而進一步致使該電能儲存裝置將一第二電力量供應至該揚聲器以發出一聽覺指示。
  3. 如請求項2之電力系統，其中該控制電路包含一通電感測器以感測該車輛之一通電狀態，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測通電狀態而致使該電能儲存裝置將該第二電力量供應至該揚聲器。
  4. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達之一驅動軸之一旋轉速率之一旋轉感測器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該牽引電動馬達之該所感測旋轉速率而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  5. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經耦合以感測該車輛之該至少一個牽引車輪之一旋 轉速率之一旋轉感測器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該至少一個牽引車輪之該所感測旋轉速率而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  6. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經組態以感測一油門位置之一油門位置感測器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該所感測油門位置而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  7. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經耦合以感測該電能儲存裝置之至少一個電特性之一電壓感測器或一電流感測器中之至少一者，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該電能儲存裝置之該所感測電特性而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  8. 如請求項1之電力系統，其進一步包括配置於該電能儲存裝置與該牽引電動馬達之間的一或多個電力轉換器，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經耦合以感測該一或多個電力轉換器之至少一個電特性之一電壓感測器或一電流感測器中之至少一者，且其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該一或多個電力轉換器之該所感測電特性而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  9. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中該至少一個怠速狀態感測器係經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達之至少一個電特性之一電壓感測器或一電流感測器中之至少一者，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該牽引電動馬達之該所感測電特性而致使將該第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  10. 如請求項1之電力系統，其中待供應至該牽引電動馬達之該第一電力量經預定義以致使可由一駕駛員偵測之該牽引電動馬達之一振動。
  11. 如請求項1之電力系統，其進一步包括一視覺指示器，其中該控制電路至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而進一步致使該電能儲存裝置將一第三電力量供應至該視覺指示器以發出一視覺指示。
  12. 一種操作用於具有一牽引電動馬達之一車輛之一電力系統之方法，該方法包括：在一驅動模式中，將電力自一電能儲存裝置供應至該車輛之該牽引電動馬達；感測該車輛之一怠速狀態；至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而自該驅動模式切換至一待命模式；及在該待命模式中，將一第一電力量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  13. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：連續地感測該怠速狀態達一定義時間段。
  14. 如請求項12之方法，其進一步包括：在該待命模式中將一第二電力量供應至一揚聲器。
  15. 如請求項14之方法，其進一步包括：感測該車輛之一通電狀態；至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測通電狀態而進入至該驅動模式中；及 至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測通電狀態而將該第二電力量供應至一揚聲器。
  16. 如請求項12之方法，其進一步包括：在該待命模式中將一第三電力量供應至一視覺指示器。
  17. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：自一旋轉感測器接收指示該牽引電動馬達之一旋轉速率之信號，該旋轉感測器經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達之一驅動軸之一旋轉速率。
  18. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：自一旋轉感測器接收指示可驅動地耦合至該牽引電動馬達之至少一個牽引車輪之一旋轉速率之信號，該旋轉感測器經耦合以感測該至少一個牽引車輪之該旋轉速率。
  19. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：自一油門位置感測器接收指示該車輛之一油門位置之信號。
  20. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：自一電壓感測器或一電流感測器中之至少一者接收指示該牽引電動馬達之至少一個所感測電特性之信號，該電壓感測器或該電流感測器經耦合以感測該牽引電動馬達之至少一個電特性。
  21. 如請求項12之方法，其中感測該車輛之一怠速狀態包含：自經配置以感測該車輛之一怠速狀態之一或多個怠速狀態感測器接收信號；及基於該等所接收信號而準備 二次參數。
  22. 一種車輛，其包括：一牽引電動馬達，其經耦合以驅動該車輛之至少一個車輪；一電力儲存裝置，其儲存電力；一或多個怠速狀態感測器，其經定位以感測該車輛之一怠速狀態；及一控制器，其至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而將一第一電力量自該電力儲存裝置供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  23. 如請求項22之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而施加控制信號以將一第一電流量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
  24. 如請求項22之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分地基於該車輛之該所感測怠速狀態而施加控制信號以將一第一電壓量供應至該牽引電動馬達。
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