RU2787979C1 - Method for using no-till technology on seasonally permafrost soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in a set of measures to regulate the nutrient regime and water-air properties of the soil. The method includes cultivation in crop rotation of plants alternating by years with a fibrous root and tap root and rod root systems and annual direct sowing of crops. In the first rotation of the crop rotation in the field intended for the use of No-Till technology, fallow land is included, on which Raphanus sativus L var. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon) culture is sown in late July - early August: varieties with the shape of an icicle-shaped or cylindrical root crop together with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N:P:K = 1.7:0.4:1.7. At the same time, fertilizers are mixed with daikon seeds before sowing at a rate of 1-2 kg per hectare, and the grown harvest of this crop is left in the soil in winter.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in soil fertility in the first years after the start of technology development.

1 cl, 7 dwg, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in a set of measures to regulate the nutritional regime and water-air properties of the soil.

In world and domestic agriculture, when mastering resource-saving technologies No-till, Strip-till, Mini-till, the goal is to green and reduce production costs by eliminating mechanical impact on the soil, protecting it from water and wind erosion. Positive results from the development of these technologies can only be obtained if all the requirements for their constituent links are met: annual rotation of crops with fibrous and taproot systems in crop rotation, use of direct sowing, plant protection from harmful organisms. Compliance with the alternation of crops for several years leads to the formation of air voids in the soil, ensuring the supply of moisture and air to the entire depth of penetration of the roots.

Along with the positive role of these farming systems in their development, there are certain disadvantages:

- there is a differentiation of the arable layer according to fertility as a result of a change in the amount of organic matter and microbiological processes, as a result of which the amount of nutrients in the upper layer increases and decreases in the lower horizons. This leads to the formation of the root system of plants in the upper soil layer and a reduction in the volume of space for its placement, which significantly reduces the supply of nutrients and moisture. The yield of agricultural crops at the beginning of the development of resource-saving technologies can significantly decrease. To master No-till, obtaining high efficiency from its introduction into production requires a long period of several years.

With surface application of fertilizers, there is no transfer to deeper layers of the soil, there is a significant loss due to weeds, erosion processes and other negative elements of the balance.

A known method includes sowing crops and fertilizing, (RU 2477941, 27.10.12). The disadvantage of this method is that it involves deep tillage.

The closest in its technical essence is a method for regulating the fertility of seasonally frozen arable soils, including planting Rapbanus sativus L var. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon) and leaving the grown crop under the snow cover (RU 2524257, 07/27/2014).

However, the method itself is costly. Its frequent use leads to the exclusion from the crop rotation of lands that bring annual income. The method is not widely used. This is due to the fact that the technology of deep tillage used in existing crop rotations allows moisture and nutrients to easily penetrate into the lower part of the root habitat.

The minimum tillage system, especially in the first years of its development, leads to a decrease in the biological activity of the soil due to the deterioration of the living conditions of microorganisms, as well as the accumulation of organic material in the upper part of the arable layer. As a result, there is a negative deficit in nitrogen - 40-60 kg / ha, in phosphorus - 15-20 kg / ha (Usenko V.I. Ways to optimize soil cultivation in the Altai Territory / V.I. Usenko, V.V. Volnov // Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University. - 2002. - No. 1. - P. 113-118.).

It is known that in the lower part of the arable layer, in the absence of deep tillage, which provides loosening, the content of nitrates is 3-5 times less than in the same layer during annual plowing; the nitrification capacity of the soil drops sharply, the conditions of phosphorus nutrition deteriorate significantly, the number of microorganisms decreases sharply (Barsukov L.N. Change in fertility conditions in different layers of the arable layer depending on the treatments / L.N. Barsukov, K.M. Zabavskaya // Soil Science. - 1953. - No. 12. - S. 18.).

The minimum tillage system, especially in the first years of its development, leads to a decrease in the biological activity of the soil due to the deterioration of the living conditions of microorganisms, as well as the accumulation of organic material in the upper part of the arable layer. As a result, there is a negative deficit in nitrogen - 40-60 kg / ha, in phosphorus - 15-20 kg / ha (Usenko V.I. Ways to optimize soil cultivation in the Altai Territory / V.I. Usenko, V.V. Volnov // Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University. - 2002. - No. 1. - P. 113-118.).

In this regard, in order to avoid a drop in productivity, minimal tillage should be accompanied by additional application of mineral, primarily nitrogen, fertilizers to the root layer. The introduction of nitrogen is also necessary to compensate for the soil nitrogen consumed by microorganisms during the decomposition of the straw of grain crops left on the field during mulching.

Without the use of chemicals, minimization of processing leads to a decrease in the yield of most crops (Ershov V.L. Reserves for the intensification of resource conservation in agriculture in Western Siberia / Intensification of crop production in Siberia. Novosibirsk, 2003. - P. 47-50 ..

Thus, the introduction of additional nitrogen fertilizers is one of the most important methods for regulating the nutrient regime of the soil, especially when mastering minimal tillage technologies and insufficient proportion of legumes in crop rotations.

However, the application of mineral fertilizers to the full capacity of the arable layer of soil by traditional methods in resource-saving agriculture, based on the rejection of deep loosening, is impossible at the beginning of development. The formation of voids in the soil due to the decaying roots of field crops can occur no earlier than 8-10 years.

The task solved by the present invention is to increase the fertility of the soil, in the first years after the start of the development of technology

The present problem is solved by the fact that in the method of using the No-Till technology on seasonally frozen soils, including the cultivation in the crop rotation of plants alternating over the years with a fibrous and tap root system, the annual direct sowing of crops, in the first rotation of the crop rotation, on the field intended for use No-Till technologies include fallow, through which Raphanus sativus L var. is sown in late July - early August. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon) varieties with an icicle-shaped or cylindrical root shape, together with the application of mineral fertilizers N:P:K=1.7:0.4:1.7, while fertilizers are mixed with daikon seeds before sowing at a seeding rate of 1 -2 kg per hectare, and the grown crop of this crop is left in the soil in the winter.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the No-Till technology, only once in the first rotation of the crop rotation to deliver fertilizers to the root layer of cultivated plants with a tap root system, we artificially create conditions for supplying additional moisture and nutrition. Thus, allowing the root rod system, crop rotation crops, to penetrate deep into the soil and subsequently die off and rot, leaving behind channels that replace the cavities formed from the daikon. For the formation of such holes under the snow cover, we leave the harvest of Raphanus sativus L var. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon), the roots of which, due to exposure to negative temperatures, turn into a semi-liquid substance in the spring, allowing dissolved fertilizers to penetrate into the lower layers of the soil with it.

Fig. 1 mixture of daikon seeds and fertilizer

Fig. 2 sowing a mixture of seeds and fertilizers

Fig. 3 shoots of daikon

Fig. 4 grown root vegetable

Fig. 5 voids formed on the soil surface next spring

Fig. 6 dimensions of voids according to the depth of the soil section

Fig. 7. visual picture of wheat crops after using this method.

The proposed method is based on the ability of Raphanus sativus L var. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon) varieties with an icicle-shaped or cylindrical root shape capable of developing a powerful root system in the form of a root crop up to 10 cm in diameter and penetrating the soil to a depth of 50 cm or more. The optimal sowing time is the second half of July for the conditions of Siberia and until mid-August in the more southern regions of Russia. The seeding rate is the same as when sowing daikon as a vegetable crop (1-2 kg per hectare) or may be slightly less.

Left in the soil for the winter, by spring it completely decomposes and forms cylindrical voids that ensure the flow of air and water from precipitation into the soil. Together with water, the introduced mineral fertilizers in dissolved form penetrate into the deeper layers of the soil through the voids. During snowmelt, as a result of swelling of the soil in the upper layer, a sharp decrease in water permeability occurs. In areas with pores left from the daikon of the previous year of sowing, water from snowmelt fills all voids, and mineral fertilizers dissolved in it are distributed over the entire depth of moisture penetration.

If the sowing of daikon is carried out in a mixture with mineral fertilizers, for which any seeders or a broadcast method can be used, followed by embedding to a depth of 6-8 cm, then during autumn precipitation and snowmelt, moisture, together with fertilizers dissolved in it, seeps into voids throughout the arable land. layer. In addition to the replenishment of organic matter due to the root crop, the content of introduced mineral substances in the arable layer of the soil increases. When sowing the following crops, the nutrients provide additional growth of the root system in deeper soil layers. Plants form a more powerful root system and assimilation leaf apparatus, which contributes to higher yields and rational use of fertilizers.

An example of a specific implementation. Before the beginning of the transfer of the field to the No-Till technology, fallowing was carried out. Weeds were controlled with herbicides. In the middle of summer (July 25), daikon cultivar Astor was sown. Then a mixture of daikon seeds with mineral fertilizers was prepared (N:P:K=1.7:0.4:1.7). Based on 1 kg of seeds per hectare. Sowing and fertilizing was carried out to a depth of 2 cm. The grown crop was left before winter. In the spring, before sowing spring wheat, when conducting a soil cut, the average depth of penetration of the root crop into the soil was determined. It turned out to be about 40 cm. All root crops rotted, leaving behind holes in the soil. The voids from daikon root crops remained with slight changes until the third year of the crop rotation. The crop rotation of the first rotation included: fallow - spring wheat - peas - spring wheat - buckwheat. The yield of crops grown using this technology, compared with the yield of the same crops grown using conventional technology, differed over a six-year observation period, and exceeded the control by 30 - 50%.

A higher supply of spring wheat crops with moisture and nutrients throughout the entire root layer of the soil contributes to the intensive growth of the wheat root system, an increase in the size of the leaves, providing an increase in the use of solar energy, the formation of elements of the structure of the crop crop and an increase in yield compared to the classical No-till technology.

In combination with well-known factors such as alternation in crop rotation of plants with fibrous and tap root systems, the use of the well-known method of creating holes in seasonally frozen soil for penetration of air, water, mineral fertilizer solution into the subarable horizon allows intensifying the growth of the parameters of the root system of plants with a tap root system of the first rotation. crop rotation. This speeds up the period of onset of natural conditions for the penetration of moisture and nutrients into the root layer of plants of the air of moisture and nutrients for plants with a stem root system, which is extremely important for zero tillage.

Due to this technology, which allows optimizing the water, air and nutritional regimes of the soil, in the initial period of its development, the negative period observed in the use of No-till technology is leveled and there is an additional increase in crop production.

Claims (1)

The method of using the No-Till technology on seasonally frozen soils, which includes growing plants with a fibrous and tap root system alternating over the years, annual direct sowing of crops, characterized in that in the first rotation of the crop rotation on a field intended for the use of No-Till technology , include fallow, through which in late July - early August, Raphanus sativus L var. longipinnatiis Baili (daikon) varieties with an icicle-shaped or cylindrical root shape, together with the application of mineral fertilizers N:P:K=1.7:0.4:1.7, while fertilizers are mixed with daikon seeds before sowing at a seeding rate of 1 -2 kg per hectare, and the grown crop of this crop is left in the soil in the winter.

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