RU2717987C1 - Method of cultivating agriculture crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes direct seeding with anchor or disc working members and harvesting with formation of stubble coulisses by combing, mulching field surface with milled straw, with autumn and presowing field treatment with herbicides, starting dose of mineral fertilizers during sowing with alternation of cultures with rod and furry root system. To implement the complex biological system of field fertility recovery, rational reproduction of cereals and broad-leaved crops, alternation of cultures of cold and warm periods using binary crops of leguminous and industrial crops with rod root system. For vegetal mass accumulation, cover crops of green manure biologically active crops are used on fields with early harvesting periods. Selection of green manure crops is carried out taking into account their ability to affect pathogenic flora. Multifield crop rotations are performed with selection of crops with mismatching main works for sowing and harvesting, which increase working periods of sowing and harvesting complexes. For decomposition of solid soils loosening of arable layer is performed for crops with rod root system of chisel or deep tiller. Operation on the field is performed only with process units with permissible compaction effect on soil. During processing of steam field for filling of applied humus and mineral fertilizers, accumulated organic matter and phosphorus in upper layers of field at direct sowing in multi-field crop rotations, dump plowing is performed, which is also necessary for struggle with pathogenic flora. A complex of measures on accumulation, saving and rational use of moisture of winter and summer precipitation is carried out, including accumulation of snow with stubble or after solid stripping, or formation of stubble coulisses with width of 1–1.5 m through 8–16 m, as well as by leaving said coulisses after autumn cultivation of green-manure crops. In spring, moisture is closed, and after harvesting surface treatment is carried out with a disc harrow to preserve residual moisture and create conditions for germination of weeds and accumulation of moisture in autumn precipitation; during sowing, seeds are deep-sealed up to 10–15 cm with replaceable working elements to form a groove widened in the upper part of the sulcus, which facilitates cold soil during the emergence of sprouts of moisture condensation from the air and after harrowing the field is harvested to prevent evaporation of moisture from the lower layers of the arable horizon.

EFFECT: method provides moisture-saving and protection of plants.

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Description

The invention relates to methods of cultivating crops in arid agriculture with targeted selection of cultivated crops in a crop rotation and the application of various methods of tillage.

A known method of cultivation of crops according to the patent for the invention No. 2457651, from 10.08.2012. [IPC A01B 79/02 bul. No. 22], which includes in the fall post-harvest surface, the main irreversible and chisel tillage to the depth of the arable layer for a specific crop, and in the spring moisture closure, pre-sowing treatment to the sowing depth with the creation of a seed bed for seeds with combing weeds in the initial stage of their development by various types of workers organs.

The disadvantage of this method is the inability to use biological systems to maintain soil fertility and plant protection based on rational fertilization using binary crops and cultivation of green manure.

A known method of growing crops in the conditions of the steppe zone of Crimea (patent RU 2614532 C2, IPC A01G 1/00; АВВ 79/02), involving the use of multi-field crop rotation with primary and pre-sowing tillage. In this case, dump plowing is carried out twice in a nine-field crop rotation, and surface plowing to a depth of 8 to 14 cm, depending on the type of cultivated crop.

The disadvantage of this method of growing crops is the lack of cover green manure crops, creating conditions for maintaining and increasing soil fertility without mineral and organic fertilizers, the natural structure of the soil is disturbed.

The closest natural-production conditions of the steppe regions of the Urals and Siberia, as applied to the zone of Northern Kazakhstan, are “Methods of cultivation of spring crops” described in patents KZ В 33115. dated September 24, 2018, Bull. No. 36 and KZ В 33139. of 08/10/2018, Bull. Number 37. As a prototype, the method according to the patent KZ B 33115 was selected. From 09.24.2018, Bull. No. 36, which includes harvesting with the formation of stubble wings by the tow method with a width of 1.5-2 m, after 6-12 m with mulching the field surface with chopped straw, autumn and presowing treatment of the field with herbicides, introduction of the starting dose of fertilizers for direct sowing with anchor or disk working bodies during the alternation of crops with a rod and fibrous root systems, which contributes to an increase in the yield of grain crops by 3-5 kg / ha.

The disadvantage of this method is the increased chemical load for combating plant diseases and pests, the increased load on the sowing and harvesting complexes of machines due to the relatively short periods of their employment in grain rotation, limited opportunities for the natural maintenance of soil fertility due to the relatively low straw yield and as a result, the formation of an insufficient mulching layer, as well as the preservation of moisture after harvesting and the accumulation of autumn rainfall.

The objective of this method is to increase the efficiency of agriculture in the steppe regions of the country in conditions of limited moisture supply and increased erosion hazard, which reduces the energy intensity of processes, reduces the chemical load on the field and reduces the cost of resource support of technological processes by developing a system of technological measures to stabilize soil fertility based on binary crops of legumes and crops with a rooted root system during alternation with crops mainly biological methods of plant protection using mechanical methods of weed control, the implementation of rational methods for the conservation and use of moisture in winter and summer rainfall, energy-efficient methods of tillage and sowing by universal machine complexes with replaceable working bodies, as well as an increase in the working periods of technological complexes for crop selection account.

The problem is solved in that in the method of cultivating crops, including direct sowing by anchor or disc working bodies and harvesting with the formation of stubble wings by the method of towing with mulching the field surface with chopped straw, with autumn and presowing treatment of the field with herbicides, the starting dose of mineral fertilizers during sowing when alternating cultures with a rod and fibrous root systems, in contrast to the prototype for the implementation of an integrated biological recovery system Fertility of the fields is carried out by the rational fertilization of cereals and broadleaf crops, the alternation of crops of the cold and warm periods, using binary crops of legumes and industrial crops with a root root system, capable of enriching the soil with nitrogen and redistributing phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and other trace elements from the deep layers to the arable layer; for the accumulation of plant mass use cover crops of green manure biologically active crops in fields with early harvesting; the selection of sideral cultures is carried out taking into account their ability to influence the pathogenic flora; carry out multi-field crop rotation with a selection of crops with mismatching periods of the main sowing and harvesting work, ensuring an increase in the working periods of sowing and harvesting complexes, which reduce the need for labor and technical resources for the timely implementation of a set of field work based on the use of universal technical means; for decompression of solid soils due to the use of aggregates on a wheeled drive, loosening of the arable layer under the crop with a bar root system with chisel or deep-ripper; work on the field is carried out only by technological units with an acceptable sealing effect on the soil; when processing a steam field, to plow introduced humus and mineral fertilizers, accumulated organic matter and phosphorus in the upper layers of the field, when direct sowing in multi-field crop rotations, dump plowing is necessary, which is also necessary to combat pathogenic flora; carry out a set of measures for the accumulation, conservation and rational use of moisture in winter and summer precipitation, including the accumulation of snow by stubble or after continuous stripping, or the formation of stubble wings 1-1.5 m wide after 8-16 m, as well as leaving such wings after autumn processing fields of green manure crops; in the spring, moisture is covered with a disk harrow, and after harvesting, surface treatment is carried out to preserve the residual moisture and create conditions for the germination of weeds and the accumulation of moisture in autumn rainfall; during sowing, deep seeding of seeds up to 10-15 cm is carried out by interchangeable working bodies with the formation of a groove expanded in the upper part of the furrow, which contributes to the cold soil during the emergence of moisture condensation from the air and, after emergence, harrow the field to prevent evaporation of moisture from the lower layers of the arable layer ; The technical result of the use of the invention is:

- the transition to crop rotation with a long rotation and rational fertilization of cereals and broadleaf crops, plants of warm and cold periods;

- the use of binary crops of legumes and crops with a rooted root system in order to reduce the number of fields for crops that form soil fertility;

- moisture conservation provided by stubble preservation, straw mulching, backstage formation during harvesting of grain crops, surface loosening after harvesting, increased seed placement depth with anchor working bodies and sowing after harvesting green manure crops;

- the proposed soil cultivation system allows one plowing per crop rotation, chiseling for industrial crops, pre-sowing and post-harvesting with a disc harrow, closing moisture and harrowing or rolling after emergence;

- plants are protected by fruit exchange and sowing of biologically active sideral crops;

- a reduction in the need for labor and technical resources is realized by cultivating a set of crops with mismatching periods of basic work for sowing and harvesting them, using energy-efficient working bodies and energy tools with rational parameters and types of movers.

Despite the fact that the methods of cultivating the soil, chopping and spreading straw across the field, as well as harvesting with the formation of stubble wings, the use of binary crops and green manure crops, as separate agrotechnical techniques, are known, a new integrated system of their use in multi-field crop rotation with rational fruit change , allowing to increase the potential of soil fertility, reduce the need for mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, create conditions for the accumulation and rational use of moisture imnih and summer precipitation, form a coherent dynamics of works on planting and harvesting of crops for their timely implementation and reduce the need for human and technical resources.

In the conditions of the steppe zone of the Urals and Siberia with a limited frost-free period, the proposed method can be implemented within two traditional five-field crop rotations. One of the options may be the following crop rotation: steam, durum wheat, oats with vetch for grain or haylage, sunflower with clover, sweet clover for haylage or seeds sown with winter wheat (triticale, rye), winter wheat, flax with vetch (rape with peas or chickpeas), wheat, buckwheat with vetch, wheat, barley. Seeding sequence: oats with vetch, durum wheat, flax with vetch, sunflower with clover, soft wheat, barley, buckwheat with vetch. The working period is from the beginning of May until the end of the first decade of June. During the harvesting period, the following sequence develops: from the third decade of July, winter wheat, oats with vetch, barley, buckwheat with vetch, durum wheat, soft wheat, flax with vetch, sunflower. The working period is about 60 days.

Sowing is carried out by a universal sowing complex for binary and monocultures with pre-sowing treatment with a two-row disc harrow with direct disks. Harvesting is carried out directly with towing when alternating passages without towing or using adapters for towing 1-1.5 m wide on reapers 6-9 m wide, with straw chopping and spreading over the field. Fields with early harvesting periods without a time gap are treated with a straight-disc harrow leaving the wings backstage 1-1.5 m wide after 8-16 m and a binary mixture of cover green crops (for example, white mustard and vetch) is sown moving across the disk harrow . These fields are sown with cover crops before sowing winter wheat, i.e. until August 25th.

The main tillage with plow turnover is carried out in a steam field to seal the introduced humus and accumulated organic matter on the surface of the field with pathogenic flora to the bottom of the furrow. Depending on the condition of the soil, before sowing sunflower and flax, a sizing or chiseling is carried out after harvesting the previous crops.

When sowing, a starting dose of fertilizer is applied. Herbicide treatment is carried out in a steam field on clogged fields in the fall or before sowing.

Implementation of crop rotation is carried out over five years. In this case, the field of winter wheat is replaced by steam, followed by the formation of the structure of the corresponding crops.

The implementation of the main elements of the proposed method in the farm "Birch" of the Chelyabinsk region allowed to stabilize productivity and additionally receive an increase of 6-8 kg / ha of grain and industrial crops, as well as reduce the need for labor and technical resources and bring the load on one machine to 1000 ha of arable land .

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating crops, including direct sowing with anchor or disc working bodies and harvesting with the formation of stubble wings by the method of towing, with mulching the field surface with chopped straw, with autumn and presowing treatment of the field with herbicides, a starting dose of mineral fertilizers when sowing when alternating crops with the core and fibrous root system, characterized in that for the implementation of an integrated biological system for restoring field fertility first crop rotation cereal and broadleaf crops, crop rotation cold and warm periods using binary leguminous crops and industrial crops with tap root system; for the accumulation of plant mass use cover crops of green manure biologically active crops in fields with early harvesting; the selection of sideral cultures is carried out taking into account their ability to influence the pathogenic flora; carry out multi-field crop rotation with a selection of crops with mismatching periods of the main sowing and harvesting operations, ensuring an increase in the working periods of sowing and harvesting complexes; to decompress solid soils, the loosening of the arable layer under the crops with the core root system with chisel or deep-ripper is performed; work on the field is carried out only by technological units with an acceptable sealing effect on the soil; when processing a steam field, to plow introduced humus and mineral fertilizers, accumulated organic matter and phosphorus in the upper layers of the field, when direct sowing in multi-field crop rotations, dump plowing is necessary, which is also necessary to combat pathogenic flora; carry out a set of measures for the accumulation, conservation and rational use of moisture in winter and summer precipitation, including the accumulation of snow by stubble or after continuous stripping, or the formation of stubble scenes 1-1.5 m wide after 8-16 m, as well as leaving such scenes after autumn processing fields of green manure crops; in the spring, moisture is closed, and after harvesting, surface treatment is performed with a disk harrow to preserve residual moisture and create conditions for the germination of weeds and the accumulation of moisture in autumn rainfall; during sowing, deep seeding of seeds up to 10-15 cm is carried out by interchangeable working bodies with the formation of a groove expanded in the upper part of the furrow, which contributes to the cold soil during the emergence of moisture condensation from the air and, after emergence, harrow the field to prevent evaporation of moisture from the lower layers of the arable horizon .