RU2760437C1 - Method for obtaining graphed grape seedlings and planting plants on saline and phyloxerenic soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to viticulture. The method includes growing rootstock cuttings on a mulching film under drip irrigation conditions, growing grafted seedlings and planting vineyards. In this case, stock cuttings with a volume of 20÷25 cm³ are grafted with a one-eyed cuttings of a scion, the growth of which during the growing season in a school is adjusted to a diet of 1 meter, carrying out foliar feeding when the first leaves appear in four doses: once a week with 0.01% iron solution vitriol and 0.1% ammonium nitrate for a month, and the next two times a month - irrigation water under a film by drip irrigation with 0.1% Green Go solution. Before planting, the junction of the rootstock with the scion is placed in a heat-shrinkable photo-disintegrating sleeve. Planting of seedlings is carried out in holes up to 1 m deep, filled with: 10 kg of peat; 40 g Green Go; 10 g of ferrous sulfate and soil, placing the grafting site in a polyethylene tube at a depth of 30 cm.

EFFECT: method provides for the creation of vine plantations on saline and phyloxerenic soils, an increase in their productivity and a reduction in the time of their entry into the fruiting stage due to the establishment of seedlings with a powerful double root system on the plantation, obtained from grafted cuttings grown on a mulching film under drip irrigation conditions with the established regime nutrition.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in viticulture in the production of grafted seedlings and planting.

Recently, due to a significant increase in saline and phylloxera-prone areas of soils, great importance is attached to the resistance of plants to stress environmental factors. The grape plant is one of the most resistant to soil salinization, however, when it is planted on such soils, a low survival rate of the material is observed, which negatively affects the yield of grapes. To avoid such consequences, various methods are used to reduce soil salinity and protect plants.

There is a method of planting vineyards with ordinary seedlings grown from long cuttings 45 ÷ 60 cm long, widely used in production, on soils prone to salinization. The essence of this method is that in areas with saline soils, a latex film (SLIN-40, BK-3, SKD-1-6, etc.) with a thickness of 0.25 ÷ 1.0 mm ( 120 g / per hole) and filled with chernozem (nutrient mixture) with simultaneous planting of planting material. In the process of plant growth, soil moisture in the pits is maintained at a level of 100–75% PPV. Latex, in contact with saline soil, instantly coagulates and forms a film that prevents salinization of chernozem in the pits. At the same time, the newly formed plant roots freely penetrate through the latex film into the saline soil, gradually and naturally adapting to salinity (AI Zhukov - New ways of managing grape bushes, Anapa: JSC Anapa polygraph enterprise 2008 - 9 p. ).

The considered method is high-cost and ineffective, since as the root system develops, the roots go beyond the pits and the plantings are exposed to the harmful effects of salts and, as a result, the growth and development of plants is inhibited, various diseases appear. In addition, the implementation of the method requires a lot of time and material costs, and to increase the efficiency of plantations growing on saline soils and prone to phylloxera, constant feeding and fertilization are required.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed invention are methods for obtaining seedlings and maintaining grape plantations, in which seedlings with a double root system of rootstock and scion are used (patents RU 2591468, 2574492).

In the method for the production of grape seedlings resistant to phylloxera and chlorosis (patent RU 2591468), two grafts with a European variety are carried out on a physiologically active rootstock of an American variety: the first on the apical part of the rootstock, the second on the basal part at a distance of 25 ÷ 30 cm from the first, while above the first inoculation, an air chamber of 12 ÷ 15 cm is formed, and a transparent photodestructible film is used to strap the site of the second inoculation.

As practice has shown, the implementation of this method requires additional material costs. more consumables are used - rootstock and scion cuttings, while the cutting is an expensive material. In addition, the considered method does not provide for the saturation of seedlings with iron vitriol to increase resistance to chlorosis. As a result, the seedlings are susceptible to chlorosis of functional and infectious origin. On the seedlings, yellowing of the leaves is noted, a decrease in their sprouting.

In the method of creating seedlings, planting and forming grape bushes resistant to stress environmental factors (patent RU 2574492), seedlings are created on one plant with two root systems, American and European, as a result of ablating the rootstock with a scion. Green grafting of the rootstock is carried out in the second year of the growing season, at a height of 1 m, while the sleeves and vines are placed on hooks hanging on a trellis wire every 0.28 ÷ 0.30 m in an unfixed state.

The disadvantages of this method include the fact that when using ablactation, a strong fusion of the rootstock with a scion is often not achieved, and most importantly, a long period of obtaining seedlings with a double root system in this way. The grown seedlings have a weak heel root system of the rootstock, a weak growth of the scion, the method does not provide for measures of protection and increasing resistance to chlorosis.

The technical objective of the alleged invention is to develop a method for creating vine plantations on saline and phylloxerous soils, which allows to ensure the industrial yield of seedlings, to increase their survival rate on plantations and plant productivity due to the formation of a powerful root system in the school, while reducing the cost of rootstock and scion materials and the time of entry plantings in the fruiting stage.

The technical problem is achieved using the proposed method for obtaining grafted grape seedlings and planting plantings on saline and zaphyloxene soils, including growing rootstock cuttings on mulching film under drip irrigation, growing grafted seedlings and planting vineyards. In accordance with the proposed method, stock cuttings with a volume of 20 ÷ 25 cm ^{3 are} grafted with a one-eyed scion cuttings, the growth of which during the growing season in the school is brought to 1 meter by the diet, while when the first leaves appear, foliar feeding is carried out in four doses: once a week - 0.01% solution of ferrous sulfate and 0.1% ammonium nitrate for a month, and subsequent - twice a month with irrigation water with 0.1% Green Go solution, fed under the film by drip irrigation, while before planting the rootstock junction with a scion, they are placed in a plastic insulating coating, and the seedlings are planted in pits up to 1 m deep, filled with: 10 kg of peat; 40 grams of Green Go; 10 grams of ferrous sulfate and soil, placing the grafting site at a depth of 30 cm.

New and significant in the proposed method is that grape seedlings with a double root system are obtained, while the rootstock and root system of the seedling when planting on the plantation is two years old, and the scion is one year old, which allows them to combine their autonomous phylloxera resistance and salt tolerance. And for the formation of a strong fusion of the rootstock with the scion, the grafts are planted in a school on a mulching film with drip irrigation. In this case, a stock with a volume of 20 ÷ 25 cm ^{3 is} grafted onto one eye with a European variety, from which an increase of up to 1 m is expelled during the growing season, which contributes to the complete accretion of the grafting components and the formation of a conducting system between the stock and the scion as a result of anatomical and morphological differentiation of tissues. On the growth of the scion of a seedling with a volume of 20 ÷ 25 cm ³ , a root system of a European variety that is more resistant to salinity is formed, and the roots of the stock stimulate the overall growth and development of the plant. Significant and new is the fact that before planting, the junction of the rootstock with the scion is placed in a plastic insulating coating because Isolation of the junction of the rootstock with the scion from direct contact with the soil prevents the formation of roots, which makes it possible to exclude the rejection of the rootstock from the scion and the transition of grafted plantings to the roots of the scion.

The technical result is expressed in the fact that the proposed method provides the creation of plantations of grapes on saline and zaphyloxeral soils, increasing their productivity and reducing the time of their entry into the fruiting stage due to the survival on plantations of seedlings with a powerful double root system obtained from grafted cuttings grown on mulching film under conditions of drip irrigation with an established diet, while reducing the cost of rootstock and scion materials. With this planting method, both root systems provide a good harvest on marginal lands.

When growing grafts from shortened cuttings with a volume of up to 25 cm ³ , a heel, a more powerful root system is formed on the seedling, and at the same time, the cost of rootstock and scion materials is significantly reduced. With a decrease in the length of the rootstock, the yield of seedlings increases with an improved quality of fusion of the rootstock with the scion. The yield of seedlings from the school is about 80%, in addition, the seedlings grown on mulching film in the school, on a one-year growth of the scion, form a root system faster than on the rootstock and stimulate the development of scion roots.

The essence of the method is illustrated by tables and illustrations.

Table 1 - Influence of rootstock volume on the survival rate of seedlings using the example of the varieties Vostorg and Augustin.

Table 2 - Influence of the stock volume on the development of the aboveground and underground parts of the seedling on the example of the Augustine variety.

The drawing shows a method for obtaining grafted grape seedlings and planting plantations on saline and zaphyloxerenic soils, where

1 - cuttings of a stock of an American variety;

2 - scion cuttings of a European variety;

3 - photo-disintegrating heat-shrink sleeve;

4 - polyethylene tube.

This method is carried out as follows. Pre-cuttings of 1 American variety stock and 2 European varieties of scion are harvested. After winter storage, the scion vine is sorted by diameter, the shoots are cut into one-eyed cuttings. The cuttings are soaked in clean water for 14-16 hours and placed in the stratification chamber for preliminary adjustment. The preparation of the rootstock of the American variety consists in a thorough examination of the vines and the rejection of all insufficiently ripe and non-standard in thickness. Then the vines are cut, carefully removed (blinded) all the eyes except the upper ones, sorted by thickness, soaked for 2 ÷ 5 days and put on stratification. A one-eyed cutting of a European variety (Augustine) is grafted onto a rootstock stalk with a volume of 20 ÷ 25 cm ^{3 (in our case, this is the Kober 5BB variety).} For rigid fixation of the rootstock with a scion and protection from desiccation, the grafting site is bandaged with a heat-shrinkable photo-disintegrating sleeve 3. The protracted grafts are hardened, and then planted on a mulching polyethylene film, provided that the soil at a depth of 20 cm warms up to 10 ÷ 12 ° C. Grafts are planted in holes on the film according to the scheme of 20 × 10 cm up to 500 thousand pieces per hectare to a depth of 20 cm, leaving the junction of the rootstock with the scion above the film. Until autumn, all agricultural practices are carried out in the school to obtain an increase of at least one meter. Watering is carried out immediately after planting, while the rate is specified before each watering, depending on the moisture content of the soil at the depth of the root layer and the main hydrological parameters of the soil. After the formation of the first leaves on the seedlings, feeding is carried out in four steps: once a week - 0.01% solution of ferrous sulfate and 0.1% ammonium nitrate for a month, and the next two times a month - with irrigation water with 0.1% Green Go solution fed under the film by drip irrigation.

When growing seedlings, along with functional chlorosis, chlorosis of an infectious origin is manifested, to combat which leaves are fed with iron sulfate. Studies have shown that the combined effect of ferrous sulfate and nitrogen fertilizers has not only a healing effect, but also promotes root development during this period, improves the growth and development of seedlings.

During the entire growing season, up to four fragments of shoots are carried out, leaving one shoot on the seedling, and they fight pests and diseases. The junction of the rootstock with the scion is located above the film, where dew roots do not form. By the fall, a good fusion of the rootstock with the scion occurs - anatomical, morphological differentiation of tissues and, as a result, lignification of the growth tissues occurs. In the fall, the seedlings are dug up and, in order to prevent rejection, a polyethylene tube 4 (10 × 5 cm) is put on the place where the rootstock grows with the scion and tied in the upper and lower parts with twine or bast, capable of decomposing in the soil and not interfering with the further development of the plant. Thus, damage to the grafting adhesion site when covering and opening bushes is excluded, since it is located at a depth of 30 cm from the soil surface. This excludes the formation of roots at the junction of the rootstock with the scion, creates favorable conditions for their further accretion. Planting seedlings on the plantation is carried out in the pits without shortening the roots of the seedling. When planting seedlings, it is very important to properly prepare and fill the planting holes. The seedlings are planted in pits up to 1 m deep with the introduction of 10 kg of peat and 40 g of Green Go and 10 g of ferrous sulfate for each seedling. The pits are covered 3 ÷ 5 cm below the grafting level and watered about a month after the soil warms up in the root zone and is completely covered with soil, placing the grafting site in a protective polyethylene tube at a depth of 30 cm. the roots of the grape bush.

Since the root system of the rootstock is not shortened during planting, the seedling takes root in the first year after planting due to nutrients in its root system and organic and mineral fertilizers in the hole under the seedling. It is very important that the root system of the stock in the first year penetrates deep into the soil and leaves the zone with the highest content of harmful salts. The younger the vine shoot, the faster and in greater volume its roots develop. The root-forming ability of the annual vine of the scion is more pronounced than the rootstock. The root system of the scion in the first year after planting is just beginning to form, and its development is stimulated by the undercut roots. With this method of planting, the root system of the scion begins to feed the plant from the second year after planting. The work of two root systems on one plant allows you to get a good harvest on unproductive lands.

The experimental results are summarized in Table. 1, 2. Table 1 - the influence of the rootstock on the survival rate of seedlings using the example of the varieties Vostorg and Augustin; Table 2 - the influence of the volume of the rootstock on the development of the aboveground and underground parts of the seedling using the example of the Augustin variety.

From the data in Table. 1 it can be seen that the larger the stalk, the lower the graft survival rate. In the control, with a stock volume of 60 cm ^{3, the} survival rate of grafts is 55.6% for the Vostorg variety, and with a volume of 30 ÷ 25 cm ^3, it is 9.6 ÷ 11.1% higher, for the Augustine variety, the survival rate is 19.8% higher than in control.

From the data in Table. 2 that the volume of the stock significantly affects the average growth, the number of roots, their total length, and the absolutely dry weight of the roots. And most importantly, when using a rootstock volume of 25-30 cm ³ , the yield of seedlings increases (for example, the Augustine variety) and the consumption of rootstock cuttings decreases.

Claims (1)

A method of obtaining grafted grape seedlings and planting plantations on saline and phylloxerated soils, including growing rootstock cuttings on a mulching film under drip irrigation conditions, growing grafted seedlings and planting vineyards, characterized in that rootstock cuttings with a volume of 20 ÷ 25 cm ^{3 are} grafted with a one-eyed cuttings the growth of which during the growing season in the school is brought up to 1 meter by the diet, carrying out foliar feeding when the first leaves appear in four steps: once a week with 0.01% solution of ferrous sulfate and 0.1% ammonium nitrate for a month, and subsequent twice a month - with drip irrigation water under the film with 0.1% Green Go solution, while before planting, the junction of the rootstock with the scion is placed in a heat-shrinkable photo-disintegrating sleeve, and the seedlings are planted in pits up to 1 m deep, filled with: 10 kg peat; 40 g Green Go; 10 g of ferrous sulfate and soil, placing the grafting site in a plastic tube at a depth of 30 cm.

Images