RU2591468C2 - Method for producing grape seedlings resistant to phylloxera and chlorosis - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular viticulture. Method includes harvesting, cutting and preparation of cuttings for grafting rootstock and scion, subsequent vaccination stratification and banding. Method includes, on physiological activity of American rootstock varieties, making two grafts of European varieties: first in apical portion of stock, second - at basal portion at a distance of 25-30 cm from first. Above first grafting a 12-15 cm air chamber is formed, and for binding site of second grafting photocleavable transparent film is applied.

EFFECT: method enables to produce seedlings, resistant to stress factors of growth medium, as well as to increase crop capacity and durability of structural elements of bush.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in viticulture in the production of grafted seedlings.

The grape plant is one of the ones resistant to soil salinization, however, when planting it on such soils, a low survival rate of the material is observed, which negatively affects the yield of grapes. To avoid such consequences, various methods are used to reduce soil salinity by washing them before planting and during their growth, as well as by applying antagonist chemicals (phosphogypsum, gypsum, etc.) to reduce the toxic effects of harmful salts.

There is a method of laying vineyards on soils from slightly saline to moderately saline, developed by A.I. Zhukov, the essence of which is that latex film (SLIN-40, BK-3, SKD-1) is sprayed on the walls of previously prepared pits in saline soil - 6, etc.) with a thickness of 0.25-1.0 mm (120 g / per hole) and fill them with chernozem (nutrient mixture) with simultaneous planting of planting material. In the process of plant growth, soil moisture in the pits is maintained at the level of 100-75% of PPV. In contact with saline soil, latex instantly coagulates and forms a film that prevents salinity of chernozem in the pits. At the same time, the newly formed plant roots freely penetrate through the latex film into saline soil, gradually and naturally adapting to salinization (A.I. Zhukov. New methods for maintaining vine bushes. Anapa: OJSC Anapa Polygraph-Enterprise, 2008, 9 sec. .).

This bookmarking method can also be used on carbonate soils. However, after the roots go beyond the limits of the planting pit, the growth and development of plants is restrained, various diseases of chlorosis appear, etc. The disadvantages of this method include the complexity of performing this operation, in addition, latex is an expensive material that requires large material costs when using it.

The issue of chlorine resistance has gained particular importance in connection with the manifestation of foci of phylloxera and the transition from a root-owning grape culture to grafted. It is well known that European varieties belonging to V. vinifera are more resistant to a high carbonate content than American V. labrusen, V. riparia, V. rupestris. Most American varieties are resistant to phylloxera, but suffer from a high concentration of carbonates in the soil (Encyclopedia of Viticulture. - Chisinau, 1982, p. 376).

The use of the root system of seedlings of both varieties will increase the resistance of plants to stress factors of the growing environment. Given this circumstance, it is advisable to combine two root systems of different resistance to stress factors of the environment — chlorosis and phylloxera — by mechanized grafting.

The use of the root system of the European variety will ensure successful development with a high calcium content in the soil and in the first three years of growth will allow the development of a powerful root system during the adaptation of the plant to a high salt content. The root system of the American bottom grade during this period will develop quite well and provide protection to the plant against phylloxera,

A known method of growing vegetative seedlings (L. M. Maltabar, D. M. Kazachenko. Grape nursery. Krasnodar, 2009, S. 193-198), according to which the vaccine is produced in the apical part of the stock. However, in this case, the yield of grafted seedlings is only about 30%, in addition, such seedlings cannot be used on saline soils, since they are not resistant to a high content of carbonates.

The yield of seedlings can be significantly increased if vaccination is carried out on stocks of the American variety by grafting of the European variety in the apical and basal parts of the cuttings.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is to develop a method for the production of grape seedlings that are resistant to stress factors of the growing environment with a high concentration of carbonates in the soil and phylloxera, as well as increasing the yield and durability of the structural elements of the bush.

The problem is achieved in that in the proposed method for the production of grape seedlings resistant to chlorosis and phylloxera, including harvesting, slicing and preparing for vaccination of rootstock and scion grafts, subsequent stratification of vaccinations and banding on physiologically active rootstock of the American variety, two vaccinations are made in the European variety: the first on the apical part of the stock, the second on the basal part, at a distance of 25 ÷ 30 cm from the first. At the same time, an air chamber of 12 ÷ 15 cm is formed above the first vaccination, and a transparent photodestructible film is used to tie the second vaccination site.

New in the proposed method is the creation of grape seedlings with two root systems that are resistant both to the high content of carbonates and to phylloxera, by grafting the European variety on the apical and basal parts of the American stock. The formation of two shtambov allows the plant to develop successfully, if one shtamb dies, then the other will continue to grow.

Essential in the proposed method is that the seedlings with two root systems have a high vitality and can reduce the level of damage to plants by chlorosis. Considering that in the first years of plant adaptation, the development of the American root system is slow, then during this period of development the European root system stimulates it and therefore there is no inhibition of plants in the first years of life.

The technical result is expressed in the fact that according to the proposed method, the yield of seedlings is increased due to the presence of a root system consisting of the roots of the rootstock of the American variety and the roots of the graft of the European variety, and the quality of the seedlings, which become more resistant to chlorosis and phylloxera, is improved. The formation of two shtambov in the apical and basal part of the American rootstock guarantees the successful development of the plant, if one shtab dies, the second will continue to grow, which positively affects the survival rate on plantations, growth, development and productivity of plantations.

The implementation of the claimed method is shown schematically in FIG. 12.

Figure 1 - Cuttings of stock of American grade and scion of European grade, where:

1. The first vaccination of the European stock in the apical part of the American stock;

2. The second vaccination of the European stock in the basal part of the American stock;

3. Shank of the American stock;

4. An eye of the European scion;

5. Photodegradable film.

Figure 2 - Vegetative seedling of grapes with two root systems of the American variety and European variety, where:

6. The first inoculation of the American stock in the apical part with a European European grade scribe;

7. The second inoculation with a European grade scribe on the basal part;

8. The vaccinated escape of the first vaccination;

9. Vaccinated escape of the second vaccination;

10. Cases of the first and second vaccinations;

11. The root system of scion European grade;

12. The root system of stock of the American variety.

This method is as follows.

Cuttings of stock of American grade 3 and scion of European grade 4 are prepared before grafting. After winter storage, the graft vine is sorted by diameter, shoots are cut into one-eyed cuttings, soaked in clean water for 14-16 hours, and then put on stratification. The preparation of the rootstock of American grade 3 consists in a thorough inspection of the vines and culling of all insufficiently matured and non-standard in thickness. Then the vines are cut, all eyes except the top 2 are carefully removed (blind), sorted by thickness, soaked for 2–5 days and put on stratification. The vaccine is produced in February - March. American-type rootstock cuttings usually stratify for 9–10 days, until a green cone, an unopened green leaf 1.5–3 cm tall, develops from the upper eye. With the germination of the eyes, the entire batch is removed from the stratification and sorted. The rootstock cuttings with undeveloped eye are discarded. The remaining rootstock cuttings are vaccinated in any conventional manner. During the development of the green cone, all physiological processes in the cuttings are most active, cambium and other elements of the shoot structure are very active, which are directly related to the processes of growth and root formation. The restoration of the conductive system of blood vessels, the restoration of the movement of nutrients to the green shoot is noted. And only after all the processes in the cuttings are activated, the top part of the cuttings together with the green cone is removed from the American rootstock, cutting below the line of leaf scars, and in this place 1 is grafted with a European graft 4 graft with a swollen eye. For rigid fixation of the American rootstock 3 with European scion 4 and protection against drying out, the joint and the eye on the scion are bandaged with a heat-shrink sleeve from a photo-destructible film 5. The sleeve is put on the vaccine so that 12 ÷ 15 cm remain under the scion. The lower edge of the sleeve and the sleeve in the zone the compounds of grafted components are treated with a directed heat flow until they are completely crimped. Shrinkage is carried out using a thermal device. During compression, air is displaced and air space forms in the form of a closed chamber above the upper part of the vaccine. After bandaging, vaccinations are stratified for 9–10 days. The second vaccination 2 is carried out at a distance of 25–30 cm from the first. This connection zone contains the largest number of tissues and blood vessels that are most active during fusion and are close in distance to the second vaccination. The apiary and physiologically active substances (auxins), which stimulate tissue regeneration processes and provide better intergrowth of the components of the second vaccination, are more likely to get to the site of the second vaccination. Using the rootstock of American grade 3 and the graft of European grade 4 with vessels already working and ensuring the natural extension of secondary growth vessels from the graft to the rootstock, the most favorable conditions are created for the fast and high-quality fusion of the second vaccination. The eye of the first vaccine starts growing later and develops weaker compared to the second vaccine.

After the American rootstock is fused with the European graft, the vaccines are planted in polyethylene covers from a thin film 40 ÷ 50 microns thick, 35 cm high, 9-10 cm in diameter. The vaccine is planted in a substrate consisting of sawdust, bentonite clay, glauconite in a 1: 1 ratio: 1, so that the place of the second vaccination was buried by 4–6 cm, so that the surface dew roots did not develop. To protect the eye from drying out, in the first period of its development, abundant watering and adding of the substrate are carried out so that the eye is constantly covered by it 4–6 cm. After the roots appear, they are fed with a hydroponic solution 4–5 times during the growing season. The root system of the European variety and the aerial shoot for the second year are more developed than the root system of the stock of the American variety.

During the growing season they fight against diseases. It is important that both the stock and part of the scion are well ripened. These seedlings need to lay vineyards in the month of October. In the fall, on the grafted shoot of the stock, the growth is trimmed by two eyes.

Claims (1)

Method for the production of chlorosis and phylloxera resistant grape seedlings, including harvesting, slicing and preparing for grafting rootstock and scion grafts, subsequent stratification of grafts and banding, characterized in that two physiologically active root grades of the American variety are grafted with the European variety: the first on the apical part rootstock, the second - on the basal part at a distance of 25-30 cm from the first, while an air chamber of 12-15 cm is formed above the first vaccine, and transparent fotorazrushaemuyu film.

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