NO339843B1 - Fremgangsmåte for frakturering av en underjordisk formasjon - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåte for frakturering av en underjordisk formasjon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO339843B1 NO339843B1 NO20030096A NO20030096A NO339843B1 NO 339843 B1 NO339843 B1 NO 339843B1 NO 20030096 A NO20030096 A NO 20030096A NO 20030096 A NO20030096 A NO 20030096A NO 339843 B1 NO339843 B1 NO 339843B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- surfactant
- group
- alkyl
- carbon atoms
- fluid
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- -1 alkyl glycinate Chemical compound 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Disodium Chemical compound [Na][Na] QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Aminoacetate Chemical compound NCC([O-])=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IKCLCGXPQILATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorobenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl IKCLCGXPQILATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M naphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- ZKWJQNCOTNUNMF-QXMHVHEDSA-N 2-[dimethyl-[3-[[(z)-octadec-9-enoyl]amino]propyl]azaniumyl]acetate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O ZKWJQNCOTNUNMF-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- TXPKUUXHNFRBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-carboxyethylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCNCCC(O)=O TXPKUUXHNFRBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical group C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005599 alkyl carboxylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005526 alkyl sulfate group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 21
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000005277 alkyl imino group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 14
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-(carboxylatomethoxy)acetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)COCC([O-])=O QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940096386 coconut alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- WWYHAQDAMPXWSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol;methane Chemical compound C.CCCCCCCCCCCCO WWYHAQDAMPXWSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ONLRKTIYOMZEJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylmethanamine oxide Chemical compound C[NH+](C)[O-] ONLRKTIYOMZEJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940023144 sodium glycolate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- MWZFQMUXPSUDJQ-KVVVOXFISA-M sodium;[(z)-octadec-9-enyl] sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O MWZFQMUXPSUDJQ-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 2
- CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;docosyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- JEJAMASKDTUEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(1,1,3-tribromo-2,2-dimethylpropyl) phosphate Chemical compound BrCC(C)(C)C(Br)(Br)OP(=O)(OC(Br)(Br)C(C)(C)CBr)OC(Br)(Br)C(C)(C)CBr JEJAMASKDTUEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USZZLTVYRPLBMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=C(O)C=C21 USZZLTVYRPLBMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJJCQDRGABAVBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 SJJCQDRGABAVBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UPHOPMSGKZNELG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=C(O)C=CC2=C1 UPHOPMSGKZNELG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPHHJAOJUJHJKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 3,4-dichlorobenzoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 VPHHJAOJUJHJKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ALKYHXVLJMQRLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC2=C1 ALKYHXVLJMQRLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMAMQSIENGBTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 SMAMQSIENGBTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCJUKCIXTRWAQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 JCJUKCIXTRWAQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XABCHXCRWZBFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 XABCHXCRWZBFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSXKKRVQMPPAMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 FSXKKRVQMPPAMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical class C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 206010016807 Fluid retention Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N [(1r,2s,4r,5r)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)O[C@H]1C(O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)[C@@H]2OC[C@H]1O2 NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000278 alkyl amino alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004948 alkyl aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005910 alkyl carbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003124 biologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001767 cationic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GQOKIYDTHHZSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyl-bis(prop-2-enyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=CC[N+](C)(C)CC=C GQOKIYDTHHZSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D1/88—Ampholytes; Electroneutral compounds
- C11D1/90—Betaines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D17/0008—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties aqueous liquid non soap compositions
- C11D17/003—Colloidal solutions, e.g. gels; Thixotropic solutions or pastes
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/30—Viscoelastic surfactants [VES]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D1/14—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
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- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
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- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
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- Sewage (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
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Description
Oppfinnelsens område
Denne oppfinnelsen vedrører viskoelastiske fluider inneholdende et overflateaktivt middel og fremgangsmåter for å suspendere partikler ved bruk av slike viskoelastiske fluider. Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører særlig en fremgangsmåte for å frakturere en underjordisk formasjon.
Bakgrunn for oppfinnelsen
Det er kjent å fortykke den vandige fase av en suspensjon av faste partikler eller emulgerte dråper. Tilsetning av fortykningsmidler øker viskositeten av den vandige fase og forsinker derved avsetningen av partiklene eller dråpene. Slik for-sinkelse er nyttig for å opprettholde partiklene eller dråpene i suspensjon under lagring, bruk og/eller transport av suspensjonen.
Polymere fortykningsmidler, for eksempel stivelser, som fortykker ved at de polymere kjeder floker seg sammen, har vært anvendt for å gjøre den vandige fase av suspensjonene mer viskøs. Slike fortykningsmidler kan nedbrytes under innvirkning av mekanisk skjærkraft eller kjemisk avkutting (for eksempel ved oksi-dasjon eller hydrolyse) av de polymere kjeder og dette resulterer i et tap av viskositet og således suspensjonsstabilitet.
Kationiske overflateaktive midler er funnet å danne stavlignende miceller under visse betingelser. Nærværet av de stavlignende miceller gir fluidet viskoelastiske egenskaper. Kationiske overflateaktive midler har imidlertid en tendens til å ha høy giftighet og meget lav bionedbrytbarhet.
Oppsummering av oppfinnelsen
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer en fremgangsmåte for å frakturere en underjordisk formasjonkarakterisert vedat den omfatter trinnet med å pumpe et viskoelastisk fluid gjennom et borehull og inn i en formasjon ved et trykk tilstrekkelig til å frakturere formasjonen, idet det viskoelastiske fluid omfatter: a) et vandig medium; b) et overflateaktivt middel valgt fra gruppen som består av amfotære overflateaktive midler, zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler og blandinger derav, og c) et medlem valgt fra gruppen som består av organiske syrer, organiske syresalter, uorganiske salter, og kombinasjoner av én eller flere organiske syrer eller organiske syresalter med ett eller flere uorganiske salter; hvori fluidet utviser egenskapen av viskoelastisitet.
Ytterligere utførelsesformer av fremgangsmåten i henhold til oppfinnelsen fremgår av de uselvstendige patentkrav.
Det beskrives et viskoelastisk fluid nyttig som et fortykningsmiddel for suspensjon av partikler. De viskoelastiske fluider består av et amfotært/zwitterionisk overflateaktivt middel og organisk syre/salt og/eller uorganiske salter.
Det beskrives således spesifikt et viskoelastisk fluid omfattende:
(1) et vandig medium; (2) en mengde av et overflateaktivt middel valgt fra gruppen bestående av amfotære overflateaktive midler, zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler og blandinger derav, effektivt til å gjøre det vandige medium viskoelastisk, og (3) et element valgt fra gruppen bestående av organiske syrer, organiske syresalter, uorganiske salter og kombinasjoner av én eller flere organiske syrer eller organiske syresalter med én eller flere uorganiske salter.
Ved enda en ytterligere utførelsesform beskrives et viskoelastisk fluid hovedsakelig bestående av: (1) et vandig medium; (2) en mengde av et overflateaktivt middel omfattende et aminoksid-overflateaktivt middel; og (3) et anionisk overflateaktivt middel inneholdende et hydrofobt element
med minst 14 karbonatomer.
Betegnelsen "viskoelastisk" refererer til de viskøse fluider med elastiske egenskaper, det vil si at væsken i det minste delvis returnerer til sin opprinnelige form når en utøvet påkjenning avlastes. De fortykkede vandige viskoelastiske fluider er nyttige som vannbaserte hydrauliske fluider i smøremidler og hydrauliske fraktureringsfluider for å øke permeabilitet ved oljeutvinning.
Det beskrives også en fremgangsmåte for å fordele suspenderte faste partikler som for eksempel utgravnings-biprodukter i et fluid omfattende det viskoelastiske fluid i forhold til denne oppfinnelse, hvori de faste partikler forblir suspendert i en forlenget tidsperiode før avsetning, ved å transportere fluidet til et brukssted mens de faste partikler forblir suspendert i fluidet og avsetter fluidet på dette brukssted.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører en fremgangsmåte for frakturering av en underjordisk formasjon omfattende at det viskoelastiske fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen pumpes gjennom et borehull og inn i en underjordisk formasjon ved et trykk tilstrekkelig til å frakturere formasjonen.
Det beskrives også en detergentblanding omfattende et detersivt overflateaktivt middel i blanding med et viskoelastisk fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Det beskrives også anvendelse av det viskoelastiske fluid som et tapskontrollmiddel for landbruksblandinger. I denne forbindelse vedrører oppfinnelsen en vandig sammensetning av et landbrukskjemikalie og en mengde av det viskoelastiske fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen tilstrekkelig til å øke den gjennomsnittlige dråpestørrelse av en dusj av den nevnte sammensetning.
Kort beskrivelse av figurene
Fig. 1 viser viskositet versus skjærhastighet for en viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilt ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Miratain" T2C®) og 2,25% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 2 viser den dynamiske modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G" (tapsmodul) ved 25°C og 50°C av den samme oppløsning som i fig. 1. Fig. 3 viser viskositeten versus skjærhastighet for en viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilt ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Mirataine" T2C®), 4% NhUCI og 1,75-2,0% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 4 viser viskositeten versus skjærhastighet for viskoelastisk overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilt ved å tilsette 4 eller 5% dinatriumoleamido-proylbetain ("Mirataine" BET-O®), 3% KCI og 0,5% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 5 viser den dynamiske modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G' (tapsmodul) ved 25°C og 50°C av den samme oppløsning som i fig. 4.
Detaljert beskrivelse av oppfinnelsen
Egenskapen med viskoelastisitet generelt er velkjent og det refereres til S. Gravsholt, Journal of Coll. and Interface Sei., 57(3), 575 (1976); Hoffmann et al., "Influence of lonic Surfactants on the Viscoelastic Properties of Zwitterionic Surfactant Solutions", Langmuir, 8, 2140-2146 (1992); og Hoffmann et al., The Rheo logical Behaviour of Different Viscoelastic Surfactant Solutions, Tenside Surf. Det, 31, 389-400, 1994. Av testmetodene spesifisert i disse referanser for å bestemme om en væske har viskoelastiske egenskaper, har en test blitt funnet å være nyttig til å bestemme viskoelastisiteten av en vandig oppløsning bestående i at oppløs-ningen virvles rundt og det iakttas visuelt at boblene som er dannet ved omkringvirvlingen viker tilbake etter at omkringvirvlingen er stanset. Enhver tilbakevirkning av boblene indikerer viskoelastisitet. En ytterligere brukbar test er å måle lagrings-modulen (G') og tapsmodulen (G") ved en gitt temperatur. Hvis G' er større enn G" ved noe punkt eller over et område av punkter under omtrent 10 rad/sek, typisk omtrent 0,001 til omtrent 10 rad/sek, mer typisk mellom omtrent 0,1 og omtrent 10 rad/sek, ved en gitt temperatur og hvis G'>10"<2>pascal, foretrukket 10"<1>pascal, an-ses fluidet typisk å være viskoelastisk ved denne temperatur. Rheologiske målinger som G' og G" er drøftet mer fullstendig i "Rheological Measurements", Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 21, pp. 347-372, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., 1997, 4. utgave). I den grad det er nødvendig for fullstendiggjøring er de ovennevnte lærer uttrykkelig innlemmet heri som referanse.
Viskoelastisiteten bevirkes av en annen type av micelledannelse enn de
vanlige sfæriske miceller dannet av de fleste overflateaktive midler. Viskoelastiske overflateaktive middelfluider danner en ormlignende, stavlignende eller sylindriske miceller i oppløsning. Dannelsen av lange, sylindriske miceller skaper rheologiske egenskaper. Den viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsning fremviser skjær-tynnende opptreden og forblir stabil til tross for gjentatte anvendelser under høy skjærkraft. Som sammenligning vil det typiske polymere fortykningsmiddel irrever-sibelt nedbrytes når det utsettes for høy skjærkraft.
I oppsummeringen av oppfinnelsen og denne detaljerte beskrivelse bør hver nummerisk verdi leses en gang som modifisert med betegnelsen "omtrent"
(med mindre allerede uttrykt således modifisert) og så leses på nytt som ikke således modifisert, med mindre annet er angitt i sammenhengen.
De viskoelastiske overflatekative midler kan enten være ioniske eller ikke-ioniske. Den foreliggende oppfinnelse omfatter et vandig viskoelastisk overflateaktivt middel basert på amfotære eller zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler. Det amfotære overflateaktive middel er en klasse overflateaktivt middel som har både en positivt ladet enhet og en negativt ladet enhet over et bestemt pH-område (for eksempel typisk svakt surt), bare én negativt ladet enhet over et visst pH-område
(for eksempel typisk svakt alkalisk) og bare én positivt ladet enhet ved et annet pH-område (for eksempel typisk moderat surt), mens et zwitterionisk overflateaktivt middel har en permanent positivt ladet enhet i molekylet uansett pH og negativt ladet enhet ved alkalisk pH.
Det viskoelastiske fluid omfatter vann, overflateaktivt middel og en vann-oppløselig forbindelse valgt fra gruppen bestående av organiske syrer, organiske syresalter, uorganiske salter og blandinger derav. Alternativt kan det viskoelastiske fluid omfatte vann, et aminoksid-overflateaktivt middel og et anionisk overflateaktivt middel inneholdende et hydrofobt element med minst 14 karbonatomer. Den viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsning er nyttig som et fraktureringsfluid eller vannbasert hydraulisk fluid. Det viskoelastiske fluid anvendt som et fraktureringsfluid kan eventuelt inneholde en gass som for eksempel luft, nitrogen eller karbondioksid for å tilveiebringe et energisert fluid eller et skum.
Den komponent av fluidet som vil være tilstede i en større konsentrasjon er vann, det vil si at vann vil være en vektmessig hovedmengde av det viskoelastiske fluid. Vann er typisk tilstede i en vektmengde større enn eller lik omtrent 50 vekt% av fluidet. Vannet kan være fra en hvilken som helst kilde så lenge som kilden ikke inneholder noen forurensninger som er uforlikelige med de andre komponenter i det viskoelastiske fluid (for eksempel ved å bevirke uønsket utfelling). Vannet be-høver således ikke å være drikkevann og kan være brakkvann eller inneholde andre materialer typisk for vannkilder som finnes i eller nær oljefelt.
Eksempler på zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler nyttige ved den foreliggende oppfinnelse er representert ved formelen:
hvori Ri står for en hydrofob enhet av alkyl, alkylarylalkyl, alkoksyalkyl, alkylamino-alkyl og alkylamidoalkyl, hvori alkyl representerer en gruppe som inneholder fra
omtrent 12 til omtrent 24 karbonatomer som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedet og som kan være mettet eller umettet. Representative langkjedede alkylgrupper inkluderer tetradecyl (myristyl), heksadecyl (cetyl), oktadecentyl (oleyl), oktadecyl (ste-aryl), docosenyl (erucyl) og derivatene av talg-, kokos-, soya- og rapsoljer. De
foretrukne alkyl- og alkenylgrupper er alkyl- og alkenylgrupper med fra omtrent 16 til omtrent 22 karbonatomer. Representative for alkylamidoalkyl er alkylamidopro-pyl med alkyl som beskrevet i det foregående.
R2 og R3er uavhengig en alifatisk kjede (det vil si i motsetning til aromatisk ved atomet bundet til det kvaternære nitrogen, for eksempel alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, hydroksyalkyl, karboksyalkyl og hydroksyalkylpolyoksyalkylen, for eksempel hydroksyetylpolyoksyetylen eller hydroksypropylpolyoksypropylen) med fra 1 til omtrent 30 atomer, foretrukket fra omtrent 1 til omtrent 20 atomer, mer foretrukket fra omtrent 1 til omtrent 10 atomer og mest foretrukket fra omtrent 1 til omtrent 6 atomer hvori den alifatiske gruppe kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedet, mettet eller umettet. Foretrukne alkylkjeder er metyl, etyl, foretrukket arylalkyl er benzyl, og foretrukne hydroksyalkyl er hydroksyetyl eller hydroksypropyl, mens foretrukne karboksyalkyl er acetat og propionat.
R4er en hydrokarbylradikal (for eksempel alkylen) med kjedelengde 1 til 4. Foretrukket er metylen- eller etylengrupper.
Spesifikke eksempler på zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler inkluderer de følgende strukturer:
hvori Ri er som definert i det foregående.
Eksempler på amfotære overflateaktive midler inkluderer dem som repres-enteres ved formel VI:
hvori Ri, R2og R4er de samme som definert i det foregående.
Andre spesifikke eksempler på amfotære overflateaktive midler inkluderer de følgende strukturer:
hvori Ri er som tidligere angitt heri og X<+>er et uorganisk kation så som Na<+>, K<+>, NH4<+>assosiert med en karboksylatgruppe eller et hydrogenatom i et surt medium.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere dihydroksyetoksylatglysinat ved å gå ut fra etoksylert alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene kan også inkludere noe ureagert utgangsdihydroksyetyl-alkylamin, og mindre mengder natriumglykolat, diglykolat og natriumklorid som biprodukter. En lignende prosess kan anvendes for å fremstille propoksylerte analoger.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere alkyliminiodipropionat fra alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene vil også inkludere en liten mengde metanol, ureagert akryl-syre, alkylamin og noe oligomert akrylat eller syre som biprodukter.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere alkylamidopropylbetain fra alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene vil også inkludere en liten mengde natriumglykolat, diglykolat, natriumklorid og glyserol som biprodukter.
Ved enda en ytterligere utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen er det valgte zwitterioniske overflateaktive middel et aminoksid. Dette materiale har den følgende struktur:
hvori Ri, R2og R3er som definert i det foregående.
De overflateaktive midler anvendes i en mengde som i kombinasjon med de andre bestanddeler er tilstrekkelig for å danne et viskoelastisk fluid (for eksempel mindre enn omtrent 50 vekt%). Konsentrasjonen av overflateaktivt middel kan være i området fra omtrent 0,5 vekt% til omtrent 10 vekt% av fluidet, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,5% til omtrent 8%, og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,5% til omtrent 6%. Optimale konsentrasjoner for et hvilket som helst spesielt sett av parametere kan bestemmes eksperimentelt.
Fluidet omfatter også ett eller flere elementer fra gruppen av organiske syrer, organiske syresalter og uorganiske salter. Blandinger av de ovennevnte elementer er spesifikt ansett som fallende innenfor oppfinnelsens ramme. Dette element vil typisk være tilstede i bare en mindre mengde (for eksempel mindre enn omtrent 20 vekt% av fluidet).
Den organiske syre er typisk en sulfonsyre eller en karboksylsyre og det anioniske motion av de organiske syresalter er typisk sulfonater eller karboksylater. Representative for slike organiske molekyler inkluderer forskjellige aromatiske sulfonater og karboksylater som p-toluensulfonat, naftalensulfonat, klorbenzosyre, salisylsyre, ftalsyre og lignende, hvor slike motioner er vannoppløselige. Mest foretrukket er salisylat, ftalat, p-toluensulfonat, hydroksynaftalenkarboksy-later, foreksempel 5-hydroksy-1-naftosyre (5-hydroksy-1-naftalenkarboksylat), 6-hydroksy-1-naftosyre, 7-hydroksy-1-naftosyre, 1-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, foretrukket 3-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, 5-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, 7-hydroksy-2-naftosyre og 1,3-dihydroksy-2-naftosyre og 3,4-diklorbenzoat. Den organiske syre eller salt derav fremmer typisk utviklingen av økt viskositet som er karakteristisk for foretrukne fluider. Uten å ønske og være bundet til noen teori med mindre det uttrykkelig fremgår av sammenhengen, tenkes det at assosiasjonen av den organiske syre eller salt derav med micellen minsker aggregasjonskrumningen for micellen og fremmer således dannelsen av en ormlignende eller stavlignende micelle. Den organiske syre eller salt derav vil typisk være tilstede i det viskoelastiske fluid med en vektkonsentrasjon på fra omtrent 0,1 til 10%, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 til 7% og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 % til omtrent 6%.
De uorganiske salter som er særlig egnet for bruk i det viskoelastiske fluide inkluderer vannoppløselige kalium-, natrium- og ammoniumsalter, som kaliumklorid og ammoniumklorid. Ytterligere kan kalsiumklorid, kalsiumbromid og sinkhalo-genidsalter også anvendes. De uorganiske salter kan fremme utviklingen av økt viskositet som er karakteristisk for foretrukne fluider. Videre kan det uorganiske salt fremme opprettholdelsen av stabiliteten av en geologisk formasjon som eks-poneres for fluidet. Formasjonsstabilitet og spesielt leirestabilitet (ved å inhibere hydratisering av leiren) oppnås ved et konsentrasjonsnivå på noen få vekt% og som sådan endres ikke densiteten av fluidet i særlig grad ved nærværet av det uorganiske salt med mindre fluiddensiteten blir viktig å ta i betraktning, ved hvilket punkt tyngre uorganiske salter kan anvendes. Det uorganiske salt vil typisk være tilstede i det viskoelastiske fluid med en vektkonsentrasjon på fra omtrent 0,1% til omtrent 30%, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1% til omtrent 10%, og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1% til omtrent 8%. Organiske salter, for eksempel trimetylammonium-hydroklorid og tetrametylammoniumklorid kan også være nyttige i tillegg til eller som en erstatning for de uorganiske salter.
Som et alternativ til de organiske salter eller som en delvis erstatning for disse, kan man anvende en alkohol med midlere til lang kjede (foretrukket en alk-anol), foretrukket med 5 til 10 karbonatomer, eller et alkoholetoksylat (foretrukket et alkanoletoksylat) fortrinnsvis av en alkohol med 12 til 16 karbonatomer og med 1 til 6, foretrukket 1 til 4, oksyetylenheter.
I denne utførelsesform hvor det valgte overflateaktive middel er et aminoksid, blir dette foretrukket anvendt i kombinasjon med et anionisk overflateaktivt middel inneholdende et hydrofobt element med minst omtrent 14 karbonatomer. Eksempler på egnede anioniske overflateaktive midler inkluderer alkylsulfater eller -sulfonater med alkalimetall motioner eller alkylkarbonater, hvori alkyl representerer en gruppe som inneholder fra omtrent 14 til omtrent 24 karbonatomer og som kan ha forgrenet eller rett kjede og som kan være mettet eller umettet, og som mer foretrukket inneholder mellom omtrent 16 og omtrent 22 karbonatomer.
For denne utførelsesform (aminoksid/anionisk overflateaktivt middel) er vektforholdet mellom aminoksid og anionisk overflateaktivt middel fra omtrent 100:1 til omtrent 50:50.
I tillegg til de vannoppløselige salter og fortykningsmmidler beskrevet i det foregående, kan det viskoelastiske fluid anvendt som et hydraulisk fraktureringsfluid inneholde andre vanlige bestanddeler som utførere spesifikke ønskede funk-sjoner, for eksempel korrosjonsinhibitorer, fluidtap-tilsetningsstoffer og lignende. Et proppemiddel kan suspenderes i fraktureringsfluidet. pH av fluidet vil typisk være i området fra sterkt sur (for eksempel under en pH på omtrent 3) til svakt alkalisk
(for eksempel fra pH akkurat mer enn 7,0 til omtrent 8,5, mer typisk til omtrent 8,0)
eller moderat alkalisk (for eksempel en pH på fra omtrent 8,5 til 9,5). Sterkt alkal-iske pH-verdier (for eksempel over en pH på 10) bør unngås.
Det er også tenkelig å kombinere de ovennevnte amfotære/zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler med konvensjonelle anioniske, ikke-ioniske og kationiske overflateaktive midler for å oppnå det ønskede viskoelastiske fluid for en fagkyn-dig. I typiske utførelsesformer er det amfotære/zwitterioniske overflateaktive middel typisk tilstede i en hovedvektmengde av alle overflateaktive midler og er mer typisk hovedsakelig det eneste tilstedeværende overflateaktive middel. Typisk vil det viskoelastiske fluid være hovedsakelig fri for anioniske overflateaktive midler, for eksempel vil det inneholde mindre enn omtrent 0,5 vekt%, mer typisk mindre enn 0,2 vekt%, enda mer typisk mindre enn 0,1 vekt% anioniske overflateaktive midler.
For fremstilling av de vandige fluider ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse tilsettes det overflateaktive middel til en vandig oppløsning hvori det er blitt oppløst et vannoppløselig salt, for eksempel kaliumklorid eller ammoniumklorid og/eller minst én organisk syre eller et vannoppløselig organisk syresalt for å tilveiebringe selektiv kontroll av tapet av egenskapene med partikkelsuspensjon. I den utfør-elsesform hvori fluidet er en blanding av vann og aminoksid-overflataktivt middel og et anionisk overflateaktivt middel anvendes en enkel sammenblanding av de tre komponenter. Standard blandeprosedyrer kjent på området kan anvendes ettersom oppvarmingen av oppløsningen og spesielle omrøringsbetingelser vanligvis ikke er nødvendig. Selvfølgelig, hvis fluidet anvendes under betingelser med eks-trem kulde som for eksempel forekommer i Alaska, bør vanlige oppvarmingsprose-dyrer anvendes. Det er i enkelte tilfeller funnet foretrukket å oppløse fortykningsmiddelet i en alkohol med lavere molekylvekt før det blandes med den vandige oppløsning. Alkoholen med lavere molekylvekt, for eksempel isopropanol, virker som et hjelpestoff for oppløseliggjøring av fortykningsmiddelet. Andre lignende midler kan også anvendes. Videre kan det anvendes et skumfjernende middel som for eksempel en polyglykol for å hindre uønsket skumdannelse under fremstillingen av det viskoelastiske fluid hvis et skum ikke er ønskelig under behandlings-betingelsene. Hvis et skum eller gassenergisert fluid ønskes, kan en hvilken som helst gass som for eksempel luft, nitrogen, karbondioksid og lignende, tilsettes.
Fluidet ifølge oppfinnelsen er særlig nyttig for håndteringen av partikler ut-viklet under utgraving av en geologisk formasjon, for eksempel graving, boring, sprengning, oppmudring, tunneldrift og lignende, for eksempel under bygging av veier, broer, bygninger, gruver, tunneler og lignende. Partiklene blandes med det viskoelastiske fluid ved hjelp av midler som er effektive til å dispergere partiklene i fluidet. Partiklene har generelt en partikkelstørrelse i området fra et fint pulver til en grov grus, for eksempel støv, sand og grus. Partikkelstørrelsen påvirker suspen-derbarheten av avfall fra utgravningsprosedyrer. For eksempel suspenderer små partikler bedre enn store partikler, og meget fine partikler suspenderer så godt at blandingen kan bli for tykk til å transportere ved hjelp av pumper eller lignende midler. Fordelingen av partikkelstørrelsen i avfall fra utgravningsprosedyrer er også viktig, ettersom avfall som inneholder partikler som spenner over et bredt størrelsesområde suspenderes lettere enn avfall hvori partiklene har omtrent den samme størrelse. Det kan derfor være foretrukket å sikte avfallspartiklene før den foreliggende fremgangsmåte utøves for å ta bort de partikler som er for store til å suspendere for å oppnå en bedre partikkelstørrelsesfordeling.
De viskoelastiske fluider ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse kan anvendes for å føre jord eller materialer utgravd under borings-, utgravnings- og grøftingsop-erasjoner innenfor industrien for bygging av dypfundamenter, industrien for underjordiske byggearbeider og ved tunnelarbeider, ved brønnboring og ved andre anvendelser av fluider for jordunderstøttelse. Evnen av utgravningsverktøyene eller -systemene til å holde og fjerne økt jordmengde forbedres ved suspenderings-egenskapene og smøreegenskapene av de viskoelastiske overflateaktive middelfluider.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen kan det overflateaktive middel kombineres med noen fluidtap-kontrollsetningsstoffer kjent i industrien som vannoppløselige eller vanndispergerbare polymerer (guar og guarderivater, xan-tan, polyakrylamid, stivelse og stivelsesderivater, cellulosederivater, polyakrylater, poly-DADMAC [poly(diallyldimetylammoniumklorid] og kombinasjoner derav), leire
(bentonitt og atapulgitt) for å gi fluidtap-kontrollegenskaper til utgravningsfluidet og bidra til stabilisering av veggen for utgravningen.
Mer omfattende informasjon kan finnes i The University of Houston, Depart-ment of Chemical Engineering, Publication No UHCE 93-1 med tittel "Effect of Mineral and Polymer Slurries on Perimeter Load Transfer in Drilled Shafts", publi-sert i januar 1993, og PCT WO 96/23849, idet læren i disse er innlemmet som referanse.
Den ovennevnte fremgangsmåte for suspendering av faststoffer har mange anvendelser, spesielt innenfor gruvedrift og håndtering av gruveavfall. Læren i US patentskrift 5.439.317 (Bishop et al.) er innlemmet som referanse i denne forbindelse. En anvendelse er å transportere og anbringe mineralbehandlingsavfall i und-ergrunns hulrom eller i hulrom for gradert lagring. En ytterligere anvendelse er for oppfylling av åpne groper eller stenbrudd uten bruk av kostbart og arbeidsintensivt utstyr for utplasseringen. Ytterligere kan fremgangsmåten anvendes for å anbringe leire eller andre fyllmaterialer i oppbevarings- eller lagringsdammer som anvendes for å oppbevare væsker og hindre inngang av disse væsker inn i grunnvannsfore-komsten og/eller å anbringe fyllmaterialer i avfallsdeponier for et lignende formål. En ytterligere anvendelse av fremgangsmåten er for slukking og/eller begrensning av kullgruvebranner ved å avsette mengder av faststoffer under bakken for å iso-lere brannen fra oksygenkilder. Enda en ytterligere anvendelse av fremgangsmåten er å anbringe faststoffer i tidligere gruvehulrom for å hindre overflateinnfalling.
Den hydrauliske fraktureringsfremgangsmåte ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse anvender ellers konvensjonelle metoder. Læren i US patentskrift 5.551.516 (Norman et al.) er innlemmet som referanse i denne forbindelse. Olje-feltsanvendelser av forskjellige materialer er beskrevet i "Oilfield Applications", Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 328-366 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1987) og referanser anført deri, idet læren i disse er innlemmet heri som referanse dertil.
Hydraulisk frakturering er en betegnelse som har vært anvendt for en rekke forskjellige metoder anvendt for å stimulere produksjonen av fluider som olje, nat-urgass, etc. fra underjordiske formasjoner. Ved hydraulisk frakturering injiseres et fraktureringsfluid gjennom et borehull og mot overflaten av formasjonen ved en trykk- og strømningstakt i det minste tilstrekkelig til å overvinne trykket fra den overliggende formasjon og å initiere og/eller utvide frakturer inn i formasjonen. Fraktureringsfluidet medfører vanligvis et proppemiddel som for eksempel sand med partikkelstørrelse 20 til 40 mesh, bauksitt, glasskuler, etc, suspendert i fraktureringsfluidet og transportert inn i en fraktur. Proppemiddelet hindrer da formasjonen i å falle tilbake på seg selv når trykket avlastes. De proppemiddelfylte frakturer tilveiebringer permeable kanaler hvorigjennom formasjonsfluidene kan strøm-me til borehullet og deretter trekkes ut. Viskoelastiske fluider har også vært hyppig brukt ved gruspakkingsbehandling.
I tillegg til de anvendelser som er drøftet i det foregående, kan de viskoelastiske fluider også anvendes som et industrielt tapskontrollmiddel, eller som et rheologimodifiserende middel for sammensetninger for personlig pleie (for eksempel rensemidler, kondisjoneringsmidler, etc.) og husholdningsrensemidler (for eksempel detergentblandinger). En detergentblanding med de viskoelastiske fluider ifølge oppfinnelsen vil ytterligere omfatte et detersivt overflateaktivt middel. Eksempler på detersive overflateaktive midler og andre konvensjonelle bestanddeler i blandinger for detergent og/eller personlig pleie er omhandlet i US patent-ansøkning med løpenummer 08/726.437, inngitt 4. oktober 1996, idet læren i denne innlemmes heri som referanse.
Typisk vil det detersive overflateaktive middel være anionisk eller ikke-ion-isk. Foretrukne vannoppløselige anioniske organiske overflateaktive midler heri inkluderer lineære alkylbenzensulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 10 til omtrent 18 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen; forgrenede alkylbenzensulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 10 til omtrent 18 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen; talgområde-alkylsulfat-ene; kokosnøttområde-alkylglyserylsulfonatene; alkyleter (etoksylerte) sulfater hvori alkyldelen inneholder fra omtrent 12 til 18 karbonatomer og hvori den gjennomsnittlige etoksyleringsgrad varierer mellom 1 og 12, særlig 3 og 9; de sulfaterte kondensasjonsprodukter av talgalkohol med fra omtrent 3 til 12, spesielt 6 til 9 mol etylenoksid; og olefinsulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 4 til 16 karbonatomer.
Spesifikke foretrukne anioniske overflateaktive midler for anvendelse heri inkluderer: de lineære do-C-u alkylbenzensulfonater (LAS); de forgrenede C-io-Cu alkylbenzensulfonater (ABS); talgalkylsulfatene, kokosnøttalkylgylseryletersulfon-atene; de sulfaterte kondensasjonsprodukter av blandede C10-C18talgalkoholer med fra omtrent 1 til omtrent 14 mol etylenoksid; og blandingene av høyere fett-syrer inneholdende fra 10 til 18 karbonatomer.
Særlig foretrukne ikke-ioniske overflateaktive midler for bruk ved væske-, pulver- og gel-anvendelser inkluderer kondensasjonsproduktene av Cio-alkohol med 3 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av talgalkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsprduktet av kokosnøttalkohol med 5 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av kokosnøttalkohol med 6 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci2-i3-alkohol med 6,5 mol etylenoksid, og det samme kondensasjonsprodukt som er strippebehandlet for å fjerne hovedsakelig alle lavere etoksylerte og ikke-etoksylerte fraksjoner; kondensasjonsprodukt som er strippebehandlet for å fjerne hovedsakelig alle lavere etoksylerte og ikke-etoksylerte fraksjoner; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci2-i3-alkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-i5-alkohol med 2,25 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-i5-alkohol med 4 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-i5-alkohol med 7 mol etylenoksid; og kondensasjonsnproduktet av Ci4-is-alkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid.
Spesielle detersive anvendelser for hvilke det viskoelastiske fluid vil være nyttig inkluderer anvendelse som et fortykningsmiddel for sure baderomsrense-midler, som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 5,639.722 (Kong et al.) og dusjgeler som for eksempel dem som er behandlet i US patentskrift 5.607.678 (Moore et al.), idet læren i disse innlemmes heri som referanse. De viskoelastiske fluider vil også være nyttige ved fremstilling av byggeprodukter basert på gips, gips/kalk, kalk/sement eller sement som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 4.470.383 (Schermann et al.) og skumfluider som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 5.258.137 (Bonekamp et al.), idet læren i disse innlemmes heri som referanse. Spesielt vil fluidet være nyttig for å forbedre vannretensjonen av sementoppslemninger og mørtler og tillater da bedre pumpbarhet og bearbeidbarhet med minimalt fritt vann. Fluidene vil også være nyttige som fortykningsmidler for sure (for eksempel pH under omtrent 5) vandige oppslemninger av mineralkarbonater eller mineraloksider, for eksempel jernoksid, ceriumoksid, silikasuspensjoner, titanoksid, kalsiumkarbonat og zirk-oniumoksid. I denne forbindelse er læren i US patentskrift 4.741.781 (De Witte) innlemmet heri som referanse.
Det viskoelastisk fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen vil også være nyttig i sammensetninger for jordbruksmessig tilførsel av faste jødningsmidler og pestsider som mikronæringsmidler, biologisk e midler, insektisider, herbisider, fungisider og plantevekst-regulerende midler. Slike sammensetninger er typisk vandige suspen-sjoner eller oppløsninger bestående av en hovedmengde vann og en jordbruksmessig effektiv mengde av et jordbruksmessig nyttig kjemikalie. Det viskoelastiske fluid kombineres typisk med de andre bestanddeler i sammensetningen i en mengde som effektivt reduserer antallet av dråper under omtrent 150 nm, det vil si dråpene som er mest ansvarlige for tapsproblemer.
De følgende eksempler anføres for å illustrere fremstillingen og egenskapene av vandige viskoelastiske overflateaktivt middelbaserte hydrauliske fluider og skal ikke oppfattes som begrensende for oppfinnelsens ramme med mindre dette uttrykkelig er indikert i patentkravene. Alle prosentandeler, konsentrasjoner, forhold, deler, etc, er på vektbasis med mindre annet er angitt eller fremgår av sammenhengen vedrørende deres anvendelse.
EKSEMPLER
Eksempel 1
Viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved å tilsette 5% ammoniumklorid og 3 til 5% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") til vann.
Systemene ble omrørt inntil alt overflateaktivt middel var oppløst. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Rheologien for oppløsningen ble målt ved hjelp av Rheometric "ARES" ved 25°C. Resultatene er anført i følgende tabell 1:
Eksempel 2
På en måte tilsvarende eksempel 1 ble 0,3% ftalsyre og 2 til 4% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") bragt i løsning. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være visko elastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Rheologiske målinger ble gjen-nomført på den måte som er beskrevet i eksempel 1 ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist som følger i tabell 2:
Eksempel 3
De rheologiske målinger ble også gjennomført ved høyere temperaturer ved hjelp av et "FANN"-rheometer. Resultatene for 4% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") og 0,3% ftalsyreoppløsning er vist som følger i tabell 3:
Eksempel 4
De viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Mirataine" T2C®) og 2,25% ftalsyre til vann. Systemene ble omrørt og oppvarmet til 50°C inntil all ftalsyre var oppløst. Alle prøvene ble iaktatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Rheologi ble målt for viskositet og dynamisk modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G" (tapsmodul) ved hjelp av en rheometrisk "SR-100" ved 25°C og 50°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 1 og 2.
Eksempel 5
På en måte tilsvarende eksempel 4, ble 4% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat
("Mirataine" T2C®), 4% NhUCI og 1,75-2,0% ftalsyre i vann blandet sammen. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Rheologiske målinger ble gjennomført på måten beskrevet i eksempel 4 ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 3.
Eksempel 6
De viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved tilsetning av 4-5% oleamidopropylbentain ("Mirataine" BTE-O®), 3% KCI og 0,5% ftalsyre til vann. Systemet ble omrørt inntil all ftalsyre oppløste seg. Rheologi ble målt for stabil viskositet og dynamisk modul G7G" ved hjelp av Rheometric "ARES" ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 4 og 5.
Eksempel 7
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 95,65 deler vann blandes sammen 4 deler eurikamidopropylendimetylaminoksid og 0,35 deler natriumoleylsulfat. pH innstilles til 8 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle dens viskositet i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek-<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 4.
Eksempel 8
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved å blande sammen 95,50 deler vann, 4,0 deler eurikamidopropylendimetylaminoksid og 0,50 deler natriumoleylsulfat. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle dens viskositet i eps (skjærhastighet 100 sek-<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 4.
Eksempel 9
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 96,1 deler vann blandes sammen 3,0 deler eurikamidopropylaminoksid og 0,9 deler natriumbehenylsulfat. pH innstilles til 9 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle viskositeten i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek"<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 5.
Eksempel 10
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 94,8 deler vann blandes sammen 4,0 deler eurikamidopropylaminoksid og 1,2 deler natriumbehenylsulfat. pH innstilles til 9 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle viskositeten i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek-<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 5.
Claims (26)
1. Fremgangsmåte for å frakturere en underjordisk formasjonkarakterisert vedat den omfatter trinnet med
å pumpe et viskoelastisk fluid gjennom et borehull og inn i en formasjon ved et trykk tilstrekkelig til å frakturere formasjonen, idet det viskoelastiske fluid omfatter: a) et vandig medium; b) et overflateaktivt middel valgt fra gruppen som består av amfotære overflateaktive midler, zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler og blandinger derav, og c) et medlem valgt fra gruppen som består av organiske syrer, organiske syresalter, uorganiske salter, og kombinasjoner av én eller flere organiske syrer eller organiske syresalter med ett eller flere uorganiske salter; hvori fluidet utviser egenskapen av viskoelastisitet.
2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, hvori det vandige medium er vann.
3. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, hvori det viskoelastiske fluidet videre omfatteren mineralsyre med en konsentrasjon som er tilstrekkelig til å redusere pH i det viskoelastiske fluid til omkring 3 eller mindre.
4. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav, hvori mengden av det overflateaktive midlet er fra omkring 0,5 vekt-% til omkring 6 vekt-% av fluidet.
5. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav, hvori det overflateaktive midlet er et zwitterionisk overflateaktivt middel som omfatter en kvaternær ammonium hydrofil gruppe som er kovalent bundet med en alkyl eller en hydroksyalkylgruppe.
6. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav hvori det overflateaktive midlet omfatter en karboksylat hydrofil gruppe.
7. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav hvori medlemmet omfatter en aromatisk gruppe valgt fra gruppen som består av sulfoniske grupper, sulfonatgrupper, karboksylgrupper og karboksylatgrupper.
8. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 7 hvori den aromatiske gruppen er valgt fra gruppen som består av salisylationer og ftalationer, hydroksynaftalenkarboksylat-ioner og blandinger derav.
9. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav hvori det viskoelastiske fluidet videre omfatter et partikkelformet proppemiddel suspendert deri.
10. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav, hvori det viskoelastiske fluidet videre omfatter et tilsetningsstoff valgt fra gruppen bestående av korrosjonsinhibitorer og fluidtaptilsetningsstoffer og blandinger derav.
11. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav hvori medlemmet er tilstede i en mengde fra omkring 0,1 vekt-% til omkring 30 vekt-%, foretrukket i en mengde fra omkring 0,1 vekt-% til omkring 8 vekt-%.
12. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav hvori det overflateaktive midlet er representert ved formelen (I):
eller formelen (II):
hvori Ri representerer alkyl, alkenyl, alkylarylalkylen, alkenylarylalkylen, alkylami-noalkylen, alkenylaminoalkylen, alkylamidoalkylen, eller alkenylamidoalkylen, hvori hver av alkylgruppene inneholder fra omkring 14 til omkring 24 karbonatomer og kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedede og mettede eller umettede og hvori alkyl-engruppene har fra omkring 1 til omkring 6 karbonatomer; R2og R3er uavhengig alifatiske kjeder som har fra omkring 1 til omkring 30 karbonatomer, og R4er en hydrokarbylradikal med en kjedelengde på omkring 1 til omkring 4.
13. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 12 hvori Ri velges fra gruppen som består av tetradekyl, heksadekyl og oktadekyl.
14. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 12 hvori Ri er en alkylgruppe avledet fra talg, kokosnøtt, soyabønne eller rapsfrøolje.
15. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 12 hvori R2 og R3er uavhengig alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, hydroksyalkyl, karboksyalkyl eller hydroksyalkyl-polyoksyalkylen, alle har fra omkring 1 til omkring 10 karbonatomer og er foretrukket metyl, etyl, benzyl, hydroksyetyl, hydroksypropyl, karboksymetyl, eller karboksyetyl.
16. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 12 hvori Ri er RCONHCH2CH2CH2- hvori R er en alkylgruppe som inneholder fra omkring 14 til omkring 24 karbonatomer som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedede og som kan være mettede eller umettede og R2og R3er begge beta-hydroksyetyl.
17. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 16 hvori R2er beta-karboksyetyl og R4er etylen.
18. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av kravene 1 til 11 hvori det overflateaktive midlet velges fra gruppen som består av dihydroksyetyl glysinater, alkylamidoalkyl betainerog amfotære imidazolinavledede dipropionater, mest foretrukket fra gruppen som består av dihydroksyetyl talg glysinat, dinatrium talg iminodipropionat og oleamidopropyl betain.
19. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 18, hvori det overflateaktive midlet er en alkenylamidoalkyl betain.
20. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 18 eller 19, hvori fluidet omfatter fra omkring 0,5 % til omkring 6 % av det overflateaktive midlet og fra omkring 0,1 % til omkring 6 % av en kombinasjon av et medlem valgt fra gruppen som består av p-toluensulfonat, naftalensulfonat, klorbenzosyre, salisylsyre og ftalsyre, med et medlem som omfatter ett eller flere vannløselige ammoniumsalter.
21. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av kravene 1 til 11, hvori det overflateaktive midlet er et aminoksid overflateaktivt middel, og det nevnte medlemmet er et anionisk overflateaktivt middel som inneholder en hydrofob enhet som har minst 14 karbonatomer.
22. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 21, hvori det aminoksid overflateaktive midlet har formel
hvori Ri representerer alkyl, alkenyl, alkylarylalkylen, alkenylarylalkylen, alkylami-noalkylen, alkenylaminoalkylen, alkylamidoalkylen, eller alkenylamidoalkylen, hvori hver av alkylgruppene inneholder fra omkring 14 til omkring 24 karbonatomer og kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedede og mettede eller umettede og hvori alkyl-engruppene har fra omkring 1 til omkring 6 karbonatomer; og R2og R3er uavhen-gige alifatiske kjeder som har fra omkring 1 til omkring 30 karbonatomer.
23. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 21 hvori det anioniske overflateaktive midlet er et alkylsulfat eller sulfonat som har alkalimetall motioner eller et alkylkarboksylat, hvori alkyl representerer en gruppe som inneholder fra omkring 14 til omkring 24 karbonatomer, foretrukket fra 16 til omkring 22 karbonatomer, som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedede og som kan være mettede eller umettede.
24. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 21 hvori vektforholdet mellom aminoksid overflateaktivt middel og anionisk overflateaktivt middel spenner fra omkring 100:1 til omkring 50:50.
25. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 21 hvori fraktureringstrinnet skjer ved temperaturer over 38°C (100°F).
26. Fremgangsmåte ifølge ethvert av de foregående krav, hvori det viskoelastiske fluidet blir skumdannet eller energetisert ved tilsetningen av luft, nitrogen eller karbondioksid.
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- 1998-06-09 CN CNB011437294A patent/CN1239670C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1998-06-09 RU RU2000100339/04A patent/RU2198906C2/ru active
- 1998-06-09 BR BRPI9816159-8A patent/BR9816159B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-09 CN CN98807105A patent/CN1263481A/zh active Pending
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