NO339836B1 - Viskoelastisk fluid - Google Patents
Viskoelastisk fluid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO339836B1 NO339836B1 NO996089A NO996089A NO339836B1 NO 339836 B1 NO339836 B1 NO 339836B1 NO 996089 A NO996089 A NO 996089A NO 996089 A NO996089 A NO 996089A NO 339836 B1 NO339836 B1 NO 339836B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- viscoelastic
- weight
- surfactant
- water
- Prior art date
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 90
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 23
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- -1 dihydroxyethyl alkylamine Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Disodium Chemical compound [Na][Na] QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Aminoacetate Chemical compound NCC([O-])=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-(carboxylatomethoxy)acetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)COCC([O-])=O QEVGZEDELICMKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000007835 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940096386 coconut alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- WWYHAQDAMPXWSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol;methane Chemical compound C.CCCCCCCCCCCCO WWYHAQDAMPXWSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ONLRKTIYOMZEJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylmethanamine oxide Chemical compound C[NH+](C)[O-] ONLRKTIYOMZEJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940023144 sodium glycolate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- MWZFQMUXPSUDJQ-KVVVOXFISA-M sodium;[(z)-octadec-9-enyl] sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O MWZFQMUXPSUDJQ-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 2
- CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;docosyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JEJAMASKDTUEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(1,1,3-tribromo-2,2-dimethylpropyl) phosphate Chemical compound BrCC(C)(C)C(Br)(Br)OP(=O)(OC(Br)(Br)C(C)(C)CBr)OC(Br)(Br)C(C)(C)CBr JEJAMASKDTUEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 2
- USZZLTVYRPLBMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=C(O)C=C21 USZZLTVYRPLBMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJJCQDRGABAVBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 SJJCQDRGABAVBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKCLCGXPQILATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorobenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl IKCLCGXPQILATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALKYHXVLJMQRLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC2=C1 ALKYHXVLJMQRLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMAMQSIENGBTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 SMAMQSIENGBTRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCJUKCIXTRWAQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 JCJUKCIXTRWAQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XABCHXCRWZBFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 XABCHXCRWZBFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSXKKRVQMPPAMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 FSXKKRVQMPPAMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical class C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Betaine Natural products C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 206010016807 Fluid retention Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O N,N,N-trimethylglycinium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)=O KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N [(1r,2s,4r,5r)-3-hydroxy-4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl] 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)O[C@H]1C(O)[C@@H](OS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)[C@@H]2OC[C@H]1O2 NJSSICCENMLTKO-HRCBOCMUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008051 alkyl sulfates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000892 attapulgite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003237 betaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003124 biologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GQOKIYDTHHZSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dimethyl-bis(prop-2-enyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=CC[N+](C)(C)CC=C GQOKIYDTHHZSCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007046 ethoxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010790 mineral processing waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006254 rheological additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- SZYJELPVAFJOGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CN(C)C SZYJELPVAFJOGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
- C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
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Description
Oppfinnelsens område
Denne oppfinnelsen vedrører viskoelastiske fluider som inneholder et overflateaktivt middel.
Bakgrunn for oppfinnelsen
Det er kjent å fortykke den vandige fasen av en suspensjon av faste partikler eller emulgerte dråper. Tilsetning av fortykningsmidler øker viskositeten av den vandige fasen og forsinker derved avsetningen av partiklene eller dråpene. Slik forsinkelse er nyttig for å opprettholde partiklene eller dråpene i suspensjon under lagring, bruk og/eller transport av suspensjonen.
Polymere fortykningsmidler, for eksempel stivelser, som fortykker ved at de polymere kjedene floker seg sammen, har vært anvendt for å gjøre den vandige fasen av suspensjonene mer viskøs. Slike fortykningsmidler kan nedbrytes under innvirkning av mekanisk skjærkraft eller kjemisk avkutting (for eksempel ved oksi-dasjon eller hydrolyse) av de polymere kjedene og dette resulterer i et tap av viskositet og således suspensjonsstabilitet.
Kationiske overflateaktive midler er funnet å danne stavlignende miceller under visse betingelser. Nærværet av de stavlignende micellene gir fluidet viskoelastiske egenskaper. Kationiske overflateaktive midler har imidlertid en tendens til å ha høy giftighet og meget lav bionedbrytbarhet.
Oppsummering av oppfinnelsen
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer et viskoelastisk fluid nyttig som et fortykningsmiddel for suspensjon av partikler. De viskoelastiske fluidene består av et zwitterionisk overflateaktivt middel og organisk syre og/eller uorganiske salter.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører således spesifikt et viskoelastisk fluid omfattende: (1) et vandig medium;
(2) et overflateaktivt middel representert ved formelen (I):
hvori Ri er RCONHCH2CH2CH2- hvori R er en alkylgruppe inneholdende fra 14 til 24 karbonatomer og som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedet og som kan være mettet eller umettet;
R2og R3er hver metyl;
R4er et hydrokarbylradikal med en kjedelengde fra 1 til 4, og
(3) et element valgt fra gruppen bestående av organiske syrer, uorganiske
salter og kombinasjoner av én eller flere organiske syrer med ett eller flere uorganiske salter;
hvori fluidet utviser egenskapen med viskoelastisitet.
Betegnelsen "viskoelastisk" refererer til de viskøse fluidene med elastiske egenskaper, det vil si at væsken i det minste delvis returnerer til sin opprinnelige form når en utøvet påkjenning avlastes. De fortykkede vandige viskoelastiske fluidene er nyttige som vannbaserte hydrauliske fluider i smøremidler og hydrauliske fraktureringsfluider for å øke permeabilitet ved oljeutvinning.
Det beskrives en fremgangsmåte for å fordele suspenderte faste partikler som for eksempel utgravnings-biprodukter i et fluid omfattende det viskoelastiske fluid i forhold til denne oppfinnelse, hvori de faste partikler forblir suspendert i en forlenget tidsperiode før avsetning, ved å transportere fluidet til et brukssted mens de faste partikler forblir suspendert i fluidet og avsetter fluidet på dette brukssted.
Det beskrives også en fremgangsmåte for frakturering av en underjordisk formasjon omfattende at det viskoelastiske fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen pumpes gjennom et borehull og inn i en underjordisk formasjon ved et trykk tilstrekkelig til å frakturere formasjonen.
Det beskrives også en detergentblanding omfattende et detersivt overflateaktivt middel i blanding med et viskoelastisk fluid ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Det beskrives også anvendelse av det viskoelastiske fluidet som et tapskontrollmiddel for landbruksblandinger. I denne forbindelse beskrives en vandig sammensetning av et landbrukskjemikalie og en mengde av det viskoelastiske fluidet ifølge oppfinnelsen tilstrekkelig til å øke den gjennomsnittlige dråpestørrelsen av en dusj av den nevnte sammensetningen.
Kort beskrivelse av figurene
Fig. 1 viser viskositet versus skjærhastighet for en viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilt ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Miratain" T2C®) og 2,25% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 2 viser den dynamiske modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G" (tapsmodul) ved 25°C og 50°C av den samme oppløsning som i fig. 1. Fig. 3 viser viskositeten versus skjærhastighet for en viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilt ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Mirataine" T2C®), 4% NhUCI og 1,75-2,0% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 4 viser viskositeten versus skjærhastighet for viskoelastisk overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilt ved å tilsette 4 eller 5% dinatriumoleamido-proylbetain ("Mirataine" BET-O®), 3% KCI og 0,5% ftalsyre til vann. Fig. 5 viser den dynamiske modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G' (tapsmodul) ved 25°C og 50°C av den samme oppløsning som i fig. 4.
Detaljert beskrivelse av oppfinnelsen
Egenskapen med viskoelastisitet generelt er velkjent og det refereres til S. Gravsholt, Journal of Coll. and Interface Sei., 57(3), 575 (1976); Hoffmann et al., "Influence of lonic Surfactants on the Viscoelastic Properties of Zwitterionic Surfactant Solutions", Langmuir, 8, 2140-2146 (1992); og Hoffmann et al., The Rheological Behaviour of Different Viscoelastic Surfactant Solutions, Tenside Surf. Det, 31, 389-400, 1994. Av testmetodene spesifisert i disse referanser for å bestemme om en væske har viskoelastiske egenskaper, har en test blitt funnet å være nyttig til å bestemme viskoelastisiteten av en vandig oppløsning bestående i at oppløs-ningen virvles rundt og det iakttas visuelt at boblene som er dannet ved omkringvirvlingen viker tilbake etter at omkringvirvlingen er stanset. Enhver tilbakevirkning av boblene indikerer viskoelastisitet. En ytterligere brukbar test er å måle lagrings-modulen (G') og tapsmodulen (G") ved en gitt temperatur. Hvis G' er større enn G" ved noe punkt eller over et område av punkter under omtrent 10 rad/sek, typisk omtrent 0,001 til omtrent 10 rad/sek, mer typisk mellom omtrent 0,1 og omtrent 10 rad/sek, ved en gitt temperatur og hvis G'>10-<2>pascal, foretrukket 10_<1>pascal, an-ses fluidet typisk å være viskoelastisk ved denne temperatur. Reologiske målinger som G' og G" er drøftet mer fullstendig i "Rheological Measurements", Encvc- lopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 21, pp. 347-372, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., 1997, 4. utgave).
Viskoelastisiteten bevirkes av en annen type av micelledannelse enn de vanlige sfæriske micellene dannet av de fleste overflateaktive midler. Viskoelastiske overflateaktive middelfluider danner en ormlignende, stavlignende eller sylindriske miceller i oppløsning. Dannelsen av lange, sylindriske miceller skaper reologiske egenskaper. Den viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsningen fremviser skjærtynnende opptreden og forblir stabil til tross for gjentatte anvendelser under høy skjærkraft. Som sammenligning vil det typiske polymere fortykningsmiddelet irreversibelt nedbrytes når det utsettes for høy skjærkraft.
I oppsummeringen av oppfinnelsen og denne detaljerte beskrivelse bør hver numerisk verdi leses en gang som modifisert med betegnelsen "omtrent"
(med mindre allerede uttrykt således modifisert) og så leses på nytt som ikke således modifisert, med mindre annet er angitt i sammenhengen.
De viskoelastiske overflateaktive midlene kan enten være ioniske eller ikke-ioniske. Den foreliggende oppfinnelse omfatter et vandig viskoelastisk overflateaktivt middel basert på zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler. Amfotære overflateaktive midler er en klasse overflateaktivt middel som har både en positivt ladet enhet og en negativt ladet enhet over et bestemt pH-område (for eksempel typisk svakt surt), bare én negativt ladet enhet over et visst pH-område (for eksempel typisk svakt alkalisk) og bare én positivt ladet enhet ved et annet pH-område (for eksempel typisk moderat surt), mens et zwitterionisk overflateaktivt middel har en permanent positivt ladet enhet i molekylet uansett pH og negativt ladet enhet ved alkalisk pH.
Det viskoelastiske fluidet omfatter vann, overflateaktivt middel og en vann-oppløselig forbindelse valgt fra gruppen bestående av organiske syrer, uorganiske salter og blandinger derav. Den viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsning er nyttig som et fraktureringsfluid eller vannbasert hydraulisk fluid. Det viskoelastiske fluidet anvendt som et fraktureringsfluid kan eventuelt inneholde en gass som for eksempel luft, nitrogen eller karbondioksid for å tilveiebringe et energisert fluid eller et skum.
Fluidkomponenten som vil være tilstede i størst konsentrasjon er vann, det vil si at vann vektmessig vil være en hovedmengde av det viskoelastiske fluidet. Vann er typisk tilstede i en vektmengde større enn eller lik omtrent 50 vekt% av fluidet. Vannet kan være fra en hvilken som helst kilde så lenge som kilden ikke inneholder noen forurensninger som er uforlikelige med de andre komponenter i det viskoelastiske fluid (for eksempel ved å bevirke uønsket utfelling). Vannet be-høver således ikke å være drikkevann og kan være brakkvann eller inneholde andre materialer typisk for vannkilder som finnes i eller nær oljefelt.
Eksempler på zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler nyttige ved den foreliggende oppfinnelse er representert ved formelen:
hvori Ri er RCONHCH2CH2CH2- hvori R er en alkylgruppe inneholdende fra omtrent 14 til omtrent 24 karbonatomer og som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedet og som kan være mettet eller umettet;
R2og R3er hver metyl;
R4er et hydrokarbylradikal med en kjedelengde fra1 til 4.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere dihydroksyetoksylatglysinat ved å gå ut fra etoksylert alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene kan også inkludere noe ureagert utgangsdihydroksyetyl-alkylamin, og mindre mengder natriumglykolat, diglykolat og natriumklorid som biprodukter. En lignende prosess kan anvendes for å fremstille propoksylerte analoger.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere alkyliminiodipropionat fra alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene vil også inkludere en liten mengde metanol, ureagert akryl-syre, alkylamin og noe oligomert akrylat eller syre som biprodukter.
En typisk kjemisk prosess for å syntetisere alkylamidopropylbetain fra alkylamin er som følger:
Sluttproduktene vil også inkludere en liten mengde natriumglykolat, diglykolat, natriumklorid og glyserol som biprodukter.
De overflateaktive midler anvendes i en mengde som i kombinasjon med de andre bestanddeler er tilstrekkelig for å danne et viskoelastisk fluid (for eksempel mindre enn omtrent 50 vekt%). Konsentrasjonen av overflateaktivt middel kan være i området fra omtrent 0,5 vekt% til omtrent 10 vekt% av fluidet, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,5% til omtrent 8%, og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,5% til omtrent 6%. Optimale konsentrasjoner for et hvilket som helst spesielt sett av parametere kan bestemmes eksperimentelt.
Fluidet omfatter også ett eller flere elementer fra gruppen av organiske syrer og uorganiske salter. Blandinger av de ovennevnte elementer er spesifikt ansett som fallende innenfor oppfinnelsens ramme. Dette elementet vil typisk være tilstede i bare en mindre mengde (for eksempel mindre enn omtrent 20 vekt% av fluidet).
Den organiske syren er typisk en sulfonsyre eller en karboksylsyre. Representative for slike organiske molekyler inkluderer forskjellige aromatiske forbindelser som klorbenzosyre, salisylsyre, ftalsyre og lignende. Mest foretrukket er 5-hydroksy-1-naftosyre (5-hydroksy-1-naftalenkarboksylat), 6-hydroksy-1-naftosyre, 7-hydroksy-1-naftosyre, 1-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, foretrukket 3-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, 5-hydroksy-2-naftosyre, 7-hydroksy-2-naftosyre og 1,3-dihydroksy-2-naftosyre. Den organiske syren fremmer typisk utviklingen av økt viskositet som er karakteristisk for foretrukne fluider. Uten å ønske og være bundet til noen teori med mindre det uttrykkelig fremgår av sammenhengen, tenkes det at assosiasjonen av den organiske syren med micellen minsker aggregasjons-krumningen for micellen og fremmer således dannelsen av en ormlignende eller stavlignende micelle. Den organiske syren vil typisk være tilstede i det viskoelastiske fluidet med en vektkonsentrasjon på fra omtrent 0,1 til 10%, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 til 7% og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 % til omtrent 6%.
De uorganiske saltene som er særlig egnet for bruk i det viskoelastiske fluidet inkluderer vannoppløselige kalium-, natrium- og ammoniumsalter, som kaliumklorid og ammoniumklorid. Ytterligere kan kalsiumklorid, kalsiumbromid og sinkhalogenidsalter også anvendes. De uorganiske saltene kan fremme utviklingen av økt viskositet som er karakteristisk for foretrukne fluider. Videre kan det uorganiske saltet fremme opprettholdelsen av stabiliteten av en geologisk formasjon som eksponeres for fluidet. Formasjonsstabilitet og spesielt leire-stabilitet (ved å inhibere hydratisering av leiren) oppnås ved et konsentrasjonsnivå på noen få vekt% og som sådan endres ikke densiteten av fluidet i særlig grad ved nærværet av det uorganiske saltet med mindre fluiddensiteten blir viktig å ta i betraktning, ved hvilket punkt tyngre uorganiske salter kan anvendes. Det uorganiske saltet vil typisk være tilstede i det viskoelastiske fluidet med en vektkonsentrasjon på fra omtrent 0,1% til omtrent 30%, mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 % til omtrent 10%, og enda mer typisk fra omtrent 0,1 % til omtrent 8%. Organiske salter, for eksempel trimetylammoniumhydroklorid og tetrametyl-ammoniumklorid kan også være nyttige i tillegg til eller som en erstatning for de uorganiske salter.
Som et alternativ til de organiske salter eller som en delvis erstatning for disse, kan man anvende en alkohol med midlere til lang kjede (foretrukket en alk-anol), foretrukket med 5 til 10 karbonatomer, eller et alkoholetoksylat (foretrukket et alkanoletoksylat) fortrinnsvis av en alkohol med 12 til 16 karbonatomer og med 1 til 6, foretrukket 1 til 4, oksyetylenheter.
I tillegg til de vannoppløselige salter og fortykningsmidler beskrevet i det foregående, kan det viskoelastiske fluid anvendt som et hydraulisk fraktureringsfluid inneholde andre vanlige bestanddeler som utfører spesifikke ønskede funk-sjoner, for eksempel korrosjonsinhibitorer, fluidtap-tilsetningsstoffer og lignende. Et proppemiddel kan suspenderes i fraktureringsfluidet. pH av fluidet vil typisk være i området fra sterkt sur (for eksempel under en pH på omtrent 3) til svakt alkalisk
(for eksempel fra pH akkurat mer enn 7,0 til omtrent 8,5, mer typisk til omtrent 8,0)
eller moderat alkalisk (for eksempel en pH på fra omtrent 8,5 til 9,5). Sterkt alkal-iske pH-verdier (for eksempel over en pH på 10) bør unngås.
Det er også tenkelig å kombinere de ovennevnte zwitterioniske overflateaktive midler med konvensjonelle anioniske, ikke-ioniske og kationiske overflateaktive midler for å oppnå det ønskede viskoelastiske fluidet for en fagkyn-dig. I typiske utførelsesformer er det zwitterioniske overflateaktive middelet typisk tilstede i en hovedvektmengde av alle overflateaktive midler og er mer typisk hovedsakelig det eneste tilstedeværende overflateaktive middelet. Typisk vil det viskoelastiske fluidet være hovedsakelig fri for anioniske overflateaktive midler, for eksempel vil det inneholde mindre enn omtrent 0,5 vekt%, mer typisk mindre enn 0,2 vekt%, enda mer typisk mindre enn 0,1 vekt% anioniske overflateaktive midler.
For fremstilling av de vandige fluidene ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse tilsettes det overflateaktive middelet til en vandig oppløsning hvori det er blitt oppløst et vannoppløselig salt, for eksempel kaliumklorid eller ammoniumklorid og/eller minst én organisk syre for å tilveiebringe selektiv kontroll av tapet av egenskapene med partikkelsuspensjon. I en utførelsesform, ikke ifølge oppfinnelsen, hvori fluidet er en blanding av vann og aminoksid-overflateaktivt middel og et anionisk overflateaktivt middel anvendes en enkel sammenblanding av de tre komponenter. Standard blandeprosedyrer kjent på området kan anvendes ettersom oppvarmingen av oppløsningen og spesielle omrørings-betingelser vanligvis ikke er nødvendig. Selvfølgelig, hvis fluidet anvendes under betingelser med ekstrem kulde som for eksempel forekommer i Alaska, bør vanlige oppvarmingsprosedyrer anvendes. Det er i enkelte tilfeller funnet foretrukket å oppløse fortykningsmiddelet i en alkohol med lavere molekylvekt før det blandes med den vandige oppløsning. Alkoholen med lavere molekylvekt, for eksempel isopropanol, virker som et hjelpestoff for oppløseliggjøring av fortykningsmiddelet. Andre lignende midler kan også anvendes. Videre kan det anvendes et skumfjernende middel som for eksempel en polyglykol for å hindre uønsket skumdannelse under fremstillingen av det viskoelastiske fluidet hvis et skum ikke er ønskelig under behandlingsbetingelsene. Hvis et skum eller gassenergisert fluid ønskes, kan en hvilken som helst gass som for eksempel luft, nitrogen, karbondioksid og lignende, tilsettes.
Fluidet ifølge oppfinnelsen er særlig nyttig for håndteringen av partikler ut-viklet under utgraving av en geologisk formasjon, for eksempel graving, boring, sprengning, oppmudring, tunneldrift og lignende, for eksempel under bygging av veier, broer, bygninger, gruver, tunneler og lignende. Partiklene blandes med det viskoelastiske fluidet ved hjelp av midler som er effektive til å dispergere partiklene i fluidet. Partiklene har generelt en partikkelstørrelse i området fra et fint pulver til en grov grus, for eksempel støv, sand og grus. Partikkelstørrelsen påvirker suspenderbarheten av avfall fra utgravningsprosedyrer. For eksempel suspenderer små partikler bedre enn store partikler, og meget fine partikler suspenderer så godt at blandingen kan bli for tykk til å transportere ved hjelp av pumper eller lignende midler. Fordelingen av partikkelstørrelsen i avfall fra utgravningsprosedyrer er også viktig, ettersom avfall som inneholder partikler som spenner over et bredt størrelsesområde suspenderes lettere enn avfall hvori partiklene har omtrent den samme størrelse. Det kan derfor være foretrukket å sikte avfallspartiklene før fremgangsmåten utøves for å ta bort de partikler som er for store til å suspendere for å oppnå en bedre partikkelstørrelsesfordeling.
De viskoelastiske fluidene ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse kan anvendes for å føre jord eller materialer utgravd under borings-, utgravnings- og grøftingsoperasjoner innenfor industrien for bygging av dypfundamenter, industrien for underjordiske byggearbeider og ved tunnelarbeider, ved brønnboring og ved andre anvendelser av fluider for jordunderstøttelse. Evnen av utgravningsverktøyene eller -systemene til å holde og fjerne økt jordmengde forbedres ved suspenderingsegenskapene og smøreegenskapene av de viskoelastiske overflateaktive middelfluidene.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen kan det overflateaktive middelet kombineres med noen fluidtap-kontrollsetningsstoffer kjent i industrien som vannoppløselige eller vanndispergerbare polymerer (guar og guarderivater, xan-tan, polyakrylamid, stivelse og stivelsesderivater, cellulosederivater, polyakrylater, poly-DADMAC [poly(diallyldimetylammoniumklorid] og kombinasjoner derav), leire (bentonitt og atapulgitt) for å gi fluidtap-kontrollegenskaper til utgravningsfluidet og bidra til stabilisering av veggen for utgravningen.
Mer omfattende informasjon kan finnes i The University of Houston, Depart-ment of Chemical Engineering, Publication No UHCE 93-1 med tittel "Effect of Mineral and Polymer Slurries on Perimeter Load Transfer in Drilled Shafts", publi-sert i januar 1993, og PCT WO 96/23849.
Den ovennevnte fremgangsmåte for suspendering av faststoffer har mange anvendelser, spesielt innenfor gruvedrift og håndtering av gruveavfall. Det vises til US patentskrift 5.439.317 (Bishop et al.). En anvendelse er å transportere og anbringe mineralbehandlingsavfall i undergrunns hulrom eller i hulrom for gradert lagring. En ytterligere anvendelse er for oppfylling av åpne groper eller steinbrudd uten bruk av kostbart og arbeidsintensivt utstyr for utplasseringen. Ytterligere kan fremgangsmåten anvendes for å anbringe leire eller andre fyllmaterialer i oppbevarings- eller lagringsdammer som anvendes for å oppbevare væsker og hindre inngang av disse væsker inn i grunnvannsforekomsten og/eller å anbringe fyllmaterialer i avfallsdeponier for et lignende formål. En ytterligere anvendelse av fremgangsmåten er for slukking og/eller begrensning av kullgruvebranner ved å avsette mengder av faststoffer under bakken for å isolere brannen fra oksygenkilder. Enda en ytterligere anvendelse av fremgangsmåten er å anbringe faststoffer i tidligere gruvehulrom for å hindre overflateinnfalling.
Den hydrauliske fraktureringsfremgangsmåte anvender ellers konvensjonelle metoder. I denne forbindelse vises det til læren i US patentskrift 5.551.516 (Norman et al.). Oljefelts-anvendelser av forskjellige materialer er beskrevet i "Oilfield Applications", Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 328-366 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1987) og referanser anført deri.
Hydraulisk frakturering er en betegnelse som har vært anvendt for en rekke forskjellige metoder anvendt for å stimulere produksjonen av fluider som olje, nat-urgass, etc. fra underjordiske formasjoner. Ved hydraulisk frakturering injiseres et fraktureringsfluid gjennom et borehull og mot overflaten av formasjonen ved en trykk- og strømningstakt i det minste tilstrekkelig til å overvinne trykket fra den overliggende formasjon og å initiere og/eller utvide frakturer inn i formasjonen. Fraktureringsfluidet medfører vanligvis et proppemiddel som for eksempel sand med partikkelstørrelse 20 til 40 mesh, bauksitt, glasskuler, etc, suspendert i fraktureringsfluidet og transportert inn i en fraktur. Proppemiddelet hindrer da formasjonen i å falle tilbake på seg selv når trykket avlastes. De proppemiddelfylte frak-turene tilveiebringer permeable kanaler hvorigjennom formasjonsfluidene kan strømme til borehullet og deretter trekkes ut. Viskoelastiske fluider har også vært hyppig brukt ved gruspakkingsbehandling.
I tillegg til de anvendelser som er drøftet i det foregående, kan de viskoelastiske fluider også anvendes som et industrielt tapskontrollmiddel, eller som et reo-logimodifiserende middel for sammensetninger for personlig pleie (for eksempel rensemidler, kondisjoneringsmidler, etc.) og husholdningsrensemidler (for eksempel detergentblandinger). En detergentblanding med de viskoelastiske fluider ifølge oppfinnelsen vil ytterligere omfatte et detersivt overflateaktivt middel. Eksempler på detersive overflateaktive midler og andre konvensjonelle bestanddeler i blandinger for detergent og/eller personlig pleie er omhandlet i US patent-ansøkning med løpenummer 08/726.437, inngitt 4. oktober 1996.
Typisk vil det detersive overflateaktive middelet være anionisk eller ikke-ion-isk. Foretrukne vannoppløselige anioniske organiske overflateaktive midler heri
inkluderer lineære alkylbenzensulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 10 til omtrent 18 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen; forgrenede alkylbenzensulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 10 til omtrent 18 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen; talgområde-alkylsulfat-ene; kokosnøttområde-alkylglyserylsulfonatene; alkyleter (etoksylerte) sulfater hvori alkyldelen inneholder fra omtrent 12 til 18 karbonatomer og hvori den gjennomsnittlige etoksyleringsgrad varierer mellom 1 og 12, særlig 3 og 9; de sulfaterte kondensasjonsprodukter av talgalkohol med fra omtrent 3 til 12, spesielt 6 til 9 mol etylenoksid; og olefinsulfonater inneholdende fra omtrent 4 til 16 karbonatomer.
Spesifikke foretrukne anioniske overflateaktive midler for anvendelse heri inkluderer: de lineære do-C-u alkylbenzensulfonater (LAS); de forgrenede C-io-Cu alkylbenzensulfonater (ABS); talgalkylsulfatene, kokosnøttalkylgylseryletersulfon-atene; de sulfaterte kondensasjonsprodukter av blandede C10-C18talgalkoholer med fra omtrent 1 til omtrent 14 mol etylenoksid; og blandingene av høyere fett-syrer inneholdende fra 10 til 18 karbonatomer.
Særlig foretrukne ikke-ioniske overflateaktive midler for bruk ved væske-, pulver- og gel-anvendelser inkluderer kondensasjonsproduktene av Cio-alkohol med 3 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av talgalkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av kokosnøttalkohol med 5 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av kokosnøttalkohol med 6 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci2-i3-alkohol med 6,5 mol etylenoksid, og det samme kondensasjonsprodukt som er strippebehandlet for å fjerne hovedsakelig alle lavere etoksylerte og ikke-etoksylerte fraksjoner; kondensasjonsprodukt som er strippebehandlet for å fjerne hovedsakelig alle lavere etoksylerte og ikke-etoksylerte fraksjoner; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci2-i3-alkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-i5-alkohol med 2,25 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-i5-alkohol med 4 mol etylenoksid; kondensasjonsproduktet av Ci4-is-alkohol med 7 mol etylenoksid; og kondensasjonsproduktet av Cu-is-alkohol med 9 mol etylenoksid.
Spesielle detersive anvendelser for hvilke det viskoelastiske fluid vil være nyttig inkluderer anvendelse som et fortykningsmiddel for sure baderomsrense-midler, som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 5,639.722 (Kong et al.) og dusjgeler som for eksempel dem som er behandlet i US patentskrift 5.607.678 (Moore et al.). De viskoelastiske fluidene vil også være nyttige ved fremstilling av byggeprodukter basert på gips, gips/kalk, kalk/sement eller sement som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 4.470.383 (Schermann et al.) og skumfluider som for eksempel dem som er omhandlet i US patentskrift 5.258.137 (Bonekamp et al.). Spesielt vil fluidet være nyttig for å forbedre vannretensjonen av sementoppslemminger og mørtler og tillater da bedre pumpbarhet og bearbeidbarhet med minimalt fritt vann. Fluidene vil også være nyttige som fortykningsmidler for sure (for eksempel pH under omtrent 5) vandige oppslemminger av mineralkarbonater eller mineraloksider, for eksempel jernoksid, ceriumoksid, silikasuspensjoner, titanoksid, kalsiumkarbonat og zirkoniumoksid. Det vises til læren i US patentskrift 4.741.781 (De Witte).
Det viskoelastiske fluidet ifølge oppfinnelsen vil også være nyttig i sammensetninger for jordbruksmessig tilførsel av faste gjødningsmidler og pestsider som mikronæringsmidler, biologiske midler, insektisider, herbisider, fungisider og plantevekst-regulerende midler. Slike sammensetninger er typisk vandige suspen-sjoner eller oppløsninger bestående av en hovedmengde vann og en jordbruksmessig effektiv mengde av et jordbruksmessig nyttig kjemikalie. Det viskoelastiske fluidet kombineres typisk med de andre bestanddeler i sammensetningen i en mengde som effektivt reduserer antallet av dråper under omtrent 150 nm, det vil si dråpene som er mest ansvarlige for tapsproblemer.
De følgende eksempler anføres for å illustrere fremstillingen og egenskapene av vandige viskoelastiske overflateaktivt middelbaserte hydrauliske fluider og skal ikke oppfattes som begrensende for oppfinnelsens ramme med mindre dette uttrykkelig er indikert i patentkravene. Alle prosentandeler, konsentrasjoner, forhold, deler, etc, er på vektbasis med mindre annet er angitt eller fremgår av sammenhengen vedrørende deres anvendelse.
EKSEMPLER
Eksempler merket med (<*>) er sammenligningseksempler.
Eksempel 1<*>
Viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved å tilsette 5% ammoniumklorid og 3 til 5% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") til vann. Systemene ble omrørt inntil alt overflateaktivt middel var oppløst. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Reologien for oppløsningen ble målt ved hjelp av Rheometric "ARES" ved 25°C. Resultatene er anført i følgende tabell 1:
Eksempel 2<*>
På en måte tilsvarende eksempel 1 ble 0,3% ftalsyre og 2 til 4% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") bragt i løsning. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Reologiske målinger ble gjen-nomført på den måte som er beskrevet i eksempel 1 ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist som følger i tabell 2:
Eksempel 3<*>
De reologiske målinger ble også gjennomført ved høyere temperaturer ved hjelp av et "FANN"-reometer. Resultatene for 4% dihydroksyetyltalgglysinat ("Mirataine") og 0,3% ftalsyreoppløsning er vist som følger i tabell 3:
Eksempel 4*
De viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved å tilsette 5% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Mirataine" T2C®) og 2,25% ftalsyre til vann. Systemene ble omrørt og oppvarmet til 50°C inntil all ftalsyre var oppløst. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Reologi ble målt for viskositet og dynamisk modul G' (lagringsmodul) og G"
(tapsmodul) ved hjelp av en reometrisk "SR-100" ved 25°C og 50°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 1 og 2.
Eksempel 5<*>
På en måte tilsvarende eksempel 4, ble 4% dinatriumtalgiminodipropionat ("Mirataine" T2C®), 4% NhUCI og 1,75-2,0% ftalsyre i vann blandet sammen. Alle prøvene ble iakttatt å være viskoelastiske ved hjelp av boble-tilbakesprangstesten. Reologiske målinger ble gjennomført på måten beskrevet i eksempel 4 ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 3.
Eksempel 6
De viskoelastiske overflateaktive middeloppløsninger fremstilles ved tilsetning av 4-5% oleamidopropylbentain ("Mirataine" BTE-O®), 3% KCI og 0,5% ftalsyre til vann. Systemet ble omrørt inntil all ftalsyre oppløste seg. Reologi ble målt for stabil viskositet og dynamisk modul G7G" ved hjelp av Rheometric "ARES" ved 25°C. Resultatene er vist i fig. 4 og 5.
Eksempel 7<*>
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 95,65 deler vann blandes sammen 4 deler eurikamidopropylendimetylaminoksid og 0,35 deler natriumoleylsulfat. pH innstilles til 8 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle dens viskositet i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek"<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 4.
Eksempel 8<*>
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved å blande sammen 95,50 deler vann, 4,0 deler eurikamidopropylendimetylaminoksid og 0,50 deler natriumoleylsulfat. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle dens viskositet i eps (skjærhastighet 100 sek-<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 4.
Eksempel 9<*>
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 96,1 deler vann blandes sammen 3,0 deler eurikamidopropylaminoksid og 0,9 deler natriumbehenylsulfat. pH innstilles til 9 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle viskositeten i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek"<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 5.
Eksempel 10<*>
En viskoelastisk overflateaktiv middeloppløsning fremstilles ved at det i 94,8 deler vann blandes sammen 4,0 deler eurikamidopropylaminoksid og 1,2 deler natriumbehenylsulfat. pH innstilles til 9 ved tilsetning av NaOH. Temperaturstabiliteten bestemmes ved å måle viskositeten i eps (ved skjærhastighet 100 sek"<1>). Resultatene er vist i tabell 5.
Claims (5)
1. Viskoelastisk fluid, som hovedsakelig omfatter: (1) et vandig medium; (2) et overflateaktivt middel representert ved formelen (I):
hvori Ri er RCONHCH2CH2CH2- hvori R er en alkylgruppe inneholdende fra 14 til 24 karbonatomer og som kan være forgrenet eller rettkjedet og som kan være mettet eller umettet;
R2og R3er hver metyl;
R4er et hydrokarbylradikal med en kjedelengde fra 1 til 4, og (3) et element valgt fra gruppen bestående av organiske syrer, uorganiske salter og kombinasjoner av én eller flere organiske syrer med ett eller flere uorganiske salter;
hvori fluidet utviser egenskapen med viskoelastisitet.
2. Fluid ifølge krav 1,
hvori mengden av det overflateaktive middelet er til stede fra omtrent 0,5 vekt% til omtrent 6 vekt% av fluidet.
3. Fluid ifølge krav 1,
hvori elementet omfatter en aromatisk enhet valgt fra gruppen som består av sulfonsyreenheter og karboksylsyreenheter.
4. Fluid ifølge krav 1,
hvori elementet er et uorganisk salt og er tilstede i en mengde på fra omtrent 0,1 vekt% til omtrent 30 vekt% av fluidet, foretrukket fra omtrent 0,1 vekt% til omtrent 8 vekt% av fluidet.
5. Fluid ifølge krav 1,
hvori elementet er en organisk syre og er tilstede i en mengde på fra omtrent 0,1 vekt% til omtrent 10 vekt% av fluidet, foretrukket fra omtrent 0,1 vekt% til omtrent 8 vekt% av fluidet.
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NO20161010A NO20161010A1 (no) | 1997-06-10 | 2016-06-15 | Fremgangsmåte for frakturering av en underjordisk formasjon |
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1998
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- 1998-06-09 CN CN98807105A patent/CN1263481A/zh active Pending
- 1998-06-09 CN CNB011437294A patent/CN1239670C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 AT AT98928993T patent/ATE246957T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-09 EP EP98928993.9A patent/EP0993334B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 AT AT03003737T patent/ATE316194T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-09 WO PCT/US1998/012067 patent/WO1998056497A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-06-09 CN CN2009102608684A patent/CN101757874B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 AU AU80662/98A patent/AU753011B2/en not_active Expired
- 1998-06-09 RU RU2000100339/04A patent/RU2198906C2/ru active
- 1998-06-09 CA CA002297185A patent/CA2297185C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 RU RU2002109743/03A patent/RU2217585C1/ru active
- 1998-06-09 DE DE69817182.9T patent/DE69817182T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 BR BRPI9816159-8A patent/BR9816159B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-09 DK DK98928993.9T patent/DK0993334T4/en active
- 1998-06-09 BR BRPI9810023-8A patent/BR9810023B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-09 DE DE69833233T patent/DE69833233D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-09 ID IDW991578A patent/ID27732A/id unknown
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1999
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2000
- 2000-07-10 US US09/612,669 patent/US6482866B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-07-06 US US09/900,229 patent/US6831108B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-08-09 US US10/216,604 patent/US6703352B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
- 2003-01-09 NO NO20030096A patent/NO339843B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-10-14 US US10/684,828 patent/US7238648B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2004
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2007
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2008
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2010
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2013
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2016
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