NO313633B1 - Kappa-agonist-forbindelser, anvendelse derav og farmasöytiske preparater - Google Patents
Kappa-agonist-forbindelser, anvendelse derav og farmasöytiske preparater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO313633B1 NO313633B1 NO20014219A NO20014219A NO313633B1 NO 313633 B1 NO313633 B1 NO 313633B1 NO 20014219 A NO20014219 A NO 20014219A NO 20014219 A NO20014219 A NO 20014219A NO 313633 B1 NO313633 B1 NO 313633B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- acetyl
- methyl
- pyrrolidinyl
- hydrochloride
- piperazine
- Prior art date
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- HLDCSYXMVXILQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenysalate Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1O HLDCSYXMVXILQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001643 xibornol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RNRHMQWZFJXKLZ-XUWXXGDYSA-N xibornol Chemical compound C1=C(C)C(C)=CC(O)=C1[C@H]1[C@](C2(C)C)(C)CC[C@@H]2C1 RNRHMQWZFJXKLZ-XUWXXGDYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000523 zalcitabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N zidovudine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](N=[N+]=[N-])C1 HBOMLICNUCNMMY-XLPZGREQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002555 zidovudine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UCRLQOPRDMGYOA-DFTDUNEMSA-L zinc;(4r)-4-[[(2s)-2-[[(4r)-2-[(1s,2s)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2s,3s)-1-[[(3s,6r,9s,12r,15s,18r,21s)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-18-(3-aminopropyl)-12-benzyl-15-[(2s)-butan-2-yl]-6-(carbox Chemical compound [Zn+2].C1SC([C@@H](N)[C@@H](C)CC)=N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC([O-])=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](CCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2NC=NC=2)C(=O)N[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)NCCCC1 UCRLQOPRDMGYOA-DFTDUNEMSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
- C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
- C07D295/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals
- C07D295/073—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituents separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
- A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
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- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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- C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with radicals, containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
- C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
- C07D209/32—Oxygen atoms
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- C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
- C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
- C07D209/42—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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Description
BAKGRUNN FOR OPPFINNELSEN
1. Oppfinnelsens område
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår forbindelser, anvendelse derav samt farmasøytiske preparater inneholdende dem. Det er mulig å anvende dem som agonister ved kappa-opioid-reseptorer.
2. Rapportert utvikling
Opium og dens derivater er kraftige smertestillende midler som også har andre farmakologiske effekter og utøver sin virkning ved interaksjon med høy-affinitets-reseptorer.
Det er vist av forskere at det er minst tre vesentlige opioid-reseptor-typer i sentral-nervesystemet (nedenfor CNS) og i det perifere. Disse reseptorer, kjent som my (u), delta (5) og kappa (k), har distinkte farmakologiske profiler, anatomisk fordeling og funksjoner.
[Se for eksempel: Wood, P.L., Neuropharmacology, 21, 487-497, 1982; Simon, E. J.,
Med. Res. Rev., 11, 357-374,1991; Lutz et al, J. Recept. Res. 12,267-286; og Mansour et al, Opioid I, ed. Herz,. A. (Springer, Berlin) s. 79-106, 1993.] 8-reseptorer er rikelige i CNS og medierer analgesi, gastrointestinal motilitet og forskjellige hormonelle funksjoner, (x-reseptorer binder morfin-lignende medikamenter og medierer opiat-fenomenet forbundet med morfin, omfattende analgesi, opiat-avhengighet, kardiovaskulære og respiratoriske funksjoner og mange nevroendokrine effekter.
K-reseptorer har en bred utbredelse i CNS og medierer et spekter av funksjoner omfattende modulering av drikking, vann-blanse, mat-opptak, tarm-motilitet, temperatur-kontroll og forskjellige endokrine funksjoner. De fremkaller også analgesi. [Se for eksempel: Leander et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 463-469,1985; Morley et al, Peptides 4, 797-800, 1983; Manzanares et al, Neuroendocrinology 52, 200-205, 1990; og Iyengar et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 238, 429-436, 1986.]
De fleste klinisk anvendte opioid-analgetika så som morfin og kodein virker som u-reseptor-agonister. Disse opioidene har velkjente, uønskede og potensielt farlige, vane-dannende bivirkninger. Forbindelser som er K-reseptor-agonister virker som smertestillende midler gjennom interaksjon med K-opioid-reseptorer. Fordelen med disse agonister fremfor de klassiske u-reseptor-agonister, så som morfin, ligger i deres evne til å frembringe analgesi uten å ha morfin-lignende effekter og tilbøyelighet til tilvenning.
Et stort antall klasser av forbindelser som virker som agonister ved K-opioid-reseptorer er beskrevet i litteraturen, omfattende de følgende illustrative klasser av forbindelser.
U.S. patent nr. 4,065,573 beskriver 4-amino-4-fenylcykloheksan-ketal- forbindelser som har analgetisk aktivitet.
U.S. patent nr. 4,212,878 beskriver fenylacetamid-derivater som har analgetiske egenskaper og reduserte fysiske avhengighets-egenskaper, i forhold til morfin og metadon.
U.S. patent nr. 4,145,435 beskriver N-(2-amino-cykloalifatisk)-fenylacetamid-forbindelser som har analgetisk aktivitet og narkotisk antagonist-aktivitet.
U.S. patent nr. 4,098,904 beskriver N-(2-amino-cykloalifatisk)-benzoamider og
-naftamider nyttige for lindring av smerte.
U.S. patent nr. 4,359,476 beskriver substituerte cykloalkan-amider som er nyttige som analgetika og som har liten tilbøyelighet for misbruk.
U.S. Patent No. 4,438,130 beskriver 1-oksa-, aza- og tia-spirocykliske forbindelser som har analgetisk aktivitet, liten ulempe med fysisk avhengighet og misbruk og lite dysfori-fremkallende egenskaper.
U.S. patent nr. 4,663,343 beskriver substituerte naftalenyloksy-l,2-diaminocyklo-heksyl-amider som analgetika.
U.S. patent nr. 4,906,655 beskriver 1,2-cykloheksylaminoaryl-amider som har høy kappa-opioid affinitet, selektivitet og styrke og er nyttige som analgetika, diuretika, anti-inflammatoriske og psykoterapeutiske midler.
OPPSUMMERING AV OPPFINNELSEN
Ved forbindelsesaspektet tilveiebringer foreliggende oppfinnelse en forbindelse med formel I, eller et farmasøytisk godtagbart salt derav.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører følgelig forbindelse med formel (I) eller et farmasøytisk godtagbart salt derav, kjennetegnet ved formelen
hvor:
n er 1-3,
Ri og R2 danner sammen med nitrogenatomet en pyrrolidinring;
Ar er usubstituert eller mono- eller di-substituert fenyl, hvor nevnte substituenter er valgt fra gruppen bestående av halogen, OCH3, SO2CH3,
CF3, amino og NO2, eller Ar er indolyl;
Z er -P(0)(OBn)2; -P(0)(OH)2; -(CH2)pC02H; -S02CH3; -S02NH2;
-COCH(NH2)(CH2)pC02H; -C02CH3; -CONH2; COCF3; CHO; d-C6-alkanoyl; fenyl-Ci-C6-alkyl eller fenylsulfonyl hvor fenylgruppen eventuelt
er substituert med Ci-C6-alkyl; og
p er 1-3.
Det er videre beskrevet forbindelse ifølge krav 1, kjennetegnet ved at den er valgt fra gruppen bestående av: (i?)-4-(fenylmetyl)-l-[(3,4-diklorfényl)ace1yl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid;
( R)-1 - [(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2- [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?)-4-t-butyl-acetyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin; (i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-l-piperazineddiksyre-dihydroklorid;
( R)- 4- N-t-Boc-D-asparaginsyre-P-benzylester-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -piperazin;
(Æ)-4-asparaginsyre-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2- [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin-dihydroklorid;
(/?)-4-acetyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyn-olidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?)-4-(dietoksyfosfonat)-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid;
(Æ)-4-trifluoracetyl-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1-piperazinkarboksamid-hydroklorid;
(i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1-piperazinkarboksaldehyd-hydroklorid;
(i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1-piperazin-sulfonamid-hydroklorid;
(Æ)-4-(4-metylfenylsulfonyl)-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] - piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?,5)-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin hydroklorid;
( R, 5)-4-metansulfonyl-1 - [(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl] -2- [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyljpiperazin-hydroklorid;
( R, 1S)-4-metansulfonyl-1 -[(2-nitrofenyl)acetyl] -2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid;
( R, iS)-4-metansulfonyl-1 -[(4-trifluormetylfenyl)acetyl]-2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?,^-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(3-indolylacetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin^ hydroklorid;
( R, 5)-metyl 4- [(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazinkarboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,5}-metyl 4-[(4-trilfuormetylfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat-hydroklorid;
( R, S)- mety\ 4-[(3-indolyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,5)-metyl 4-[(2-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,S)-metyl 4-[(2-metoksyfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,S)-metyl 4-[(2-aminofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazin-karboksylat-dihydroklorid;
( R, S)-4-acetyl-1 - [(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -piperazin-hydroklorid;
(i?,5)-4-acetyl-l-(4-trifluormetylfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-me karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,iS)-4-acetyl-l-[(2-tirfluormetylfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl^ karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(7?,5)-4-acetyl-l-[(3-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,5)-4-acetyl-l-[(2-nitrofenyl)ace1yl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
(i?,5)-4-acetyl-l-[(4-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyn-olidinyl)-me1yl]piperazinkarboksy hydroklorid; og
(i?,5)-4-(fenylmetyl)-l-[(4,5,-diklor-2-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-dihydroklorid.
DETALJERT BESKRIVELSE AV OPPFINNELSEN
Perifert virkende K-agonister kan fremstilles ved binding av polare grupper til ikke-peptide K-opioid reseptor-selektive agonister, så som arylacetamider. Ved konstruksjon av de perifert virkende ligander, kan innføring av de polare grupper resultere i enten retensjon eller forsterkning av antinociceptiv styrke og selektivitet og kan også øke polariteten til liganden tilstrekkelig til å redusere eller eliminere CNS-penetrering gjennom blod-hjerne-barrieren (BBB). Således er identiteten og stillingen av polare grupper viktig.
Ved anvendelse av det prototypiske arylacetamid, U50,488, som et eksempel kan arylacetamid-"pharmacophore" deles i i tre regioner: den aromatiske region, den sentrale region og amin-regionen. Alle tre regioner representerer potensielle stillinger for binding av polare grupper.
Forbindelser med formel (I) ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse blir fremstilt som følger.
En serie nye forbindelser ble fremstilt basert på klassen av arylacetamider beskrevet av Glaxo (J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36,2075). Spesifikt kan forbindelse 1 avbeskyttes for å gi mellomprodukt 2, som kan derivatiseres ved tilknytning av en rekke polar grupper
De 3'-substituerte seriene kan fremstilles via Skjema 2. Reduksjon av Schiff-base-mellomproduktet dannet under cykliseringen til 6 er forventet å være stereo-selektiv på grunn av den styrende effekt av den nabostilte hydroksymetyl-gruppen. Både mellomprodukt 11 og 12 kan derivatiseres for å gi perifer selektivitet.
De 5'-substituerte seriene kan fremstilles via Skjema 3 og 4. Ved å starte fra N-t-Boc-O-MEM-D-serin kan 5'-(S)-seriene fremstilles og ved å starte fra N-t-Boc-O-MEM-L-serin kan 5'-(R)-seriene fremstilles.
hvor Ar, Ri, R2 og n er som definert i formel I. hvor Ar, R,, R2 og n er som definert i formel I hvor Ar, Ri, R2 og n er som definert i formel I
hvor Ar, Ri, R2 og n er som definert i formel I
Ved anvendelse av Skjema 1-4 blir de følgende eksempelforbindelser fremstilt:
5 -Mellomprodukt 3 kan behandles med t-butylbromacetat og avbeskyttes for å gi {4-[l-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazinyl}eddiksyre (26). -Mellomprodukt 3 kan omsettes med metansulfonylklorid for å gi
[ 1 -(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-4-metansulfonyl-2R-( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin (27).
0 -Mellomprodukt 3 kan kobles til N-t-Boc-L-asparaginsyre-P-benzylester og avbeskyttes for å gi [4-S-asparaginsyre-a-amido-l-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin (28).
-Mellomprodukt 11 kan behandles med t-butyl-bromacetat og avbeskyttes for å gi
metyl- [2R-(0-2-eddiksyre)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-3 R-( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (29). -Mellomprodukt 11 kan kobles til til N-t-Boc-L-asparaginsyre-b-benzylester og avbeskyttes for å gi metyl-[2R-(0-S-asparaginsyre-a-acetyl)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklor-fenyl)acetyl-3R-(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-1 -piperazinkarboksylat (30). -Mellomprodukt 12 kan behandles med metansulfonylklorid for å gi metyl-[4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-(N-metansulfonamido)aminometyl-3R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazinkarboksylat (31). -Mellomprodukt 12 kan kobles til 2S-isotiocyanato-ravsyre-dibenzylester og avbeskyttes, hvilket gir metyl- {4-[3,4-diklorfenyl]acetyl-3R-[ 1 -pyrrohdinyl]metyl-2R-[N-(ravsyre-2S-tioureido)] aminometyl} -1 -piperazinkarboksylat (32). -Mellomprodukt 21 kan behandles med t-butyl-bromacetat og avbeskyttes for å gi metyl-[2S-(0-2-eddiksyre)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-5R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (33). -Mellomprodukt 21 kan kobles til til N-t-Boc-L-asparaginsyre-b-benzylester og avbeskyttes for å gi metyl-[2S-(0-S-asparaginsyre-a-acetyl)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-5R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (34). -Mellomprodukt 22 kan behandles med metansulfonylklorid for å gi metyl-[4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2S-(N-metansulfonamido)aminometyl-5R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l -piperazinkarboksylat (35). -Mellomprodukt 22 kan kobles til 2S-isotiocyanato-ravsyre-dibenzylester og avbeskyttes, hvilket gir metyl-{4-[3,4-diklorfenyl]acetyl-5R-[l-pyrrolidinyl]metyl-2S-[N-(ravsyre-2S-tioureido)] aminometyl} -1 -piperazinkarboksylat (36). - 2R-isomerer av 33-34 og 35-36 kan fremstilles fra henholdsvis mellomproduktene 24 og 25, for å gi
Metyl-[2R-(0-2-eddiksyre)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-5R-( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (37).
Metyl-[2R-(0-S-asparaginsyre-a-acetyl)hydroksymetyl-4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-5R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (38).
Metyl-[4-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-(N-metansulfonamido)aminometyl-5R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazinkarboksylat (39).
Metyl- {4-[3,4-diklorfenyl]acetyl-5R-[ 1 -pyrrolidinyl]metyl-2R-[N-(ravsyre-2S-tioureido)]-aminometyl} -1 -piperazinkarboksylat (40).
De tilsvarende strukturformler er vist nedenfor.
Forbindelser med formlene ovenfor kan ha ett eller flere asymmetriske karbonatomer. Rene stereokjemisk isomere former av forbindelsene ovenfor kan oppnås og diastereoisomerer isoleres ved fysiske separeringsmetoder omfattende, men ikke begrenset til krystallisering og kromatografiske metoder. Cis- og trans- diastereomere racemater kan videre spaltes i deres isomerer. Når de er separert, kan aktive isomerer identifiseres ved deres aktivitet. Slik rensning er imidlertid ikke nødvendig for fremstilling av preparatene eller utførelse av metodene her.
Som anvendt her omfatter forbindelsene her også farmasøytisk godtagbare salter, syrer og estere derav, stereoisomerer og også metabolitter eller prodrug derav som har aktivitet som analgetika men ikke forårsaker særlige CNS- effekter når de blir administrert eller anvendt. Metabolitter omfatter en hvilken som helst forbindelse som blir produsert etter administrering av forbindelsen og metabolisme av denne.
Mer detaljerte fremstillinger av forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse følger.
Forbindelser med formel I
For forbindelsene med formel I, ble de følgende mellomprodukter fremstilt.
N- benzvl- D- serin(l V: Til en blanding av D-serin (25,0 g, 0,237 mol) og 200mlvannfri metanol ble satt natrium-cyanoborhydrid (11,95 g, 0,190 mol), mens temperaturen ble holdt ved 0°C med et isbad. Deretter ble benzaldehyd (26,5 ml, 0,261 mol) satt til reaksjonskolben, dråpevis ved 30°C. Blandingen ble omrørt i 60 timer ved romtemperatur. Deretter ble blandingen filtrert og skyllet med metanol (50 ml). Det hvite faste stoff ble tørret i en vakuumovn ved 40°C og 10 mmHg over 2 netter: 24,5 g. Filtratet ble holdt tilbake og oppløsningsmidlet ble avdampet. Denne oljen ble ført gjennom en silikagel-kolonne (10% MeOH/CH2Cl2) og 3,4 g av den ønskede forbindelse ble isolert. Den totale mengde av produktet var 27,9g (60,0 % utbytte). <!>H NMR (DMSO-d6) 5 3,25 (m, 1H, CH), 3,85 (m, 2H, CH2), 4,11 (d, 2H, benzylisk CH2), 7,45-7,53 (m, 5H, ArH).
Ref. (1) Ohfune, Y.; Kurokawa, N.; Higuichi, N.; Saito, M.; Hashimoto, M.; Tanaka, T. An efficient one-step reductive N-monoalkyation of a-amino acids. Chemistry Letters. 1984,441-444.
N- benzvl- D- serin- metvlester(2): Hydrogenklorid (gass) ble boblet inn i vannfri metanol i 10 minutter. Deretter fikk løsningen avkjøles til romtemperatur. Deretter ble N-benzyl-D-serin (24,6 g, 0,126 mol) satt til reaksjonskolben og tilbakeløpskokt natten over under tørr nitrogen. Deretter ble oppløsningsmidlet avdampet og oppløst i diklormetan (200 ml) og vasket med en mettet løsning av natriumbikarbonat. Diklormetanlaget ble tørret med magnesiumsulfat og oppløsningsmidlet ble avdampet. (23 gm, 87,2 % utbytte). <*>H NMR (CDC13) 6 3,41 (d, 1H, CH), 3,52-3,80 (dd, 2H, benzylisk), 3,69 (s, 3H, OMe), 7,27 (s, 5H, ArH).
N- IY1. 1 - dimetvletoksv) karbonvl- D- Ser-( 0- Bzl)- N- benzvl- D- Ser- OMe (3):
Til en oppløsning av N-boc-D-serin-(0-bzl)OH (15 g, 50,76 mmol) i vannfri diklormetan (200 ml) ble satt HOBt (7,54 g, 55,8 mmol) ved 0°C under tørr nitrogen. Deretter ble DCC (11,5 g, 55,7 mmol) i diklormetan (100 ml) satt dråpevis til reaksjonskolben. Deretter ble denne blanding omrørt i 1 time. N-benzyl-D-serin-OMe (10 g, 47,8 mmol) i diklormetan
(100 ml) ble satt dråpevis til reaksjonskolben og deretter omrørt i 4 dager, filtrert og skyllet med diklormetan (lOOml). Det hvite bunnfall var DCU og HOBt. Filtratet ble inndampet og igjen oppløst i etylacetat (100 ml). Dette fikk deretter felles natten over - mer DCU.
Dette ble filtrert og vasket med etylacetat. Deretter ble dette isolert på en silikagel-kolonne (20% etylacetat/ heksaner): en olje -17,3g, 74,3% utbytte. <*>H NMR (CDC13) 8 1,43 (s, 9H, t-Bu), 3,54 (t, 1H, OH), 3,72 (s, 3H, OMe), 3,75 (dd, 2H, CH2) 3,79 (dd, 2H, CH2), 4,41 (d, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 4,43 (d, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 7,27-7,30(m, 10H, ArH).
( 2R, 5R)- 2-(( benzvloksv) metvl)- 5-( Hvdroksvmetvl)- 4-( fenvlmetyl)- 3, 6- piperazin dion(4)2: Inn i vannfri kloroform (300 ml) ble boblet hydrogenklorid (gass). Deretter ble dipeptidet (3) (13,5 g, 27,7 mmol) i kloroform (100 ml) satt til reaksjonskolben. Kolben ble lukket og omrørt i 64 timer Deretter ble en mettet løsning (100 ml) av natriumbikarbonat tilsatt og omrørt kraftig i 48 timer Cykliseringen var fullført ved dette punkt. Det organiske laget ble separert fra det vandige laget i en IL separasjonstrakt. Produktet ble isolert fra en silikagel-kolonne, under eluering med diklormetan-metanol-0,88 ammoniakk (96:2:2) hvilket ga (4) som et amorft, fast stoff (6,0 g, 61,1% utbytte). *H NMR (CDCI3) 8 3,72-3,96 (m, 7H), 3,97-5,24 (dd, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 4,45 (dd, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 7,15-7,30 (m, 10H, ArH); MS (FAB) m/e 355 (MH<+>).
Ref. (2) Williams, T. M.; Ciccaron, T. M.; MacTough, S. C. og et al. 2-Substituted piperazins as constrained amino acids. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39,1345-1348.
( 2S, 5S)- 2-(( benzvloksv) metvl)- 4-( fenvlmetyl)- 5- piperazinmetanol(5):
En suspensjon av litiumaluminumhydrid (0,9 g, 23,7 mmol) i vannfri tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) ble behandlet med en oppløsning av piperazindion 4 (2,1 g, 5,92 mmol) i vannfri tetrahydro-furan (200 ml). Reaksjonsblandingen ble oppvarmet ved tilbakeløp i 24 timer og deretter omrørt ved romtemperatur i 12 timer. Vann (10 ml) ble tilsatt fulgt av vandig natrium-hydroksyd (IN, 10 ml) og vann (10 ml). Blandingen ble filtrert og filtratet ble inndampet, hvilket ga 5 (1,67 g, 86,4% utbytte) som en viskøs olje. <*>H NMR (CDC13) 8 2,58 (dd, 2H, CH2), 2,61 (t, 1H, OH), 3,10 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,25 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,50 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,74 (s, 2H, CH2), 4,41 (dd, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 7,20-7,30 (m, 10H, ArH).
( 2S, 5S)- metvl- 2- r( benzvloksv) metvll- 5-( hvdroksvmetvl)- 4-( fenvlmervl)- l- piperazin karboksvlat (6)3: En oppløsning av 5 (1,67 g, 5,11 mmol.) i acetonitril (20 ml) ble behandlet med en oppløsning av metyl-klorformiat (0,532 g, 5,63 mmol) i acetonitril (10 ml) ved 0°C. Blandingen ble omrørt ved omgivelsestemperatur i 30 min. og deretter ble vandig
natTiumkarbonatløsning (15 ml) tilsatt. Det organiske oppløsningsmiddel ble fjernet og det vandige residuet ble ekstrahert med kloroform (3x10 ml). De samlede organiske ekstrakter ble vasket med vandig natriumkarbonat-løsning (10 ml), tørret og inndampet, hvilket ga 6 (1,52 g, 77,3% utbytte) som en olje. <!>H NMR (CDC13) 5 2,54 (dd, 2H, CH2), 2,45 (t, 1H, OH), 2,72 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,51 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,67 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,69 (s, 3H, OMe), 3,81 (dd, 2H, CH2), 4,44 (dd, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 7,17-7,31 (10H, ArH).
( 2S, 5S)- metvl- 2- r( benzvloksv) metvll- 5-[( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvl]- 4-( fenvlmetyl)- l- piperazinkarboksylat(7)<3>:
En oppløsning av oksalylklorid (0,545 ml, 6,24 mmol) i diklormetan (10 ml) ved -65°C ble behandlet med en oppløsning av dimetylsulfoksyd (1,14 ml, 16,0 mmol) i diklormetan (5 ml) mens reaksjonstemperaturen ble holdt under -65°C. Blandingen ble omrørt ved -70 °C i 10 min. og deretter ble en oppløsning av piperazinrnetanolen (6: 2 g, 5,19 mmol) i diklormetan (20 ml) tilsatt med en slik hastighet at reaksjons-temperaturen ble holdt under -65°C. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt ved -65°C i 3 timer og en oppløsning av N-metylmorfolin (1,42 ml, 12,91 mmol) i diklormetan (5 ml) ble tilsatt. Blandingen ble omrørt ved -20 °C i 45 min. og deretter vasket med is-kald saltsyre (0,01 N, 100 ml og 50 . ml), tørret, inndampet og plassert i en høyvakuum-pumpe natten over. Residuet ble oppløst i metanol (10 ml) og ble satt til en oppløsning av pyrrolidin (0,91 ml, 10,94 mmol) i metanol (10 ml) ved -10 °C, som var regulert til pH 6,0 ved tilsetning av metanolisk hydrogenklorid. Natrium-cyanoborhydrid (0,67 g, 10,66 mmol) og 4-Å molekylsikter (0,66 g) ble tilsatt og blandingen ble omrørt ved omgivelsestemperatur i 18 timer Blandingen ble filtrert og filtratet ble inndampet til tørrhet. Residuet ble oppløst i vandig natriumkarbonat (IM, 25 ml) og ekstrahert med diklormetan (2x50 ml). Produktet ble isolert fra en silikagel-kolonne, under eluering med diklormetan-metanol (98:2) hvilket ga (7: 1,0 g, 23,0 % utbytte). 'H NMR (CDC13) 5 1,75 (m, 4H, CH2CH2), 2,46 (m, 3H), 2,48 (m, 4H, CH2CH2), 2,55 (dd, 2H, CH2), 2,70-2,85 (m, 3H), 3,41 (dd, 2H, CH2), 3,69 (s, 3H, OMe), 4,10 (m, 1H), 4,20 (m, 1H), 4,41 (dd, 2H, CH2 benzylisk), 7,10-7,31 (m, 10H, ArH); MS (FAB)m/e438 (MH<+>). (3) Naylor, A.; Judd, D. B.; Lloyd, J. E.; Scopes, D. I. C; Hayes, A. G.; Birch, P. J. A potent new class of k-Receptor-agonist: 4-subtituted l-(arylacetyl)-2-[(dialkylamino)methyl] piperazines. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 2075-2083.
( 2S, 5S)- metyl l- fhvdroksvmetvn- S- ffl- pvrrolidmvnmetyll- l- piperazin karboksvlat(8): En oppløsning av 7 (0,25g, 0,571 mmol) i etanol (200 ml) ble hydrogenert over 10% palladium på karbon (Degussa type E101 NE/W) ved 3,5 kg/cm2 i 7 dager. Deretter ble den filtrert gjennom celite og filtratet ble inndampet. (0,13 g, 0,5 mmol: 87% utbytte). ( 2S. 5SVmetvl 4- r( 3. 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2-( hvdroksv) metvl - 5- r( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvll- l-piperazinkarboks vlat(<9>): Til en oppløsning av 1,1'- karbonyldiimiazol (0,20 g, 1,26 mmol) i diklormetan (10 ml) ble satt porsjonsvis 3,4-diklorfenyleddiksyre ( 0,25 g, 1,26 mmol) og den resulterende løsning ble omrørt under nitrogen i 1 time ved romtemperatur. En oppløsning av 8 (0,13g, 0,5 mmol) i diklormetan (10 ml) ble tilsatt og blandingen ble omrørt ved romtemperatur i 18 timer. Reaksjonsblandingen ble vasket med natriumkarbonat-løsning (2 N, 2 x 10 ml), tørret og inndampet, hvilket ga en viskøs olje. Dette materialet ble oppløst i en blanding av tetrahydro-furan (5 ml) og vann (5 ml) og behandlet med litiumhydroksyd (42 mg, 1,0 mmol). Reaksjonsblandingen ble fjernet og det vandige residuet ble ekstrahert med diklormetan (3x10 ml). De samlede organiske ekstrakter ble tørret og inndampet, hvilket ga en farveløs gummi som ble renset ved "flash" kolonnekromatografi på silikagel, under eluering med etylacetat-metanol (40:1), hvilket ga 9 (155 mg, 70 %) som et farveløst skum.
Ved anvendelse av de ovenfor angitte mellomprodukter ble de følgende forbindelser fremstilt.
Chirale forbindelser
Eksempel 1
( j?)- 4-( fenvlmetvl)- l- f( 3, 4- diklorfenvnacetvll- 2-[( l- pvrrolidinvl) metyllpiperazin-hvdroklorid \( R )- 1 HC11
ADL- 01- 0143- 6
Forbindelsen ( R)- l HC1 ble fremstilt i henhold til litteraturmetode3 i 54% utbytte; Sm.p. 168-170°C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 5 1,65 (4H, m), 1,95-3,00 (6H, m), 3,10-3,80 (9H, m), 4,35 (1H, m), 4,70 (1H, m), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,30 (7H, m); MS (FAB) 448 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C24H29Cl2N3O.2HCl.H2O: C, 53,64; H, 6,19; N, 7,82. Funnet: C, 53,69; H, 5,88; N, 7,49.
Eksempel 2
( i?)- l-[( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2-[( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvl1piperazin- hvdroklorid \( R )-2HC11
ADL- 01- 0047- 9
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt ved katalytisk hydrogenering av ( R)- l HC1 ved å følge metoden beskrevet i referansen ovenfor. Produktet ble isolert som fri base som en klar olje i 81% utbytte og dihydroklorid-saltet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1; <*>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDCI3) 8 1,67 (4H, m), 1,95-3,10 (6H, m), 3,10-3,80 (7H, m), 4,30 (1H, m), 4,65 (1H, m), 7,05 (1H, m), 7,35 (3H, m); MS (FAB) 356 (M + H)<+.>
Eksempel 3
( jg)- 4- metansulfonvl- l-[( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2-[( l- pyrrolidinvl) metvll- piperazin-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3a HC11
ADL- 01- 0039- 6
Til en løsning av ( R)- 2 (712 mg, 2 mmol i 10 ml CH2CL:) ble metansulfonylklorid (573 mg, 5 mmol) og pyridin (lml) tilsatt ved 0 °C, omrørt natten over ved den temperatur, og løsningen ble vasket med vandig 5% K2C03-løsning, ekstrahert med diklormetan, tørret og avdampet oppløsningsmiddel, hvilket ga urenset olje. Dette materialet ble renset ved
"flash" kolonnekromatografi på silikagel, under eluering med diklormetan-metanol-ammoniakk (100:5:1), hvilket ga den frie basen, som ble oppløst i 2 ml diklormetan og HC1 (3 ml, 1 M i Et20) ble tilsatt, hvilket ga et hvitt salt ( R) -3a HC1 (600 mg, 69%): Sm.p. 130-132 °C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,61-1,85 (4H, m), 2,38-2,65 (6H, m), 2,72 (3H, s), 2,80-3,06 (2H, m), 3,15-3,36 (1H, m), 3,50-3,96 (4H, m), 4,48-4,93 (1H, m), 7,00-7,10 (1H, m), 7,25-7,40 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 434 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet
for C18H25CI2N3O3S. HC1,0,5 CH3OH.: C, 45,64; H, 5,59; N, 8,63. Funnet: C, 45,69; H, 5,58; N, 8,73.
Eksempel 4
(/ gM- t- butvl- acetvl- l- rfS^- diklorfenvnacetvll- l- ia- pvrrolidinvnmetvll-
piperazin f( j?)- 3b1.
ADL- 01- 0040- 4
Til en løsning av ( R)- 2 (356 mg, 1 mmol i 10 ml aceton) ble satt t-butyl-bromacetat (234 mg, 1,2 mmol) og K2C03 (207 mg, 1,5 mmol) ved 0 °C, omrørt natten over ved den temperatur, og løsningen ble vasket med vandig 5% K2C03-løsning, ekstrahert med diklormetan, tørret og avdampet oppløsningsmiddel, hvilket ga urenset olje. Dette materiale ble renset ved "flash" kolonnekromatografi på silikagel, under eluering med diklormetan-metanol-ammoniakk (100:5:1), hvilket ga ( R)- 3b (329 mg, 70%): <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 5 1,36 (9H, s), 1,91-2,37 (7H, m), 2,65-3,13 (7H, m), 3,58-4,20 (6H, m), 5,00 (1H, m), 7,12-7,21 (2H, m), 7,40 (1H, m). Forbindelsen ble anvendt direkte i den følgende reaksjon.
Eksempel 5
( R )- 4 - [( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetyll- 3- f ( 1 - pyrrolidin vDmetvU- 1 - piperazineddiksyre-dihvdroklorid \( R )- 3c 2HC11
ADL- 01- 0042- 0
Forbindelse ( R)- 3b ( 329 mg, 0,7 mmol) ble oppløst i 5 ml THF/Et20 (1:1) og HC1 (5 ml, 1 M i Et20) ble tilsatt, og holdt 12 timer, hvilket ga et hvitt salt ( R)- 3c HC1 (275 mg, 61%): Sm.p. 190°C (d). <J>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 5 1,85-2,20 (4H, m), 2,95-4,41 (17H, m), 5,18-5,35 (1H, m), 7,30-7,45 (1H, m), 7,56-7,72 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 414 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C19H25CI2N3O3. 2 HC1,0,5 H20.: C, 45,16; H, 5,78; N, 8,32. Funnet: C, 44,91; H, 5,88; N, 8,56.
Eksempel 6
( R )- 4 - N- t- Boc- D- asparaginsvre- B- benzylester- l- f( 3, 4- diklorfenvnacetyll- 2- f( l-pyrrolidinvDmetvIl- piperazin f( i?)- 3dl
ADL- 01- 0048- 7
Til en løsning av N-t-Boc-D-asparaginsyre-P-benzylester (646 mg, 2 mmol) og HOBt (270 mg, 2 mmol i 10 ml CH2C12) ble satt DCC (413 mg, 2 mmol) ved 0 °C, omrørt 1 time ved denne temperatur, ( R)- 2 (356 mg, 1 mmol i 10 ml CH2CI2) ble tilsatt, omrørt 24 timer ved romtemperatur, og løsningen ble vasket med vandig 5% K2C03-løsning, ekstrahert med diklormetan, tørret og avdampet oppløsningsmiddel, hvilket ga urenset olje. Dette materialet ble renset ved "flash" kolonnekromatografi på silikagel, under eluering med diklormetan-metanol-ammoniakk (100:1:1), hvilket ga ( R)- 3d (628 mg, 95%), 'H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 6 1,35 (9H, s), 1,70-1,87 (4H, m), 2,32-3,16 (6H, m), 3,35-4,46 (6H, m), 4,80-5,68 (6H, m), 7,07-7,45 (8H, m). Forbindelsen ble anvendt direkte 1 reaksjonen nedenfor.
Eksempel 7
( ig)- 4- asparaginsvre- l-[( 3., 4- diklorfenvl) acetvn- 2- Kl- pvrrolidinvl) metvll- piperazin-dihvdroklorid \( R )- 3e 2HC11
ADL- 01- 0041- 2
Forbindelsen { R)- 3å ble oppløst i 1 ml HOAc og HC1 (1 ml, 2N) ble tilsatt, henstand i 20 min, deretter hydrogenering ved 1 atm., 10% Pd på karbon ved romtemperatur i 1 time, hvilket ga et hvitt salt ( R)- 3e (430 mg, 91,5%): Sm.p. 168 °C (d). <:>H NMR (DMSO-d6) 5 1,92-2,16 (4H, m), 2,75-5,28 (18H, m), 2,72 (3H, s), 7,31-7,52 (3H, m), 8,45-8,80 (3H, m); MS (FAB) 471 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C2iH28Cl2N404. 2 HC1: C, 46,34; H, 5,18; N, 10,29. Funnet: C, 45,52; H, 6,02; N, 9,73.
Eksempel 8
(/ ?)- 4- acetvl- l-[( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2- f( l- pvrrolidinvnmetyll- piperazin-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3f HC11
ADL- 01- 0148- 5
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som beskrevet i i litteraturen ( J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 2075-2083) fra ( R)- 2. Hydrokloirdsaltet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R)- 3f HCI i 88% utbytte; Sm.p. 153-155°C; MS (FAB) 398 (M + H)<+.> Anal. Beregnet for C9H25Cl2N3O2.HCl.H2O: C, 52,49; H, 6,03; N, 9,66. Funnet: C, 50,40; H, 6,23; N, 9,28.
Eksempel 9
( j?)- 4-( dietoksvfosfonat)- l- f( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2-[( l- pvrrolidinyl) metvll-piperazin- hydroklorid \( R )- 3z HOI
ADL- 01- 0149- 3
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,178 g, 0,5 mmol) i 10 ml CH2C12 ble satt Et3N (0,101 g, 1,0 mmol) og dietylklorfosfonat (0,174 g, 1,0 mmol) under en nitrogen-atmosfære. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt ved romtemperatur i 13 timer og deretter hellet over vandig 10% K2CO3. Det organiske laget ble separert, tørret over vannfri Na2S04 og inndampet til tørrhet under redusert trykk, hvilket ga forbindelsen som en gul olje. Oljen ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsningsmiddel system: CH2Cl2:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 95:5:2) og omdannet til hydroklorid-salt ved en vanlig metode, hvilket ga ( R)- 3g HC1, 0,10 g (38%); Sm.p. 168-170°C; 'H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,20 (6H, t, J = 7,0 Hz), 1,64 (4H, m), 2,30-2,70 (6H, m), 2,85-3,15 (1H, m), 3,45-3,80 (4H, m), 3,60 (2H, brs), 3,98 (4H, m), 4,35 (1H, m), 4,70 (1H, m), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,30 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 492,494 (M + H)<+.> Anal. Beregnet for C21H32CI2N3O4P.HCIA5H2O: C, 46,90; H, 6,37; N, 7,81. Funnet: C, 46,66; H, 5,90; N, 8,16.
Eksempel 10
(/ ?)- 4- trilfuoracetvl- l-[( 3, 4- diklorfenvnacetvll- 2-[( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvn- piperazin-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3h HC11
ADL- 01- 0150- 1
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,356 g, 1,0 mmol) i 10 ml CH2C12 ble satt Et3N (0,202 g, 2,0 mmol) og trifluoreddiksyreanhydrid (0,42 g, 2,0 mmol) under en nitrogen-atmosfære. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt ved romtemperatur i 12 timer og TLC viste at utgangs-materiale fortsatt var til stede, det ble tilsatt en ytterligere ekvivalent trifluoreddiksyreanhydrid og omrøring ble fortsatt i ytterligere 12 timer. Reaksjonsblandingen ble opparbeidet som ovenfor og hydrokloirdsaltet ble fremstilt på vanlig måte, hvilket ga ( R)-3h HC1, 0,25 g (50%); Sm.p. 145-147°C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,60 (4H, m), 2,20-2,75 (6H, m), 3,10 (1H, m), 3,45-3,80 (4H, m), 4,00 (1H, J = 14,0 Hz, d), 4,25 (1H, m), 4,45 (1H, J = 14,0 Hz, d), 4,70 (1H, m), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,28 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 452, 454 (M + H)<+.> Anal. Beregnet for C19H22CI2F3N3O2.HCIA5H2O: C, 45,85; H, 4,86; N, 8,44. Funnet: C, 46,26; H, 4,82; N, 8,33.
Eksempel 11
( Jg)- 4-[( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 3- f( l- pvrrolidinvnmetvn - 1- piperazinkarboksamid-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3i HC11
ADL- 01- 0151- 9
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,356 g, 1,0 mmol) i eddiksyre (0,186 g, 3,0 mmol) og vann ble tilsatt KOCN (0,244 g, 3,0 mmol), og reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt ved romtemperatur i 72 timer. Vandig 10% K2CO3 ble satt til reaksjonsblandingen for å bringe pH til nær 12,0 og produktet ble ekstrahert med CH2CI2, vasket med mettet salt-løsning og tørret over vannfri Na2S04. Fjernelse av oppløsningsmiddel ved redusert trykk ga råproduktet som ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsningsmiddelsystem: CH2C12:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 95:5:1), hvilket ga det ønskede produkt som et hvitt, fast stoff. Hydrokloirdsaltet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R)- 3i HC1 som et hvitt, fast stoff, 0,15 g (31%); <J>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 5 1,65 (4H, m), 2,10-3,20 (6H, m), 3,40-3,70 (4H, m), 3,95 (2H, m), 4,20 (2H, J = 14,0 Hz, d,m), 4,70 (1H, m), 5,35 (2H, bs), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,25 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 399, 401 (M + H)<+>. Anal. Beregnet for C,8H24Cl2N4O2.HCl.H2O,0,125 CH2C12: C, 46,88; H, 5,91; N, 12,06. Funnet: C, 46,66; H, 5,50; N, 11,97.
Eksempel 12
( Jg)- 4-[( 3. 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 3-[( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvn- l- piperazin- karboksaldehvd-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3 \ HC11
ADL- 01- 0156- 8
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,356 g, 1,0 mmol) i 10 ml CH2C12 ble satt 1,0 ml metylformiat (overskudd) ved 0°C under en nitrogen-atmosfære. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt i 24 timer og oppløsningsmidlet ble fjernet ved redusert trykk, hvilket ga råproduktet. Forbindelsen ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsningsmiddelsystem: CH2C12:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 95:5:1) og omdannet til hydrokloridsaltet, ( R)- 3j HC1, 0,10 g (23%); Sm.p. 126°C (d); <]>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,62 (4H, m), 2,10-3,20 (6H, m), 3,35-3,85 (5H, m), 4,25 (3H, m), 4,60 (1H, m), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,26 (2H, m), 7,90 (1H, s); MS (FAB) 384, 386 (M + H)<+>.
Eksempel 13
( j?)- 4-[( 3. 4- diklorfenvnacetvll- 3- f( l- pvrrolidinvl) metvll- l- piperazin- sulfonamid-hvdroklorid \( R )- 3k HC11
ADL- 01- 0164- 2
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,356 g, 1,0 mmol) i 5 ml p-dioksan ble satt sulfamid<4 >(NH2SO2NH2, 0,96 g, 10 mmol) under en nitrogen-atmosfære, og reaksjonsblandingen ble oppvarmet til tilbakeløp i 2 timer. Reaksjonsblandingen ble inndampet til tørrhet under redusert trykk og residuet ble igjen oppløst i CH2CI2 og vasket med vandig 10% K2CO3, mettet saltløsning og tørret over vannfri Na2SC>4. Fjernelse av oppløsningsmiddel resulterte i den frie basen av produktet som ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsnings-middelsystem: CH2C12:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 98:2:1). Hydrokloridsaltet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R)- 3k HC1, 0,10 g (21%); Sm.p. 183-185°C; <l>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDCI3) 8 1,68 (4H, m), 2,30-3,00 (6H, m), 3,15-4,00 (5H, m), 4,15-4,65 (3H, m), 4,85 (1H, m), 7,00 (1H, m), 7,31 (4H, m); MS (FAB) 435 (M + H)<+>. Anal. Beregnet for C17H24CI2N4O3S.HCI: C, 43,28; H, 5,34; N, 11,87. Funnet: C, 42,90; H, 5,35; N, 11,43.
Ref. (4) Alker, D. et. al. J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 585.
Eksempel 14
( ig)- 4-( 4- MetvlfenvlsulfonvD- l-[ r3, 4- diklorfenvnacetvll- 2- K1 - pvrrolidinvl) metvll - piperazin- hvdroklorid \( R )- 3 \ HC11
ADL- 01- 0165- 9
Til en oppløsning av ( R)- 2 (0,356 g, 1,0 mmol) i 5 ml CH2Cl2ble satt p-toluen-sulfonylklorid (0,38 g, 2 mmol) fulgt av 0,5 ml pyridin under en nitrogen-atmosfære. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt ved romtemperatur i 16 timer og deretter hellet på vandig 10% K2CC>3. Det organiske laget ble separert og tørret over vannfri Na2SC>4. Fjernelse av oppløsningsmiddel ga produktet som ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsnings-middelsystem: CH2C12:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 98:2:1). Hydrokloirdsaltet ble fremstilt, hvilket ga ( R)- 3l HC1, 0,15 g (27%); Sm.p. 240°C (d); <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDCI3) 8 1,65 (4H, m), 1,95-3,00 (6H, m), 2,38 (3H, s), 3,15-3,85 (5H. m), 4,45 (1H, m), 4,75 (1H, m), 6,95 (1H, m), 7,25 (4H, m), 7,50 (2H, J = 8,0 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 510 (M + H)<+.> Anal. Beregnet for C24H29Cl2N3O3S.HCl,0,25H2O: C, 52,32; H, 5,35; N, 7,63. Funnet: C, 52,23; H, 5,50; N, 7,51.
Racemiske forbindelser
Racemiske forbindelser ble fremstilt som illustrert ved de følgende trinn.
(& 5V2-[ Q- pvrrolidinvnmetvIlpiperazin hydroklorid \( R . S )- 4 HC11
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt ved å følge litteraturmetoden<1> og isolert som hydroklorid-saltet.
( R , S )- 4 -( R= SOaCKu COiCBh, COCH^- 2- ra- pvrrolidinvnmetvl1piperazin-hydroklorid \( R . S )- 5 , 6, 71
Disse forbindelser ble også fremstilt i henhold til fremgangsmåtene beskrevet i litteraturen^ og hvert av produktene ble renset som fri base før anvendelsen nedenfor.
Eksempel 15
( i?. 5)- 4- metansulfonvl- l- f( 3, 4- diklorfenvl) acetvll- 2- Kl- pvrrolidinvl) metvll- piperazin-hydroklorid \( R , S )- Sa HC11 ( Generell metode)
ADL- 01- 0135- 2
l,l'-karbonyldiimidazol (0,324 g, 2,0 mmol) ble satt til en omrørt løsning av 3,4-diklorfenyleddiksyre (0,41 g, 2,0 mmol) i 10 ml CH2CI2 ved romtemperatur under en nitrogen-atmosfære og den resulterende løsning ble fortsatt omrørt i ytterligere 1 time. Den resulterende løsning ble deretter satt til en omrørt løsning av ( R, S)- 5 (0,247 g, 1,0 mmol) i 10 ml CH2CI2 ved 0°C og reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt i ytterligere 20 timer. Reaksjons-blandingen ble fortynnet med CH2CI2 og vasket med vandig 2M Na2CC>3. Det organiske laget ble tørret og inndampet til tørrhet og produktet ble renset på en silikagel-kolonne (oppløsningsmiddelsystem: CH2C12:CH30H:28% NH4OH, 98:2:1).
Hydrokloirdsaltet ble fremstilt ved ny oppløsning av forbindelsen i CH2CI2 og behandling av løsningen med IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 8a HO som et hvitt, fast stoff, 0,20 g (32%); NMR (se i?-3a); MS (FAB) 434 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C18H25CI2N3O3S. HCl,0,5H2O: C, 45,13; H, 5,51; N, 8,77. Funnet: C, 45,46; H, 5,36; N, 8,71.
De følgende forbindelser ble tilsvarende fremstilt fra ( R, S)- 5, 6,og 7: Eksempel 16
( Jg.^- 4- metansulfonyl- l - [( 4- metvlsulfonylfeiivDacetvll- 2- [( 1 - pyrrolidinyl)-metvll piperazin- hvdroklorid \( R , S )- 8b HC11
ADL- 01- 0117- 0
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 4-metylsulfonylfenyleddiksyre og hydrokloridsaltet ble omkrystallisert fra CH3OH, hvilket ga ( R, S)- Sb HC1 i 60% utbytte; Sm.p. 185-188°C;
'H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,65 (4H, m), 2,30-2,70 (6H, m), 2,80 (3H, s), 2,85-3,10 (3H, m), 3,00 (2H, m), 3,25 (1H, m), 3,50-3,95 (4H, m), 4,50 (1H, m), 4,80 (1H, m)), 7,40 (2H, J = 7,5 Hz, d), 7,80 (2H, J = 7,5 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 444 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C19H29N3O5S2. HC1: C, 47,54; H, 6,30; N, 8,75. Funnet: C, 46,03; H, 6,24; N, 8,80.
Eksempel 17
(/ g, 5^- 4- metansulfonvl- l-[( 2- nitrofenyl) acetvll- 2- f( l- pvrrolidinvl)- metvllpiperazip-hvdroklorid \( R . S )- Sc HC11
ADL- 01- 0119- 6
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 2-nitrofenyleddiksyre i 65% utbytte som hydroklorid-saltet; Sm.p. 253-255°C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,70 (4H, m), 2,40-3,10 (6H, m), 2,75 (3H, s), 3,45 (1H, m), 3,70-4,00 (4H, m), 4,05-4,30 (2H, m), 4,50 (1H, m), 4,72 (1H, m), 7,45 (3H, m), 8,05 (1H, J = 8,0 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 411 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C18H26N4O5S.HCI: C, 48,37; H, 6,09; N, 12,54. Funnet: C, 48,36; H, 5,66; N, 12,29.
Eksempel 18
(/ ?. 5r)- 4- metansulfonvl- l-[( 4- trifluormetvlfenvl) acetvn- 2-[( l- pyrrolidinvl)-metvnpiperazin- hvdroklorid \( R . S )- Sd HC11
ADL- 01- 0120- 4
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som hydroklorid-saltet fra 4-trifluormetyl-fenyleddiksyre i 82% utbytte; 182-185°C; <]>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 5 1,65 (4H, m), 2,35-3,05 (6H, m), 2,71 (3H, s), 3,25 (1H, m), 3,50-3,95 (5H, m), 4,55 (1H, m), 4,85 (1H, m), 7,30 (2H, m), 7,50 (2H, J = 7,8 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 434 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for Ci9H26F3N3O3S.HCl,0,5H2O: C, 47,65; H, 5,89; N, 8,77. Funnet: C, 48,36; H, 5,80; N, 8,51.
Eksempel 19
( Æ, 5)- 4- metansulfonvl- l-[( 3- indolvlacetvll- 2- Kl- pvrrolidinyl)- metvllpiperaziii-hydroklorid \( R . S )- Se HC11
ADL- 01- 0134- 5
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 3-indoleddiksyre og isolert som fri base i 40% utbytte og omdannet til hydroklorid-saltet; Sm.p. 219-221°C; <]>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,65 (4H, m), 2,10-3,00 (6H, m), 2,55 (3H, S), 3,10-3,45 (2H, m), 3,45-3,90 (4H, m), 4,05 (1H, m), 4,55 (1H, m), 4,90 (1H, m), 7,05 (3H, m), 7,25 (1H, m), 7,50 (1H, m), 8,95 (1H, bs); MS (FAB) 405 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C20H28N4O3S.HCIA5H2O: C, 58,09; H, 7,07; N, 13,55. Funnet: C, 58,37; H, 6,68; N, 13,30.
Eksempel 20
( fciSVmetvl 4-[( 4- metvlsulfonvlfenvnacetvll- 3-[( l- pvrrolidinyl)- metvll- l-piperazinkarboksvlat- hydroklorid \( R , S )- 9a HOI
ADL- 01- 0092- 5
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 4-metylsulfonylfenyleddiksyre og hydrokloridet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 9a HC1 i 46 % utbytte; Sm.p. 225°C; <*>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,60 (4H, m), 2,15-2,95 (6H, m), 2,98 (3H, s), 3,15 (2H, m), 3,35 (3H, m), 3,60 (3H, s), 3,95 (2H, m), 4,30 (1H, m), 4,72 (1H, m), 7,45 (2H, m), 7,75 (2H, J = 7,5 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 424 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C2oH29N305S.HCl,0,25H20: C, 51,72; H, 6,62; N, 9,05. Funnet: C, 51,93; H, 6,47; N, 8,44.
Eksempel 21
( jg. iSVmetvl 4-[( 4- trilfuormetvlfenvl) acervll- 3- Kl- pvrrolidinyl)- metvll- l- piperaziii-karboksvlat- hvdroklorid \( R . S )- 9b HC11
ADL- 01- 0094- 1
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som hydroklorid-saltet fra 4-trifluormetyl-fenyleddiksyre, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 9b HC1 i 48%; Sm.p. 210°C; }H NMR (200 MHz, CDC13) 6 1,50 (4H, m), 1,95-2,30 (6H, m), 2,35-3,50 (4H, m), 3,65 (3H, S), 3,70-4,50 (5H, m), 7,45 (4H, m); MS (FAB) 414 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C20H26F3N3O3.HCIA25H2O: C, 52,86; H, 6,10; N, 9,25. Funnet: C, 53,03; H, 5,94; N, 8,94.
Et andre minoritetsprodukt ( R, S)- U (ADL-01-0093-3) ble isolert som et hydroklorid-salt fra denne reaksjonen i 10% utbytte; Sm.p. 190°C; MS (FAB) 446 (M +
H)<+>.
Eksempel 22
( J?, 5)- metyl 4- f( 3- indolvl) acetvn- 3-[( l- pvrrolidinvl)- metvll- l- piperazin- karboksylat-hvdroklorid UR . S )- 9c HC11
ADL- 01- 0095- 8
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 3-indoleddiksyre og hydrokloridsaltet ble fremstilt, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 9c HC1 i 75% utbytte; Sm.p. 143°C; <!>H NMR (200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,55 (4H, m), 1,90-2,52 (6H, m), 2,70-3,75 (9H, m), 3,35 (3H, S), 6,60 (2H, m), 6,85 (2H, m), 7,20 (1H, s), 7,65 (1H, brs); MS (FAB) 385 (M + H)<+>.
Eksempel 23
(/ ?. 5)- metvl- 4-[( 2- nitrofenvl) acetvll- 3- Kl- pvrrolidinyl)- metvll- l- piperazin-karboksvlat- hvdroklorid \( R . S )- 9d HC11
ADL- 01- 0096- 6
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 2-nitrofenyleddiksyre og hydrokloridet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 9d HC1 i 42% utbytte; Sm.p. 228°C; <*>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,60 (4H, brs), 1,80-2,30 (4H, m), 2,70 (2H, m), 3,05 (2H, m), 3,60 (3H, s), 3,55-4,10 (4H, m), 4,35 (2H, J = 14,0 Hz, dd), 5,10 (1H, m), 7,50 (3H, m), 8,05 (1H, J = 7,5 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 391 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C19H26N4O5.HCI: C, 53,46; H, 6,37; N, 13,12. Funnet: C, 54,29; H, 6,38; N, 12,58.
Eksempel 24
(■ R. SVmetvl 4-[( 2- metoksvfenvnacetvn- 3-[( l- pvrrolidinvl)- metyl1- l- piperazin-karboksvlat- hvdroklorid \( R . S )- 9e HC11
ADL- 01- 0097- 4
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som ovenfor fra 2-metoksyfenyleddiksyre, hvilket ga ( R, S)- 9e HC1 i 12% utbytte; Sm.p. 120°C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,65 (4H, m), 2,25 -2,95 (6H, m), 3,10 (1H, m), 3,30-4,10 (5H, m), 3,60 (3H, s), 3,70 (3H, s), 4,40 (1H, m), 4,70 (1H, m), 6,84 (2H, m), 7,15 (3H, m); MS (FAB) 376 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C20H29N3O4.HCl.H2O: C, 55,87; H, 7,50; N, 9,77. Funnet: C, 55,78; H, 6,97; N, 9,42.
Eksempel 25
(/ t, 5)- metvl- 4- f( 2- aminofenvnacetvll- 3- Kl- pvrrolidinvl)- metyll- l- piperazin-karboksvlat- dihvdroklorid f( R . S )- 9f 2HC11
ADL- 01- 0098- 2
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt ved hydrogenering av ( R, S)- 9e HC1 på 10% Pd/C ved å følge metoden beskrevet i litteraturen<1>. Forbindelsen, ( R, S)- 9f 2HC1, ble isolert som dihydrokloridet i 84% utbytte; Sm.p. 195°C (d); <!>H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 2,00 (4H, m), 3,05-4,45 (16H, m), 3,75 (3H, s), 5,00 (1H, m), 7,45 (4H, brs); MS (FAB) 361 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C19H28N4O3.2HCl.H2O: C, 50,56; H, 7,15; N, 12,41. Funnet: C, 50,36; H, 7,26; N, 12,05.
Eksempel 26
( J?. 5^- 4- acetvl- l- f( 4- metvlsulfonvlfenvl) acetvll- 3- f( l- pvrrolidinvl)- metyll- piperazin h<y>droklorid \( R . S )- 10a HC11
ADL- 01- 0144- 4
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som ovenfor fra 4-metylsulfonylfenyleddiksyre og hydrokloridsaltet ble fremstilt på vanlig måte, hvilket ga (Æ,S)-10a HC1 i 45% utbytte; Sm.p. 145-147°C; <!>H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 1,90 (4H, m), 2,17 (3H, s), 2,65-3,80 (6H, m). 3,32 (3H, s), 3,85-4,45 (8H, m), 5,05 (1H, m), 7,65 (2H, J = 8,0 Hz, d), 7,95 (2H, J = 8,0 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 408 (M + H)<+>.
Eksempel 27
( j?, iy)- 4- acetvl- l-( 4- trifluormetvlfenvl) acetvn- 3- f( l- pvrrolidinvl)- metvl]-piperazinkarboksylat- hydroklorid \( R , S )- 10b HOI
ADL- 01- 0145- 1
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 4-trifluormetylfenyleddiksyre og isolert som hydroklorid-saltet, { R, S)-\ dh HC1, i 30% utbytte; Sm.p. 110°C; <]>H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 2,00 (4H, m), 2,15 (3H, s), 2,70-3,25 (6H, m), 3,50-4,45 (8H, m), 5,05 (1H, m), 7,70 (4H, m); MS (FAB) 398 (M + H)<+.>
Eksempel 28
(/ g^^- acetvl- l-^- trifluormetylfeDvnacetvll- S- fd- pvrrolidinyn- metvn-piperazinkarboksvlat- hvdroklorid \( R . S )- 10c HC11
ADL- 01- 0157- 6
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 2-trifluormetylfenyleddiksyre og hydrokloridsaltet ble fremstilt fra IM eterisk HC1, hvilket ga (Æ,S>10c HC1 i 57%; 220°C (d); <l>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,65 (4H, m), 2,05 (3H, s), 2,25-3,25 (6H, m), 3,40-4,10 (6H, m), 4,50 (2H, m), 4,70 (1H, m), 7,30 (2H, m), 7,60 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 398 (M + H)<+>.
Eksempel 29
( jg. 5)- 4- acetvl- l- K3- nitrofenvl) acetvll- 3-[( l- pyrrolidinvl)- metyllpiperazin- karboksvlat h<y>droklorid KftSHOd HC11
ADL- 01- 0158- 4
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 3-nitrofenyleddiksyre og hydrokloirdsaltet, ( R, S)- 10d HC1, ble isolert som et hvitt, fast stoff i 69% utbytte; Sm.p. 143-145°C; <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 8 1,63 (4H, brs), 2,05 (3H, s), 2,20-2,80 (6H, m), 2,90-3,25 (2H, m), 3,50-3,90 (3H, m), 4,00 (1H, J = 14,0 Hz, d), 4,45 (2H, m), 4,65 (1H, m), 7,45 (2H, m), 8,00 (2H, m); MS (FAB) 375 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C19H26N4O4.HCl.H2O: C, 53,21; H, 6,81; N, 13,06. Funnet: C, 53,51; H, 6,13; N, 12,91.
Eksempel 30
( j?, 5r)- 4- acetvl- l-[( 2- nitrofenynacetvn- 3-[( l- pyrrolidinvn- metvllpiperazin-karboksvlat- hvdroklorid l ( R . S )- 10e HC11
ADL- 01- 0163- 4
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt som ovenfor fra 2-nitrofenyleddiksyre, hvilket ga ( R, S)-10e HC1 som et hvitt fast stoff i 50% utbytte; Sm.p. 180°C (d); <*>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDCI3) 5 1,63 (4H, m), 2,04 (3H, s), 2,20-2,85 (6H, m), 2,98-3,35 (3H, m), 3,60-4,25 (4H, m), 4,60 (2H, m), 7,35 (3H, m), 8,00 (1H, J = 7,0 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 375 (M + H) +; Anal. Beregnet for Ci9H26N4O4.HCl,0,5H2O: C, 55,54; H, 6,62; N, 13,64. Funnet: C, 54,38; H, 6,35; N, 13,58.
Eksempel 31
(/ ?, 5r)- 4- acetvl- l-[( 4- nitrofenvl) acetvll- 3- Kl- pvrrolidinvl)- metyllpiperaziii-karboksvlat- hvdroklorid \( R , S )- 10f HC11
ADL- 01- 0159- 2
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fra 2-nitrofenyleddiksyre som ovenfor, hvilket ga ( R, S)-10f HC1 i 52% utbytte; 146-148°C; <*>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDC13) 6 1,68 (4H, m),: 2,07 (3H, s), 2,20-2,75 (6H, m), 3,40-3,90 (3H, m), 4,05 (1H, J = 13,5 Hz, d), 4,50 (2H, m), 7,35 (2H, J = 8,0 Hz, d), 8,10 (2H, J = 8,0 Hz, d); MS (FAB) 375 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for Ci9H26N4O4.HCl,0,5H2O,0,125CH2Cl2: C, 53,36; 6,61; 13,01. Funnet: C, 53,16; H, 6,27; N, 13,36.
Eksempel 32
(/ ?, 5)- 4-( fenvlmetvl)- l-[( 4, 5<- diklor- 2- nitrofeDvnacetvll- 2-[( l- pvrrolidinvl)-metvllpiperazin- dihvdroklorid \( RS )- 12 2HC11
ADL- 01- 0166- 7
Forbindelsen ble fremstilt fira 4-fenylmetyl-2[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin (Ref. I) og 4,5-diklor-2-nitrofenyleddiksyre ved å følge metoden beskrevet ovenfor, hvilket ga ( R, S)-\ 2 2HC1 i 63% utbytte; Sm.p. 235°C (d); <!>H NMR (fri base, 200 MHz, CDCI3) 6 1,66 (4H, m), 2,05-3,00 (8H, m), 3,45 (4H, m), 4,00 (5H, m), 4,60 (1H, m), 7,35 (6H, m), 8,15 (1H, s); MS (FAB) 493 (M + H)<+>; Anal. Beregnet for C24H29Cl2N4.O3.2HCl: C, 50,99; 5,53; 9,91. Funnet: C, 50,55; H, 5,16; N, 9,44.
Ved preparataspektet blir kappa-agonist-forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse formulert i parenterale, lokale og topiske preparater.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører følgelig farmasøytisk preparat, kjennetegnet ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3 i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
Det er videre beskrevet farmasøytisk preparat, kjennetegnet ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3, og et antibiotisk, antiviralt, antifungalt eller anti-inflammatorisk middel eller en blanding derav i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører videre anvendelse av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3, til fremstilling av et farmasøytisk preparat for behandling av hyperalgesi.
Preparatene blir formulert som injiserbare preparater, som orale og rektale preparater for systemisk administrering og for lokal og topisk administrering som kremer, vandige eller ikke-vandige suspensjoner, losjoner, emulsjoner, suspensjoner eller emulsjoner inneholdende mikroniserte partikler, geler, skum-aerosoler, faste stoffer og andre egnede bærere for anvendelse på huden, øynene, leppene og mukosa, som suppositorier eller krem for vaginal administrering og som kombinasjoner med bandasjer, plastere, bioadhesiver og forbindinger. Forbindelsene kan formuleres i kombinasjon med andre midler, så som lokale anestetika og andre terapeutiske midler. De andre midlene som kan blandes i preparatene, gis og administreres før, samtidig eller etter administrering av preparatene ifølge metodene her. Slike midler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til: antibiotika, omfattende cefalosporiner,
B-laktamer, tetracykliner, vancomyciner, sulfa og aminoglykosider; antivirale midler, omfattende acylovir; og antifungale midler omfattende clotrimazol.
Det er følgelig mulig å beholde hyperalgesi ved å administrere en mengde av en forbindelse eller et preparat til et pattedyr for å lindre eller eliminere smerte. Således er det mulig å behandle smerte innvendig eller utvendig hos pattedyret omfattende: indre skader, som f.eks. forårsaket av ulykke eller operasjon; unormal funksjon av organer i kroppen; irritasjon forbundet med inflammasjon etter en lokal infeksjon, blærer, byller eller akutte hud-skader, så som skrubbsår, brannsår, overflate-kutt, kirurgiske snitt, tannverk, støt, irritasjoner, inflammatoriske hud-lidelser, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, giftsumak og allergisk utslett og dermatitt og hvilken som helst lidelse som gir en hyperalgetisk smertetilstand og andre slike lidelser.
Bedømmelse av anti- hvperalgetisk aktivitet
Den farmakologiske aktiviteten til forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan bedømmes ved mange in vitro og in vivo modeller kjent på området. Noen av de typiske modellene er beskrevet her.
(a) In vitro bindingsforsøk (primær screen)<14>
Den første test av disse forbindelser er [^HJdiprenorfin-binding til den klonede humane kappa-reseptor. Forbindelsene som hemmer binding med minst 80% ved 1 uM blir titrert, og Kj-verdier blir bestemt ved Cheng-Prusoff- transformasjoner av ICsQ-verdier. IC5Q-verdien er den konsentrasjon av inhibitor som hemmer binding av radiomerking med 50% og Kj-verdien er affiniteten til inhibitoren for reseptoren. Forbindelser blir også testet på [<3>h]U69593 (agonist) binding til denne reseptor. Ingen forbindelse er kjent for å hemme bare agonist- binding eller antagonist-binding. Imidlertid kan en slik forbindelse ha en unik farmakologisk profil som et resultat av dens spesifisitet for én region av reseptoren.
Opprinnelig spesifisitet blir bestemt ved testing av forbindelsers [^Hjdiprenorfine-binding til klonede humane my- og delta-reseptorer ved 10u.M og titrering av de forbindelser som hemmer binding med minst 80%. Forbindelser som ikke har Kj-verdier minst 100 ganger høyere mot my- og delta-reseptorer kan være mer sannsynlige å ha ytterligere bivirkninger og blir ikke viderefulgt for videre bedømmelse av spesifikke forbindelser.
Ref. (14) Raynor et al., Mo. Pharmacol. US, 330-334 (1994)
(b) Betent kneledd hyperalgesi-modell og blodtrykk-respons på sammenpressing av det betente kneledd
Inflammasjon i et ledd er ofte forbundet med hyperalgesi [smerte ved normal bøyning og utstrekning og ved påføring av forsiktig, uskadelig trykk] og/eller vedvarende smerte [hvile-smerte; Schaible et al. (1993) Pain 55: 5-54]. under forløpet av kneledd-inflammasjon skjer en kaskade av hendelser, som omfatter: (i) syntese og frigjøring av inflammatoriske mediatorer i leddet, (ii) frigjøring av neuropeptider fra afferente fibere i leddhulen og (iii) økning av primær afferent utstrømning fra gruppe II, DI, IV sensoriske fibere [Schaible et al. (1993) Pain 55: 5-54]. Et viktig resultat av denne kaskaden er at det skjer en økning i responsen av små, lett myelinerte og umyelinerte afferenter ved lav-intensitet stimuli. På denne måten kan det perifere nerve-innerverende betente vev fremkalle en overdreven adferdsrespons på ellers uskadelig stimuli, dvs. en tilstand av hyperalgesi. Således vil inflammasjon av kneleddet resultere i øket spontan afferent aktivitet; opptreden av overdreven utstrømning ved ledd-bøyning og -utstrekning [Schaible et al. (1995) J. Neurophvsiol. 54: 1109-1122] og tegn på smerte-assosiert autonom reaksjon [Sata et al (1984) Neurosci. Lett. 52: 55-60].
Injeksjon av en blanding av kaolin og karagen i kneleddet fremkaller eksperimentell artritt. Som eksemplifisert nedenfor, var denne behandling karakterisert ved pålitelig økning i ledd-volum og -omkrets. Hos en ubedøvet rotte ble disse ledd-endringer ledsaget av en tendens til å unngå vekt-bæring, hvilket antydet en pågående smerte-tilstand. I henhold til elektrofysiologiske studier blir, i løpet av utviklingen av denne akutte artritt, C-og Ad-enheter som normalt bare svarer på ekstrem ledd-vridning, aktivert ved liten bevegelse [Schaible et al. (1985) J. Neurophvsiol. 54: 1109-1122]. Spinale neuroner med kneledd-reseptive områder i det dype dorsal-homet i ryggmargen viser klar utvikling av hypereksitabilitet ved akutt inflammasjon i leddet [Neugebauer et al. (1993) J. Neurosci. 70: 1365-1377]. Denne sensiti-visering av gruppe ni og IV fibere ble observert innen 2-3 timer etter injeksjon av kaolin og karagen i kneleddet, et tidsforløp som er nær tidsforløpet for utvikling av hyperalgesi i rotte-kneledd-kompresjonsmodellen. Disse observasjoner indikerer at ryggmargneuroner og leddets primære afferente fibere blir sensibilisert og kan ligge til grunn for hyperalgesien observert i denne artritt-tilstand. Slik afferent "input" kan drive autonome responser som typisk er forbundet med behandling av "input" fra afferenter som typisk blir aktivert ved stimuli generert av den lokale inflammatoriske tilstand. I tillegg til ovennevnte betente kneleddmekanisme kan blodtrykk- (BP) endringer også fremkalles refleksivt ved afferent nevral aktivitet fra reseptorer lokalisert i skjelettmuskulaturen [Williamson et al. (1994) J. Physiol. 475: 351-357]. Denne respons er avhengig av endringene i intramuskulært trykk og kvaliteten av muskelmassen som presses sammen. Denne spesielle mekaniske refleks synes imidlertid å operere uavhengig av smerte- respons og synes å spille en mindre rolle i de eksemplifiserte forsøkene, idet noe opphovning av det normale kneledd ikke hadde noen innvirkning på BP. I alle tilfeller er det mulig at overflod av karagenan fra leddkapselen også kan gjøre omliggende vev betent. Sensibilisering av C- og A-enheter ble observert i rotte- gastrocnemius-muskelen ved infiltrering med karagen [Handwerker et al. (1991) Pain and Inflammation, Proceeding of the VIth World Congress on Pain, Bond et al. ed., Elsevier Science Publishers BV, s. 59-70]. Basert på disse betraktinger, synes det som om sammen-pressing av det betente kneledd gir et skadelig stimulus og at dette på sin side aktiverer en sympatisk respons som resulterer i en økning av BP.
Lokal betennelse i kneet resulterer i en tilstand hvor ellers uskadelige stimuli resulterer i en fremtredende autonom respons, omfattende øket blodtrykk (BP) og hjertetakt [se f. eks. Sata et al (1984) Neurosci. Lett. 52: 55-60]. Alternativt blir nevral utstrømning fra det betente kne registrert [se f. eks. Neugebauer et al (1993) J. Neurosci. 70: 1365-1377].
En in vitro test som måler spontan utstrømning i skadet hud ved topisk påføring kan også anvendes, [se f. eks. Andreev et al. (1994) Neurosci. 58: 793-798].
(c) In vivo-evaluering av formalin-fremkalt vevskade
Administrering av formalin i poten resulterer i en lokal inflammasjon og en smerte-respons som er moderat i intensitet og kontinuerlig i varighet. I motsetning til mange andre forsøk med nocisepsjon, måler formalinforsøket tonisk smerte som er et resultat av vevskade og er derfor en modell som er mer relevant for kliniske smertetilstander hos mennesker [se Tj olsen et al. (1992) Pain 51_: 5-17]. Hos rotten består responsen på formalinfremkalt smerte av spontan tilbaketrekningsadferd, karakterisert ved poteløfting og poterysting og en rask vibrering av poten etter at den er trukket inn under kroppen. Tilbaketrekningsresponsen kan kvantifiseres pålitelig og viser to topper av aktivitet som er indikative for akutt og tonisk smerte [Wheeler-Aceto og Cowan (1991) Psvchopharmacology 104: 35-44]. Den tidlige eller akutte fase varer fra 0-5 min. etter formalinet og blir fulgt av en rolig periode som varer omtrent 15 min. Den toniske fasen finner sted 20-35 min. etter formalininjeksjonen og er det intervall hvor antallet tilbaketrekningsresponser er maksimal. Denne modellen er karakterisert for flere arter [Tjolsen et al. (1992) Pain 51: 5-17] og er sensitiv for de analgetiske effekter av opiater administrert på en rekke måter, omfattende lokal administrering direkte i poten. I tillegg er testen spesielt sensitiv for virkningene av K-agonister [Wheeler-Aceto og Cowan (1991) Psvchopharmacologv 104: 35-44].
Inflammasjon blir fremkalt ved subkutan injeksjon av 50 ml av en 5% formalin-løsning i den dorsale overflate av høyre bakpote til Sprague-Dawley hannrotter som veide 70-90 g. Injeksjoner av medikamentet blir gitt i den dorsale overflaten av poten før formalin-injeksjon og tilbaketreknings-adferd blir kvantifisert ved telling av antall responser som forekommer i løpet av den toniske smertefasen, som varer fra 20-35 min. etter formalin-injeksjonen. Resultatene er uttrykt som gjennomsnittlig prosent antagonisme av formalin-fremkalt tilbaketrekning beregnet for individuelle medikamentbehandlede, formalininjiserte rotter ved anvendelse av den følgende formel: ( gjennomsn. formalin respons - gjennomsn. saltvann respons) - individuell respons x 100
gjennomsn. formalin-respons - gjennomsn. saltvann-respons
Den gjennomsnittlige formalinrespons er det gjennomsnittlige adferdsresultatet for bærerbehandlede og formalininjiserte rotter. Den gjennomsnittlige saltvannrespons er det samlede adferdsresultat for rotter injisert med 50 ml saltvann i poten.
(d) Randall-Selitto-test
En rekke variasjoner og eksemplifiseringer av dette forsøk er kjent for fagfolk på området [se Randall et al (1957) Arch. Int. Pharmacodvn. 111: 409-419; se også f. eks. U.S. patent nr. 5,434,292, U.S. patent nr. 5,369,131, U.S. patent nr. 5,345,943, U.S. patent nr. 5,242,944 og U.S. patent nr. 5,109,135.
Smerte-terskelen blir ved denne metoden målt som mengden av trykk i g som er nødvendig for å fremkalle en flukt-reaksjon (kamp) når den anvendes på foten til et forsøksdyr som har hyperalgesi, typisk en betent pote, sammenlignet med en kontroll, så som samme eller et likt dyr uten inflammasjon og/eller uten en test- forbindelse. Økende trykk blir anvendt på poten med et kileformet, stumpt stempel på dorsaloverflaten av bakre pote ved hjelp av et pote-trykk-analgesi-meter. Det trykk som er nødvendig for å fremkalle pote-tilbaketrekning, pote-trykk-terskelen (PPT), blir bestemt.
Stein og medarbeidere [Stein et al. (1988) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 31: 445-451; Stein et al. (1989) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248: 1269-1275] har utviklet en modell for perifer inflammasjon og hyperalgesi hos rotter som støtter rollen opiater spiller ved mediering av perifer analgesi. Ved denne protokollen blir modifisert Freund's adjuvans anvendt som det inflammatoriske stimulus og pote- trykk-test blir anvendt for å bedømme responsen hos rotten på et smertefullt trykkstimulus. Modellen er sensitiv for opiat-agonister av [ i-, 5- og K-under-typene, som produserer analgesi etter administrering [Antonijevic et al. (1995) J. Neurosci. 15: 165-172; Stein et al. (1988) Neurosci. Lett. 84: 225-228; Stein et al. (1989) J. Pharmacol. Ex<p>. Ther. 248: 1269-1275]. Histologisk verifikasjon av opiat-reseptor- lokalisering og densitet har bekreftet at perifere opiat-reseptorer er tilgjengelige på primære afferente nervefibere og blir oppregulert etter inflammasjon [Hassan et al. (1993) Neuroscience 55: 185-193; Przewlocki et al. (1992) Neuroscience 48: 491-500].
Forsøk blir utført med rotter som veier 150-250 g på tidspunktet for inokulasjonen. Modifisert Freund's komplette adjuvans (FCA) blir anvendt som inflammatorisk stimulus. Rottene blir administrert en i.pl. injeksjon av FCA-suspensjonen i høyre bakfot. Hyperalgesi og antinocisepsjon blir bedømt ved anvendelse av potetrykk-testen. Rotten blir forsiktig holdt fast og økende trykk blir påført poten med et kileformet, stumpt stempel på dorsal-overflaten av bakre pote ved hjelp av et potetrykk-analgesi-meter. Det trykk som er nødvendig for å fremkalle pote-tilbaketrekning, potetrykk-terskelen (PPT), blir bestemt. Et stopptrykk på 250 g blir anvendt for å unngå unødvendig stress og smerte for dyret. Basislinje for respons blir etablert ved bestemmelse av gjennomsnittet av tre påfølgende forsøk separert med 10 sek. Den samme fremgangsmåte blir anvendt på den motsatte siden og sekvensen av sidene blir alternert mellom dyrene for kontroll av effekter. Typisk blir injeksjoner ikke gjort på den motsatte (ikke-betente poten; men i valgte tilfeller kan imidlertid medikamenter administreres til den motsatte poten for å evaluere potensialet for medikament-effekter uten inflammasjon.
Analgetisk aktivitet blir bestemt ved å uttrykke økningen i PPT som er et resultat av virkningen av medikamentet som en prosentdel av basal preinjeksjon-terskel.
Hyperalgesi kan også frembringes med inflammatoriske stimuli så som gjær eller karagen, endogene inflammatoriske mediatorer så som bradykinin eller prostaglandiner eller andre typer kjemiske irritasjonsmidler [se Hargreaves og Joris (1993) APS Journal 2: 51-59].
(e) Eddiksyre-fremkalt vridning
Denne testen identifiserer nye midler som oppviser perifer analgetisk aktivitet mot visceral eller kjemisk smerte [se Barber og Gottschlich (1986) Med. Res. Rev. 12: 525-562; Ramabadran og Bansinath (1986) Pharm. Res. 3: 263-270]. Injeksjon av eddiksyre i peritoneal-hulen blir anvendt som det skadelige stimulus og antallet vridnings-responser som forekommer som respons på eddiksyren blir tellet for å kvantifisere responsen på smerte. Forbindelser som har analgetisk aktivitet reduserer antallet vridnings-responser som forekommer. Opiat-agonister av m- og k-undertypen viser analgetisk aktivitet i denne modellen [Barber og Gottschlich (1986) Med. Res. Rev. 12: 525-562; Millan (1990) Trends Pharmacol. Sei, li: 70-76]. Nye forbindelser som demonstrerer styrke og effektivitet ved dette forsøket, er potensielle medikamenter for behandling av forskjellige patologiske tilstander som medfører perifer smerte.
Vridningsforsøket blir tilpasset fra metoden opprinnelig beskrevet av Taber et al.
[(1969) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169: 29-38], ved anvendelse av CF-1 hannmus som veier 20-25 g. Dyrene behandles med forskjellige doser av medikamenter før administrering av en i.p.-injeksjon av 0,6% eddiksyre-løsning. Musene blir deretter plassert i observasjons-kammere og antallet vridnings-responser, som definert ved en full baklem-utstrekning og - tilbaketrekning, blir registrert.
Det gjennomsnittlige antallet vridningsresponser blir beregnet for bærer-behandlede kontroll-mus og prosent inhibering (% I) av vridning blir beregnet for hver mus som blir behandlet med medikament ved anvendelse av den følgende formel: % I = 100 x ( gi. snitt av kontroll- vridnings- responser - individuelle test- responser)
gjennomsnitt av kontroll-vridningsresponser
(f) Hyperalgesi fremkalt ved tape-avrivning
Målet med dette forsøket er å identifisere nye midler som har perifer-mediert analgesi under forhold, så som brannsår og skrubbsår, som fører til hyperalgesi. Ved slike skader blir tap av stratum corneum fulgt av en inflammatorisk respons (erytem) og en smertefull respons på ellers uskadelige stimuli. Fjernelse av stratum corneum ved gjentatt . påføring og fjernelse av cellofan-tape, betegnet tape-avrivning, er vist å være en enkel modell for disse skader, som har karakteristika som førstegrads forbrenning [se Flynn
(1985) Percutaneous Absorption. R.L. Bronaugh og H.I. Maibach, ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., s. 18-42]. Denne metoden med barrierenedbrytning unngår påføring av potensielt toksiske kjemikalier og tillater bedømmelse av perifere analgetika etter topisk administrering, fordi tape-avrivning fjerner barrieren for effektiv topisk terapi (stratum corneum) mens den samtidig resulterer i inflammasjon og hyperalgesi. Tape-avrivning er godkjent for mennesker som en modell for testing av topiske midler [Pershing et al. (1994) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 90-95; Roy og Flynn (1990) Pharm. Res. 7: 842-847].
Forsøk blir utført med Sprague-Dawley hannrotter som veier 250-500 g på tidspunktet for behandlingen. Etter bedøvelse av rotten med ketamin-xylamin, blir et 1-3 cm2 stykke av rottehuden behandlet ved gjentatt påsettelse og fjernelse av tape. Denne prosedyren resulterer i fjernelse av stratum corneum som vistes ved et glinsende utseende av huden. Den tape-avrevede huden blir undersøkt for synlig erytem og for sensitivitet overfor kontakt med varme- eller trykk-stimuli ved anvendelse av en fokusert lysstråle, ved testing i pote-trykkapparatet eller ved berøring med von Frey hår. Diameteren til von Frey-hår blir valgt basert på en diameter som ikke forårsaker noen respons hos kontroll-rotter, men gir en lett detekterbar respons hos behandlede rotter.
Typiske analgetiske midler blir formulert i et egnet topisk medium og påført på den behandlede huden. Noen rotter får bare det topiske medium uten analgetisk middel for kontroll av effekten av det topiske medium alene. Tilstedeværelse av analgetiske midler bestemmes etter latensen av responsen på varme-stimulus eller respons på berøring eller trykk.
Farmakologisk aktivitet til forbindelser ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er vist i
Tabellene I, n, m og IV hvor Kj: nM (3H-diprenorfm og <3>H-U-69, 593) viser in vitro bindingsforsøk-resultater som beskrevet i "(a) In vitro bindingsforsøk (Primær Screen); og A50 (j-ig); i.pote viser in vivo formalin-fremkalt vevskade-resultater som beskrevet i "(c) In vivo evaluering av formalin-fremkalt vevskade".
PREPARATER IFØLGE FORELIGGENDE OPPFINNELSE
Effektive konsentrasjoner av én eller flere av forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse eller farmasøytisk godtagbare derivater derav blir blandet med en egnet farmasøy-tisk bærer eller et middel for systemisk, topisk eller lokal administrering. Forbindelsene blir inkludert i en mengde som er effektiv for reduksjon av den hyperalgetiske tilstand eller andre symptomer som behandlingen er tenkt for. Konsentrasjon av aktiv forbindelse i preparatet vil avhenge av absorpsjon, inaktivering, utskillingshastigheten av den aktive forbindelse, dose-skjemaet og mengde administrert så vel som andre faktorer kjent for fagfolk på området. For topisk og lokal administrering er dosene høyere, typisk minst omtrent 5 til 10 ganger, enn mengden som leveres når de administreres systemisk oralt.
Forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse har analgetisk aktivitet og kan anvendes for lindring av smerte uten tap av bevissthet. For eksempel kan forbindelsene anvendes for å behandle muskelspasme, artritt og andre muskelskjelett-lidelser,/e£s. bursitt, lindre mild til moderat postoperativ og post partum smerte, dysmenorré og smerte av traumatisk opprinnelse. Videre kan forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse administreres for behandling av alvorlig smerte, f. eks. smerte forbundet med adenokarsinom, amputasjon av et lem og tredje-grads forbrenning over en stor del av kroppen hos dyr og mennesker.
Utvalgte forbindelser ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse har aktivitet som narkotiske antagonister. De kan anvendes for å motvirke eller forhindre for høy sentralnervesystem-depresjon og respiratorisk depresjon som er et resultat av administrering av morfin eller andre morfin-lignende medikamenter, f. eks. hydromorfon, oksymorfon, metadon og meperidin. Forbindelsene kan også fremkalle et abstinens-syndrom hos narkotika-avhengige individer, dvs. fremkalle abstinens-effekter for diagnostiske formål.
Dosen av forbindelsene med formel I for analgetiske formål er fra omtrent 0,001 til omtrent 20 mg/kg kroppsvekt til pasienten. Forbindelsene med formel I, II, HI, IV og V blir hensiktsmessig fremstilt i 5,10, 25, 50, 75, 100 og 200 mg doseenheter for administrering 1 til 4 ganger pr. dag. Foretrukne enhetsdoser er fra 0,05 til 10 mg/kg kroppsvekt til pasienten.
Forbindelsene blir administrert oralt, parenteralt, rektalt og topisk.
Farmasøytiske bærere eller midler egnet for administrering av forbindelsene og for metodene angitt her omfatter hvilke som helst slike bærere kjent for fagfolk på området å være egnet for den spesielle administreirngsmetode. I tillegg kan forbindelsene formuleres som den eneste farmasøytisk aktive bestanddel i preparatet eller kan være kombinert med andre aktive bestanddeler.
a) Systemiske preparater
Preparatene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringes for administrering til
mennesker og dyr i enhetsdoseformer, så som tabletter, kapsler, piller, pulvere, granuler, sterile parenterale løsninger eller suspensjoner og orale løsninger eller suspensjoner og olj e-vann-emulsj oner inneholdende egnede mengder av en forbindelse med formel I eller farmakologisk godtagbare salter derav.
Farmasøytiske doseenhetsformer blir fremstilt for å gi fra omtrent 0,05 mg til omtrent 500 mg og fortrinnsvis fra omtrent 1,0 til omtrent 200 mg av den essensielle aktive bestanddel eller en kombinasjon av essensielle bestanddeler pr. doseenhets-form.
Orale farmasøytiske doseformer er enten faste eller flytende. De faste doseformer er tabletter, kapsler, granuler og bulk-pulvere. Typer av orale tabletter omfatter sammenpressede, tyggbare pastiller og tabletter som kan være enterisk belagte, sukkerbelagte eller filmbelagte. Kapsler kan være harde eller myke gelatin-kapsler, mens granuler og pulvere kan tilveiebringes i ikke-brusende eller brusende form med kombinasjon med andre bestanddeler kjent for fagfolk på området.
Farmasøytisk godtagbare bærere anvendt i tabletter er bindemidler, smøremidler, fortynningsmidler, desintegreringsmidler, farvemidler, smaksgivende midler og fuktemidler. Enterisk belagte tabletter, på grunn av deres enteriske belegg, motstår virkningen av mave-syre og oppløses eller desintegreres i nøytral eller alkalisk tarm. Sukkerbelagte tabletter er sammenpressede tabletter på hvilke forskjellige lag av farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser er påført. Filmbelagte tabletter er sammenpressede
tabletter som er belagt med vannoppløselige polymerer. Multippel sammenpressede tabletter er sammenpressede tabletter fremstilt ved mer enn én kompresjonscyklus ved anvendelse av de farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser nevnt tidligere. Farvemidler kan også anvendes i doseformene ovenfor. Smaksgivende midler og søtningsmidler blir anvendt i sammenpressede tabletter, sukkerbelagte, multippel sammenpressede og tyggbare tabletter. Smaksgivende midler og søtningsmidler er spesielt nyttige for dannelse av tyggbare tabletter og pastiller.
Eksempler på bindemidler omfatter glukoseløsmng, akasieslim, gelatinløsning, sukrose og stivelsespasta. Smøremidler omfatter talk, stivelse, magnesium- eller kalsium-stearat, lycopodium og stearinsyre. Fortynningsmidler omfatter for eksempel laktose, sukrose, stivelse, kaolin, salt, mannitol og dikalsium-fosfat. Desintegreirngsmidler omfatter maisstivelse, potetstivelse, bentonitt, metylcellulose, agar og karboksymetylcellulose. Farvemidler omfatter for eksempel hvilke som helst av de godkjente sertifiserte vann-oppløselige FD- og C-farvemidler, blandinger derav og vann-uoppløselige FD- og C-farvemidler suspendert på alumina-hydrat. Søtningsmidler omfatter sukrose, laktose, mannitol og kunstige søtningsmidler så som natrium-cyklamat og sakkarin og et hvilket som helst antall of spray-tørrede smaksmidler. Smaksgivende midler omfatter naturlige smaksmidler ekstrahert fra planter så som frukter og syntetiske blandinger av forbindelser som gir en god smak. Fuktemidler omfatter propylenglykol-monostearat, sorbitan-monooleat, dietylenglykol-monolaurat og polyoksyetylen-lauraleter. Enteriske belegg omfatter fettsyrer, fett, vokser, skjellakk ammoniert skjellakk og cellulose-acetat-ftalater. Film-belegg omfatter hydroksyetylcellulose, natrium-karboksymetyl-cellulose, polyetylenglykol 4000 og celluloseacetat-ftalat.
Flytende orale doseformer omfatter vandige løsninger, emulsjoner, suspensjoner, løsninger og/eller suspensjoner rekonstituert fra ikke-brusende granuler og brusende preparater rekonstituert fra brusende granuler. Vandige løsninger omfatter for eksempel eliksirer og siruper. Emulsjoner er enten olje-i-vann eller vann-i-olje.
Eliksirer er klare, søtede, hydroalkoholiske preparater. Farmasøytisk godtagbare bærere anvendt i eliksirer omfatter oppløsningsmidler. Siruper er konsentrerte vandige løsninger av et sukker, for eksempel sukrose, og kan inneholde et konserveringsmiddel. En emulsjon er et to-fase-system hvor en væske er dispergert i form av små kuler i en annen væske. Farmasøytisk godtagbare bærere anvendt i emulsjoner er ikke-vandige væsker, emulgeringsmidler og konserveringsmidler. Suspensjoner anvender farmasøytisk godtagbare suspenderingsmidler og konserveringsmidler. Farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser anvendt i ikke-brusende granuler, for rekonstituering til en flytende oral doseform, omfatter fortynnings-midler, søtningsmidler og fuktemidler. Farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser anvendt i brusende granuler, for rekonstituering til en flytende oral doseform, omfatter organiske syrer og en kilde for karbondioksyd. Farvemidler og smaksgivende midler blir anvendt i alle doseformene ovenfor.
Oppløsningsmidler omfatter glycerin, sorbitol, etylalkohol og sirup. Eksempler på konserveringsmidler omfatter glycerin, metyl og propylparaben, benzoesyre, natriumbenzoat og alkohol. Eksempler på ikke-vandige væsker anvendt i emulsjoner omfatter mineralolje og bomullsfrøolje. Eksempler på emulgeringsmidler omfatter gelatin, akasie, tragakant, bentonitt og overflateaktive midler så som polyoksyetylen-sorbitan-monooleat. Suspendeirngsmidler omfatter natriumkarboksymetylcellulose, pektin, tragakant, Veegum og akasie. Fortynnings-midler omfatter laktose og sukrose. Søtningsmidler omfatter sukrose, siruper, glycerin og kunstige søtningsmidler så som natrium-cyklamat og sakkarin. Fuktemidler omfatter propylenglykol-monostearat, sorbitan-monooleat, dietylenglykol-monolaurat og polyoksy-etylenlauryleter. Organiske syrer omfatter sitronsyre og vinsyre. Kilder for karbondioksyd omfatter natriumbikarbonat og natriumkarbonat. Farvemidler omfatter hvilke som helst av de godkjente sertifiserte vann-oppløselige FD- og C-farger og blandinger derav. Smaksgivende midler omfatter naturlige smaksmidler ekstrahert fra planter så som frukter og syntetiske blandinger av forbindelser som gir en god smaksopplevelse.
Parenteral administrering av preparatene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse omfatter intravenøs, subkutan og intramuskulær administrering.
Preparater for parenteral administrering omfatter sterile løsninger klare for injeksjon, sterile, tørre, oppløselige produkter klar til å blandes med et oppløsningsmiddel like før anvendelse, omfattende subkutane tabletter, sterile suspensjoner klar for injeksjon, sterile, tørre, uoppløselige produkter klare for blanding med en bærer like før anvendelse og sterile emulsjoner. Løsningene kan være enten vandige eller ikke-vandige.
Farmasøytisk godtagbare bærere anvendt i parenterale preparater omfatter vandige bærere, ikke-vandige bærere, antimikrobielle midler, isotoniske midler, buffere, antioksydasjonsmidler, lokal-anestetika, suspenderings- og dispergeringsmidler, emulgeringsmidler, sekvesterings- eller chelaterings-midler og andre farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser.
Eksempler på vandige bærere omfatter natriumklorid-injeksjon, Ringers injeksjon, isotonisk dekstrose-injeksjon, sterilt-vann-injeksjon, dekstrose og laktert Ringers injeksjon, ikke-vandige parenterale bærere omfatter fikserte oljer av vegetabilsk opprinnelse, bomullsfrøolje, maisolje, sesamolje og jordnøttolje. Antimikrobielle midler i bakteriostatiske eller fungistatiske konsentrasjoner som må tilsettes parenterale preparater pakket i multippel-dosebeholdere, omfatter fenoler eller kresoler, merkurialer, benzylalkohol, klorbutanol, metyl- og propyl-p-hydroksybenzoesyre-estere, timerosal, benzalkoniumklorid og benzetonium-klorid. Isotoniske midler omfatter natriumklorid og dekstrose. Buffere omfatter fosfat og citrat. Antioksydasjonsmidler omfatter natriumbisulfat. Lokale anestetika omfatter prokain-hydroklorid. Suspenderings- og dispergeirngsmidler omfatter natrium-karboksymetylcelluose, hydroksypropyl-metylcellulose og polyvinylpyrrolidon. Emulgeringsmidler omfatter Polysorbat 80 (Tween 80). Et sekvesterings- eller chelaterings-middel av metall-ioner omfatter EDTA. Farmasøytiske bærere omfatter også etylalkohol, polyetylenglykol og propylenglykol for vannblandbare bærere og natriumhydroksyd, saltsyre, sitronsyre eller melkesyre for pH-regulering.
Konsentrasjonen av den farmasøytisk aktive forbindelse blir regulert slik at en injeksjon gir en effektiv mengde for å produsere den ønskede farmakologiske effekt.
Den eksakte dose avhenger av alder, vekt og tilstand til pasienten eller dyret, som kjent på området.
Parenterale enhetsdose-preparater blir pakket i en ampulle eller en sprøyte med en nål.
Alle preparater for parenteral administrering må være sterile, hvilket er kjent og praktisert på området.
Illustrativt er intravenøs eller intraarteriell infusjon av en steril vandig løsning inneholdende en aktiv forbindelse, en effektiv administreirngsmetode. En annen utførelsesform er en steril vandig eller oljeaktig løsning eller suspensjon inneholdende et aktivt materiale, injisert som nødvendig for å gi den ønskede farmakologiske effekt.
Farmasøytiske doseformer for rektal administrering er rektale suppositorier, kapsler og tabletter for systemisk effekt.
Rektale suppositorier anvendt her betyr faste stoffer for innsettelse i rectum som smelter eller mykner ved kroppstemperatur og frigir én eller flere farmakologisk eller terapeutisk aktive bestanddeler.
Farmasøytisk godtagbare substanser anvendt i rektale suppositorier er baser eller bærere og midler til å heve smeltepunktet.
Eksempler på baser omfatter kakaosmør (teobroma-olje), glycerin-gelatin, karbovoks (polyoksyetylen-glykol) og passende blandinger av mono-, di- og triglycerider av fettsyrer. Kombinasjoner av de forskjellige baser kan anvendes. Midler til å heve smeltepunktet til suppositorier omfatter spermaceti og voks. Rektale suppositorier kan fremstilles enten ved sammenpressingsmetoden eller ved støping. Den typiske vekt til et rektalt suppositorium er omtrent 2 til 3 g.
Tabletter og kapsler for rektal administrering blir fremstilt ved anvendelse av den samme farmasøytisk godtagbare substans og ved samme metoder som for preparater for oral administrering.
De farmasøytiske, terapeutisk aktive forbindelser med formel I blir administrert oralt, parenteralt eller rektalt i enhetsdoseformer eller multippeldoseformer. Enhetsdoseformer som anvendt her angir fysisk adskilte enheter egnet for mennesker og dyr og pakket individuelt som kjent på området. Hver enhetsdose inneholder en forutbestemt mengde av den terapeutisk aktive forbindelse som er tilstrekkelig til å gi den ønskede terapeutiske effekt, sammen med den nødvendige farmasøytiske bærer, tilsetningsmiddel eller fortynningsmiddel. Eksempler på enhetsdose-former omfatter ampuller og sprøyter, individuelt pakkede tabletter eller kapsler. Enhetsdose-former kan administreres i fraksjoner eller multipler derav. En multippel-doseform er et flertall av identiske enhetsdoseformer pakket i én beholder for å administreres i adskilt enhetsdose-form. Eksempler på multippel-doseformer omfatter medisinglass, flasker med tabletter eller kapsler eller flasker med mål. Multippel-doseform er således et multippel av enhetsdoser som ikke er adskilt i pakningen.
Forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan i preparater blandes med andre aktive forbindelser for å oppnå den ønskede kombinasjon av egenskaper. Andre aktive forbindelser med kjente farmakologiske egenskaper omfatter analgetika så som aspirin, fenacetin-acetaminofen, propoksyfen, pentazocin, codein, meperidin, oksycodon, mefenaminsyre og ibuprofen; muskelavslappende midler så som methokarbamol, orfenadrin, carisoprodol, meprobamat, chlorfenesin karbamat, diazepam, chlordiazepoksyd og chlorzoxazon; analeptika så som kaffein, metylfenidat og pentylentetrazol; kortikosteroider så som metylprednisolon, prednison, prednisolon og dexamethason; antihistaminer så som chlorfeniramin, cyproheptadin, promethazin og pyrilamin.
b) Lokale og topiske preparater
Typisk blir en terapeutisk effektiv dose formulert slik at den inneholder en
konsentrasjon på minst omtrent 0,1% vekt/vekt opptil omtrent 50% vekt/vekt eller mer, fortrinnsvis mer enn 1% vekt/vekt av den aktive forbindelse for vevet som behandles. Den aktive bestanddel kan administreres én gang eller kan deles i flere mindre doser for administrering med tidsintervaller. Det vil forstås at den nøyaktige dosering og varighet av behandlingen er en funksjon av vevet som behandles og kan bestemmes empirisk ved anvendelse av kjente testeprotokoller eller ved ekstrapolering fra in vivo eller in vitro testdata. Det skal bemerkes at konsentrasjoner og dose-verdier også kan variere med alderen til individet som behandles. Det skal videre forstås at for hvilket som helst spesielt individ, bør spesifikke doseregimer reguleres over tid i henhold til det individuelle behov og den profesjonelle bedømmelse til den personen som administerer eller overvåker administrering av preparatene og at konsentrasjonsområdene angitt her bare er eksempler og skal ikke begrense omfanget eller utførelsen av de søkte preparater.
Forbindelsen kan suspenderes i mikronisert eller annen egnet form eller kan derivatiseres for å gi et mer oppløselig aktivt produkt eller for å gi et prodrug. Formen av den resulterende blanding avhenger av flere faktorer, omfattende den tiltenkte administreirngs-metode og oppløseligheten av forbindelsen i den valgte bærer eller tilsetningsmiddel. Den effektive konsentrasjon som er tilstrekkelig til å forbedre hyperalgesi eller andre lidelser kan bestemmes empirisk.
Forbindelsene blir typisk inkludert i konsentrasjoner på 0,001% vekt/vekt eller over 1% vekt/vekt opptil 50% vekt/vekt eller høyere. Konsentrasjonen er generelt større enn konsentrasjonen for systemisk administrering av forbindelsene. Foretrukne konsentrasjoner er i området 0,01% vekt/vekt til omtrent 25%vekt/vekt, mer foretrukket 1% vekt/vekt til 25% vekt/vekt, enda mer foretrukket over omtrent 1% vekt/vekt til omtrent 10% vekt/vekt og mest foretrukket over 1% vekt/vekt opptil omtrent 5% vekt/vekt. Vandige suspensjoner og preparater inneholder 1% vekt/vekt eller mer.
Den resulterende blanding kan være en løsning, suspensjon, emulsjon eller lignende og blir formulert som kremer, geler, salver, emulsjoner, løsninger, eliksirer, losjoner, suspensjoner, tinkturer, pastaer, skum, aerosoler, irrigasjoner, spraypreparater, suppositorier, bandasjer eller hvilke som helst andre preparater egnet for topisk eller lokal administrering.
Administreirngsveien her er topisk eller lokal administrering og preparatene blir formulert på en måte som er egnet for hver administreringsvei. Foretrukne administreirngs-metoder omfatter topisk påføring på huden, øynene eller mukosa og lokal påføring på leddene, så som ved intra-artikulær injeksjon. Typiske bærere er således de som er egnet for farmasøytisk eller kosmetisk påføring på kropps-overflater eller for lokal injeksjon.
Farmasøytiske og kosmetiske bærere eller midler egnet for administrering av forbindelsene angitt her omfatter hvilke som helst slike bærere kjent for fagfolk på området å være egnet for den spesielle administreirngsmetoden. I tillegg kan forbindelsene formuleres som eneste farmasøytisk aktive bestanddel i preparatet eller kan kombineres med andre aktive bestanddeler. Den aktive forbindelsen blir inkludert i bæreren i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å gi en terapeutisk nyttig effekt uten alvorlige toksiske effekter for det behandlede individ. Den effektive konsentrasjon kan bestemmes empirisk ved testing av forbindelsene ved anvendelse av in vitro og in vivo systemer, omfattende dyremodellene beskrevet her.
For topisk administrering kan forbindelsene formuleres i preparater i form av geler, kremer, losjoner, faste stoffer, løsninger eller suspensjoner eller aerosoler. Preparater for behandling av human hud blir formulert for topisk påføring i en anti-hyperalgetisk effektiv mengde av én eller flere av forbindelsene valgt som beskrevet her, i et effektivt konsentrasjonsområde [etter vekt], mellom omtrent 0,1% og 80%, fortrinnsvis 0,1 til 50%, mer foretrukket større enn omtrent 1% opptil omtrent 50% eller mer i en krem, salve, losjon, gel, løsning eller fast base eller bærer kjent på området for å være ikke-toksiske og dermatologisk godtagbare eller egnet for påføring på mukosa. Vandige suspensjoner blir fortrinnsvis formulert i konsentrasjoner over omtrent 1% vekt/vekt, mer foretrukket 2% vekt/vekt.
For å formulere et preparat blir vekt-fraksjonen av forbindelsen oppløst, suspendert, dispergert eller på annen måte blandet i en valgt bærer i en effektiv konsentrasjon slik at den hyperalgetiske lidelsen blir lindret eller forbedret. Generelt er bløtgjørende eller smørende bærere som hjelper til å hydratisere huden mer foretrukket enn flyktige bærere, så som etanol, som tørker ut huden. Eksempler på egnede baser eller bærere for fremstilling av preparater for anvendelse på human hud er vaselin, vaselin pluss flyktige silikoner, lanolin, kald krem [USP] og hydrofil salve [USP].
Valget av en godtagbar bærer blir i det vesentlige bestemt av påføringsmetoden og vevet som skal behandles. Egnede farmasøytisk og dermatologisk godtagbare bærere for topisk påføring omfatter de følgende: losjoner, kremer, løsninger, geler, taper og lignende. Generelt er bæreren enten organisk av natur eller en vandig emulsjon som kan ha den valgte forbindelse eller forbindelser, som kan være mikronisert, dispergert, suspendert eller oppløst deri. Bæreren kan omfatte farmasøytisk godtagbare bløtgjøringsmidler, hudpenetrerings-forbedrere, farvemidler, duftgivende midler, emulgeringsmidler, fortykningsmidler og oppløsningsmidler.
For lokal intern administrering, så som intra-artikulær administrering, blir forbindelsene fortrinnsvis formulert som en suspensjon i et vann-basert medium, så som isotonisk bufret saltvann eller blandes med en biokompatibel bærer eller bioadhesivt middel for innvendig administrering.
Losjoner
Losjonene inneholder en effektiv konsentrasjon av én eller flere av forbindelsene. Den effektive sammenkjeding er fortrinnsvis effektiv til å levere en anti-hyperalgetisk mengde, typisk i en konsentrasjon på mellom omtrent 0,1 - 50% vekt/vekt eller mer av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her. Losjonene inneholder også fra 1% til 50% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra 3% til 15% vekt/vekt av et bløtgjøringsmiddel og resten vann, en egnet buffer, en C2- eller C3-alkohol eller en blanding av vann med bufferen og alkoholen.
Hvilke som helst bløt-gjøirngsmidler kjent for fagfolk på området som egnede for påføring på human hud kan anvendes. Disse omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, de følgende: (a) Hydrokarbonoljer og vokser, omfattende mineralolje, vaselin, paraffin, ceresin, ozokeritt, mikrokrystallinsk voks, polyetylen og perhydroskvalen. (b) Silikonoljer, omfattende dimetylpolysiloksaner, metylfenyl-polysiloksaner, vann-oppløselige og alkohol-oppløselige silikon-glykol-kopolymerer. (c) Triglycerid-fett og -oljer, omfattende de avledet fra vegetabilske, animalske og marine kilder. Eksempler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, lakserolje, saflorolje, bomullsfrøolje, maisolje, olivenolje, torskelevertran, mandelolje, avokado-olje, palmeolje, sesamolje og soyabønneolje.
(d) Acetoglyceird-estere, så som acetylerte monoglycerider.
(e) Etoksylerte glycerider, så som etoksylert glyceryl-monostearat.
(f) Alkylestere av fettsyrer som har 10 til 20 karbonatomer. Metyl-, isopropyl-og butyl-estere av fettsyrer er nyttige her. Eksempler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, heksyl-laurat, isoheksyl-laurat, isoheksyl-palmitat, isopropyl-palmitat, isopropyl-myristat, decyl-oleat, isodecyl-oleat, heksadecyl-stearat, decyl-stearat, isopropyl-isostearat-diisopropyl-adipat, diisoheksyl-adipat, diheksyldecyl-adipat, diisopropyl-sebacat, lauryl-laktat, myristyl-laktat og cetyl-laktat. (g) Alkenylestere av fettsyrer som har 10 til 20 karbonatomer. Eksempler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, oleyl-myristat, oleyl-stearat og oleyl-oleat. (h) Fettsyrer som har 9 til 22 karbonatomer. Egnede eksempler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, pelargonsyre, laurinsyre, myristinsyre, palmitinsyre, stearinsyre, isostearinsyre, hydroksystearinsyre, oleinsyre, linolsyre, ricinusoljesyre, arachidonsyre, behensyre og erucinsyre. (i) Fettalkoholer som har 10 til 20 karbonatomer, så som, men ikke begrenset til, lauryl-, myristyl-, cetyl-, heksadecyl-, stearyl-, isostearyl-, hydroksystearyl-, oleyl-, ricinoleyl-, behenyl-, erucyl- og 2-oktyldodecyl-alkoholer.
0) Fett-alkohol-etere, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, etoksylerte fett-alkoholer med 10 til 20 karbonatomer, så som, men er ikke begrenset til, lauryl-cetyl-, stearyl-, isostearyl-, oleyl- og cholesterol-alkoholer som har tilknyttet fra 1 til 50 etylenoksyd-grupper eller 1 til 50 propylenoksyd-grupper eller blandinger derav.
(k) Eter-estere, så som fettsyre-estere, av etoksylerte fettalkoholer.
(1) Lanolin og derivater, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, lanolin, lanolinolje, lanolin-voks, lanolin-alkoholer, lanolin-fettsyrer, isopropyl-lanolat, etoksylert lanolin, etoksylerte lanolin-alkoholer, etoksylert cholesterol, propoksylerte lanolin-alkoholer, acetylert lanolin, acetylerte lanolin-alkoholer, lanolin-alkohol-linoleat, lanolin-alkohol-ricinoleat, acetat av lanolin-alkohol-ricinoleat, acetat av etoksylerte alkoholer-estere, hydrogenolyse av lanolin, etoksylert hydrogenert lanolin, etoksylert sorbitol-lanolin og flytende og halvfaste lanolin-absorpsjons-baser. (m) Polyhydriske alkoholer og polyeter-derivater, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, propylenglykol, dipropylenglykol, polypropylenglykol [M.V. 2000-4000], polyoksyetylen-polyoksypropylenglykoler, polyoksypropylen-polyoksyetylen-glykoler, glycerol, etoksylert glycerol, propoksylert glycerol, sorbitol, etoksylert sorbitol, hydroksypropyl-sorbitol, polyetylenglykol [M.V. 200-6000], metoksy- polyetylenglykoler 350, 550, 750, 2000, 5000, poly)etylenoksyd)-homopolymerer [M.V. 100,000 - 5,000,000], polyalkylen-glykoler og derivater, heksylen-glykol (2-metyl-2,4-pentandiol), 1,3-butylenglykol, 1,2,6-heksantriol, ethoheksadiol USP (2-etyl-l,3-heksandiol), C15-C18 vicinal glykol og polyoksypropylen-derivater av trimetylolpropan.
(n) Polyhydriske alkoholestere, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, etylenglykol-mono- og di-fettsyre-estere, dietylenglykol-mono- og di-fettsyre-estere, polyetylenglykol-[M.V. 200-6000] mono- og di-fettsyreestere, propylenglykol-mono- og di-fettsyre-estere, polypropylenglykol 2000 monooleat, polypropylenglykol 2000 monostearat, etoksylert propylenglykol-monostearat, glyceryl-mono- og di-fettsyre-estere, polyglycerol-poly-fettsyre-estere, etoksylert glyceryl-monostearat, 1,3-butylenglykol-monostearat, 1,3-butylenglykol-distearat, polyoksyetylen-polyol- fettsyre-ester, sorbitan-fettsyre-estere og polyoksyetylen-sorbitan-fettsyre-estere.
(o) Voksestere, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, bivoks, spermacett, myristyl-myristat og stearylstearat og bivoks-derivater, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, polyoksyetylen-sorbitol-bivoks, som er reaksjonsprodukter av bivoks med etoksylert sorbitol med varierende etylenoksyd-innhold som danner en blanding av eter-estere.
(p) Vegetabilske vokser, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, carnauba- og candelilla-vokser.
(q) Fosfolipider, så som lecitin og derivater.
(r) Steroler, omfattende, men ikke begrenset til, cholesterol og cholesterol-fettsyre-estere.
(s) Amider, så som fettsyre-amider, etoksylerte fettsyre-amider og faste fettsyre-alkanolamider.
Losjonene inneholder fortrinnsvis videre fra 1% vekt/vekt til 10% vekt/vekt, mer foretrukket fra 2% vekt/vekt til 5% vekt/vekt av et emulgeringsmiddel. Emulgeringsmidlene kan være ikke-ioniske, anioniske eller kationiske. Eksempler på tilfredsstillende ikke-ioniske emulgeringsmidler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, fett-alkoholer som har 10 til 20 karbonatomer, fett-alkoholer som har 10 til 20 karbonatomer kondensert med 2 til 20 mol etylenoksyd eller propylenoksyd, alkyl- fenoler med 6 til 12 karbonatomer i alkylkjeden kondensert med 2 til 20 mol etylen-oksyd, mono- og di-fettsyre-estere av etylen-oksyd-mono- og di-fettsyre-estere av etylenglykol hvor fettsyregruppen inneholder fra 10 til 20 karbonatomer, dietylen-glykol, polyetylen-glykoler med molekylvekt 200 til 6000, propylenglykoler med molekylvekt 200 til 3000, glycerol, sorbitol, sorbitan, polyoksyetylen-sorbitol, polyoksyetylen-sorbitan og hydrofile voksestere. Egnede anioniske emulgeringsmidler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, fettsyre-såper, f. eks. natrium-, kalium- og trietanolamin-såper, hvor fettsyre-gruppen inneholder fra 10 til 20 karbonatomer. Andre egnede anioniske emulgeringsmidler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til alkalimetall, ammonium eller substituerte ammonium-alkylsulfater, alkyl-arylsulfonater og alkyletoksy-eter-sulfonater som har 10 til 30 karbonatomer i alkyl-gruppen. Alkyletoksy-eter-sulfonatene inneholder fra 1 til 50 etylen-oksyd-enheter. Blant tilfredsstillende kationiske emulgeringsmidler er kvaternær ammonium, morfolinium- og pyridinium-forbindelser. Visse av bløtgjøringsmidlene beskrevet i de foregående avsnitt har også emulgerende egenskaper. Når en losjon blir formulert inneholdende et slikt et bløtgjøringsmiddel, er et ytterligere emulgeringsmiddel ikke nødvendig, selv om det kan inkluderes i preparatet.
Resten av losjonen er vann eller en C2- eller C3-alkohol eller en blanding av vann og alkoholen. Losjonene blir formulert ved ganske enkelt å blande alle komponentene sammen. Fortrinnsvis blir forbindelsen oppløst, suspendert eller på annen måte jevnt dispergert i blandingen.
Andre konvensjonelle komponenter i slike losjoner kan inkluderes. Et slikt additiv er et tykningsmiddel i en mengde fra 1% til 10% vekt/vekt av preparatet. Eksempler på egnede tykningsmidler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til: kryssbundne karboksypolymetylen-polymerer, etylcellulose, polyetylenglykoler, gummi, tragakant, gummi kharaya, xantan-gummier og bentonitt, hydroksyetyl- cellulose og hydroksypropyl-cellulose.
Kremer
Kremer blir formulert slik at de inneholder en konsentrasjon som er effektiv for å gi en anti-hyperalgetisk effektiv mengde av forbindelsen til det behandlede vev, typisk mellom omtrent 0,1%, fortrinnsvis mer enn 1%, opptil og mer enn 50%, fortrinnsvis mellom omtrent 3% og 50%, mer foretrukket mellom omtrent 5% og 15% av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her. Kremer inneholder også fra 5% til 50%, fortrinnsvis fra 10% til 25%, av et bløtgjøringsmiddel og resten er vann eller andre egnede, ikke-toksiske bærere, så som en isotonisk buffer. Bløtgjøringsmidler, som beskrevet ovenfor for losjonene, kan også anvendes i krempreparatene. Kremen kan også inneholde et egnet emulgeringsmiddel, som beskrevet ovenfor. Emulgeringsmidlet blir inkludert i preparatet i en mengde fra 3% til 50%, fortrinnsvis fra 5% til 20%.
Løsninger og suspensjoner for topisk og lokal administrering
Løsningene blir formulert for å inneholde en mengde på én eller flere forbindelser som er effektive for å gi en anti-hyperalgetisk mengde, typisk i en konsentrasjon på mellom omtrent 0,1 - 50% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis minst mer enn 1% vekt/vekt, mer foretrukket mer enn 2% vekt/vekt av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her. Resten er vann, et egnet organisk oppløsningsmiddel eller et annet egnet oppløsningsmiddel eller buffer. Egnede organiske materialer som er nyttige som oppløsningsmidler eller en del av et oppløsnings-middelsystem er som følger: propylenglykol, polyetylenglykol [M.V. 200-600], polypropylenglykol [M.V. 425-2025], glycerin, sorbitolestere, 1,2,6-heksantriol, etanol, isopropanol, dietyltartrat, butandiol og blandinger derav. Slike oppløsningsmiddel-systemer kan også inneholde vann.
Løsninger eller suspensjoner anvendt for lokal anvendelse kan omfatte hvilke som helst av de følgende komponenter: et sterilt fortynningsmiddel, så som vann for injeksjon, saltvannsløsning, fiksert olje, polyetylenglykol, glycerin, propylenglykol eller andre syntetiske oppløsningsmidler; antimikrobielle midler, så som benzyl-alkohol og metylparabener; antioksydasjonsmidler, så som askorbinsyre og natrium- bisulfitt; chelateringsmidler, så som etylendiamintetraeddiksyre [EDTA]; buffere, så som acetater, citrater og fosfater; og midler for regulering av tonisiteten så som natriumklorid eller dekstrose. Flytende preparater kan innføres i ampuller, engangssprøyter eller multippel-dose-medisinglass fremstilt av glass, plast eller et annet egnet materiale. Egnede bærere kan omfatte fysiologisk saltvann eller fosfat-bufret saltvann [PBS] og suspensjonene og løsningene kan inneholde fortykningsmidler og solubiliseirngsmidler, så som glukose, polyetylenglykol og polypropylenglykol og blandinger derav. Liposomale suspensjoner kan også være egnet som farmasøytisk godtagbare bærere. Disse kan fremstilles i henhold til metoder kjent for fagfolk på området.
Disse preparatene som er formulert som løsninger eller suspensjoner kan påføres på huden eller kan være formulert som en aerosol eller skum og påføres på huden som et spray-preparat. Aerosol-preparatene inneholder typisk fra 25% til 80% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra 30% til 50% vekt/vekt, av et egnet drivmiddel. Eksempler på slik drivmidler er the klorerte, fluorerte og klorfluorerte hydrokarboner med lavere molekylvekt. Dinitrogenoksyd, karbondioksyd, butan og propan blir også anvendt som drivgasser. Disse drivmidler blir anvendt i henhold til kjent teknikk, i en mengde og under et trykk som er egnet for å drive innholdet ut av beholderen.
Hensiktsmessig fremstilte løsninger og suspensjoner kan også påføres topisk til øynene og mukosa. Løsninger, spesielt de som skal anvendes oftalmisk, kan formuleres som 0,01% -10% vekt/vekt isotoniske løsninger, pH omtrent 5-7, med passende salter og fortrinnsvis inneholdende én eller flere av forbindelsene her i en konsentrasjon på omtrent 0,1% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis over 1% vekt/vekt, opptil 50% vekt/vekt eller mer. Egnede oftalmiske løsninger er kjente [se f. eks. U.S. patent nr. 5,116,868, som beskriver typiske preparater av oftalmiske skylle-løsninger og løsninger for topisk påføring]. Slike løsninger, som har en pH regulert til omtrent 7,4, inneholder for eksempel 90-100 mM natriumklorid, 4-6 mM dibasisk kalium-fosfat, 4-6 mM dibasisk natriumfosfat, 8-12 mM natriumcitrat, 0,5-1,5 mM magnesiumklorid, 1,5-2,5 mM kalsiumklorid, 15-25 mM natriumacetat, 10-20 mM D.L.-natrium-B-hydroksy-butyrat og 5-5,5 mM glukose.
De aktive forbindelser ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan også blandes med andre aktive materialer som ikke ødelegger den ønskede virkning eller med materialer som supplerer den ønskede virkning, omfattende viskoelastiske materialer, så som hyaluronsyre, som blir solgt under varemerket HEALON [løsning av en høymolekyl-vekt (MV på omtrent 3 millioner) fraksjon av natrium-hyaluronat; fremstilt av Pharmacia, Inc. se f. eks. U.S. Patent Nr. 5,292,362, 5,282,851, 5,273,056, 5,229,127, 4,517,295 og 4,328,803], VISCOAT [fluor-inneholdende (met)akrylater, så som 1H, 2H, 2H-heptadekafluordecylmetakrylat; se f. eks. U.S. Patent Nr. 5,278,126, 5,273,751 og 5,214,080; kommersielt tilgjengelig fra Alcon Surgical, Inc.], ORCOLON [se f. eks. U.S. Patent Nr. 5,273,056; kommersielt tilgjengelig fra Optical Radiation Corporation], metylcellulose, metyl-hyaluronat, polyakrylamid og polymetakrylamid [se f. eks. U.S. patent nr. 5,273,751]. De viscoelastiske materialer er generelt til stede i mengder i området fra omtrent 0,5 til 5,0% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis 1 til 3% vekt/vekt av konjugat-materialet og tjener til å belegge og beskytte det behandlede vev. Preparatene kan også omfatte et farvemiddel, så som metylen-blått eller andre inerte farvemidler, slik at preparatet kan sees når det blir injisert i øyet eller bragt i kontakt med operasjons-stedet under operasjon.
Geler
Gel-preparater kan formuleres ved ganske enkelt å blande et egnet tykningsmiddel med den tidligere beskrevne løsning eller suspensjonspreparat. Eksempler på egnede tykningsmidler er tidligere beskrevet med hensyn på losjoner.
De gelerte preparater inneholder en effektiv mengde av én eller fler av en antihyper-algetisk mengde, typisk i en konsentrasjon på mellom omtrent 0,1 - 50% vekt/vekt eller mer av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt der; fra 5% til 75% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra 10% til 50% vekt/vekt, av et organisk oppløsningsmiddel som tidligere beskrevet; fra 0,5% til 20% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra 1% til 10% vekt/vekt av tykningsmidlet; idet resten er vann eller en annen vandig bærer.
Faste stoffer
Preparater i faste former kan formuleres som klebe-type preparater for påføring på leppene eller andre deler av kroppen. Slike preparater inneholder en effektiv mengde av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her. Mengden er typisk en mengde som er effektiv til å gi en anti-hyperanalgetisk mengde, typisk i en konsentrasjon på mellom omtrent 0,1 - 50% vekt/vekt eller mer av én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her. De faste stoffene inneholder også fra omtrent 40% til 98% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra omtrent 50% til 905 vekt/vekt, av de tidligere beskrevne bløtgjøringsmidler. Dette preparatet kan videre inneholde fra 1% til 20% vekt/vekt, fortrinnsvis fra 5% til 15% vekt/vekt av et egnet tykningsmiddel og, om ønsket eller nødvendig, emulgeringsmidler og vann eller buffere. Tykningsmidlene beskrevet ovenfor for losjoner kan hensiktsmessig anvendes i preparatet i fast form.
Andre bestanddeler så som konserveringsmidler, omfattende metyl-paraben eller etyl-paraben, parfymer, farvemidler eller lignende, som er kjent på området for å gi ønskelig stabilitet, duft eller farve eller andre ønskelige egenskaper, så som skjerming fra aktiniske solstråler i preparater for påføring på huden kan også anvendes i et preparat for slik topisk påføring.
Ytterligere bestanddeler
Andre aktive bestanddeler omfatter, men er ikke begrenset til, antibiotika, antivirale midler, antifungale midler, anti-inflammatoriske midler, omfattende steroide og ikke-steroide anti-inflammatoriske midler, anestetika og blandinger derav. Slike ytterligere bestanddeler omfatter hvilke som helst av de følgende:
a. Antibakterielle midler
Aminoglykosider, så som Amikacin, Apramycin, Arbekacin, Bambermycins, Butirosin, Dibekacin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Fortimicin(er), Fradiomycin, Gentamicin, Ispamicin, Kanamycin, Mikronomicin, Neomycin, Neomycin Undecylenat, Netilmicin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin, Sisomicin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin, Streptonicozid og Tobramycin;
Amfenikoler, så som Azidamfenicol, Chloramfenicol, Chloramfenicol Palmirat, Chloramfenicol Pantothenat, Florfenicol, Tiamfenicol;
Ansamyciner, så som Rifamid, Rifampin, Rifamycin og Rifaximin;
6-laktamer;
Karbapenemer, så som Imipenem;
Cefalosporiner, så som 1-Carba (detia) Cephalosporin, Cefactor, Cefadroxil, Cefamandole, Cefatrizin, Cefazedon, Cefazolin, Cefixime, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefonicid, Cefoperazon, Ceforanid, Cefotaxime, Cefotiam, Cefpimizol, Cefpirimid, Cefpodoksim Proxetil, Cefroksadin, Cefsulodin, Ceftazidime, Cefteram, Ceftezol, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoksim, Ceftriaxon, Cefuroksim, Cefuzonam, Cephacetrile Natrium, Cephalexin, Cephaloglycin, Cephaloridin, Cephalosporin, Cephalothin, Cephapirin Natrium, Cephradin og Pivcefalexin;
Cefamyciner så som Cefbuperazon, Cefmetazol, Cefminox, Cefetan og Cefoxitin;
Monobaktamer så som Aztreonam, Carumonam og Tigemonan;
Oksacefemer så som Flomoxef og Moksolactam;
Penicilliner så som Amidinocillin, Amdinocillin, Pivoxil, Amoxicillin, Ampicillan, Apalcillin, Aspoxicillin, Azidocillan, Azlocillan, Bacampicillin, Benzylpenicillinic Acid, Benzylpemcillin, Carbenicillin, Carfecillin, Carindacillin, Clometocillin, Cloksacillin, Cyclacillin, Dicloksacillin, Difenicillin, Epicillin, Fenbenicillin, Floxicillin, Hetacillin, Lenampicillin, Metampicillin, Methicillin, Mezlocillin, Nafcillin, Oksacillin, Penamecillin,, Penethamat Hydrjodid, Penicillin G Benethamin, Penicillin G Benzathin, Penicillin G Benzhydrylamin, Penicillin G Kalsium, Penicillin G Hydragamin, Penicillin G Kalium, Pemcillin G. Procain, Penicillin N, Penicillin O, Penicillin V, Penicillin V Benzathin, Penicillin V Hydrabamin, Penimepicyclin, Fenethicillin, Piperacillin, Pivapicillin, Propicillin, Kinacillin, Sulbenicillin, Talampicillin, Temocillin og Ticarcillin;
Linkosamider så som Clindamycin og Lincomycin;
Makrolider så som Azithromycin, Carbomycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin(er) og derivater, Josamycin, Leucomycins, Midecamycins, Miokamycin, Oleandomycin, Primycin, Rokitamycin, Rosaramicin, Roxithromycin, Spiramycin og Troleandomycin;
Polypeptider så som Amphomycin, Bacitracin, Capreomycin, Colistin, Enduracidin, Enviomycin, Fusafungin, Gramicidin(s), Gramicidin S, Mikamycin, Polymyxin, Polymyxin B-Methanesulfonic Acid, Pristinamycin, Ristocetin, Teicoplanin, Thiostrepton, Tuberactinomycin, Tyrocidine, Tyrothricin, Vancomycin, Viomycin(er), Virginiamycin og Zinc Bacitracin;
Tetracykliner så som Spicycline, Chlortetracycline, Clomocycline, Demeclocycline, Doxcycline, Guamecycline, Lymecycline, Meclocycline, Methacycline, Minocycline, Oxytetracycline, Penimepicycline, Pipacycline, Rolitetracycline, Sancycline, Senociclin og Tetracycline; og
andre så som Cykloserine, Mupirocin, Tuberin.
b. Syntetiske Antibakterielle midler
2,4-diaminopyrimidiner så som Brodimoprim, Tetroxoprim og Trimethoprim;
Nitrofuraner så som Furaltadone, Furazolium, Nifuradene, Nifuratel, Nifurfoline, Nifurpirinol, Nifurprazine, Nifurtoinol og Nitrofurantoin;
Kinoloner og analoger derav, så som Amifloxacin, Cinoxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Difloxacin, Enoxacin, Fleroxacin, Flumequin, Lomefloxacin, Miloxacin, Nalidixic Acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Oxolinic Acid, Perfloxacin, Pipemidic Acid, Piromidic Acid, Rosoxacin, Temafloxacin og Tosufloxacin;
Sulfonamider så som Acetyl Sulfamethoxypyrazine, Acetyl Sulfisoxazole, Azosulfamide, Benzylsulfamide, Chloramine-B, Chloramine-T, Dichloramine-T, Formosulfathiazole, N^-Formyl-sulfisomidine, N^-B-D-Glucosylsulfanilamide, Mafenide, 4'-(Methyl-sulfamoyl)sulfamlamlide, p-Nitrosulfathiazole, Noprylsulfamide, Phthalylsulfacetamide, Phthalylsulfathiazole, Salazosulfadimidine, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfabenzamide, Sulfacetamide, Sulfachlorpyridazine, Sulfachrysoidine, Sulfacytine, Sulfadiazine, Sulfadicramide, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfadoxine, Sulfaethidole, Sulfaguanidine, Sulfaguanol, Sulfalene, Sulfaloxic Acid, Sulfamerazine, Sulfameter, Sulfamethazine, Sulfamethizole, Sulfamethomidine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamethoxypyridazine, Sulfametrole, sulfamidochrysoidine, Sulfamoxole, Sulfanilamide, Sulfanilamidomethanesulfonic Acid Triethanolamine Salt, 4-Sulfanilamidosalicyclic Acid, N^-Sulfamlylsulfanilamide, Sulfanilylurea, N-Sulfanilyl-3,4-xylamide, Sulfanitran, Sulfaperine, Sulfaphenazole, Sulfaproxyline, Sulfapyrazine, Sulfapyridine, Sulfasomizole, Sulfasymazine, Sulfathiazole, Sulfathiourea, Sulfatolamide, Sulfisomidine og Sulfisoksazole;
Sulfoner så som Acedapsone, Acediasulfone, Acetosulfone, Dapsone, Diathymosulfone, Glucosulfone, Solasulfone, Succisulfone, Sulfanilic Acid, p-Sulfanilyl-benzylamine, p,p'-sulfonyldianiline-N,N'digalactoside, Sulfoxone og Thiazolsulfone;
Andre, så som Clofoctol, Hexedine, Magainins, Methenamine, Methenamine Anhydromethylene-citrate, Methenamine Hippurate, Methenamine Mandelate, Methenamine Sulfosalicylate, Nitroxoline, Squalamine og Xibornol.
c. Antifungale midler (antibiotika)
Polyener så som Amphotericin-B, Candicidin, Dermostatin, Filipin, Fungichromin, Hachimycin, Hamycin, Lucensomycin, Mepartricin, Natamycin, Nystatin, Pecilocin, Perimycin og andre, så som Azaserin, Griseofulvin, Oligomyciner, Pyrrolnitrin, Siccanin, Tubercidin og Viridin.
d. Antifungale midler (syntetiske)
Allylaminer så som Naftifine og terbinafine;
Imidazoler så som Bifonazole, Butoconazole, Chlordantoin, Chlormidazole, Cloconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Enilconazole, Finticonazole, Isoconazole, Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Omoconazole, Oxiconazole Nitrate, Sulconazole og Tioconazole;
Triazoler så som Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Terconazole;
Andre så som Acrisorcin, Amorolfine, Biphenamine, Bromsalicylchloranilide, Buclosamide, Chlofenesin, Ciclopirox, Cloxyquin, Coparaffinate, Diamthazole, Dihydrochloride, Exalamide, Flucytosine, Halethazole, Hexetidine, Loflucarban, Nifuratel, Kaliumjodid, Propionsyre, Pyrithione, Salicylanilid, Sulbentine, Tenonitrozole, Tolciclate, Tolindate, Tolnaftate, Tricetin, Ujothion og Undecylenic Acid.
e. Antiglaukom-midler
Antiglaukom-midler, så som Dapiprazoke, Dichlorphenamide, Dipivefrin og Pilocarpine.
f. Anti-inflammatoriske midler
Kortikosteroider, aminoarylkarboksylsyre-derivater så som Etofenamate, Meclofenamic Acid, Mefanamic Acid, Niflumic Acid;
Aryleddiksyre-derivater så som Acemetacin, Amfenac Cinmetacin, Clopirac, Diclofenac, Fenclofenac, Fenclorac, Fenclozic Acid, Fentiazac, Glucametacin, Isozepac, Lonazolac, Metiazinic Acid, Oxametacine, Proglumetacin, Sulindac, Tiaramide og Tolmetin;
Arylsmørsyre-derivater så som Butibufen og Fenbufen;
Arylkarboksylsyrer så som Clidanac, Ketorolac og Tinoridin;
Arylpropionsyre-derivater så som Bucloxic Acid, Carprofen, Fenoprofen, Flunoxaprofen, Ibuprofen, Ibuproxam, Oxaprozin, Piketoprofen, Pirprofen, Pranoprofen, Protizinic Acid og Tiaprofenic Acid;
Pyrazoler så som Mepirizole;
Pyrazoloner så som Clofezone, Feprazone, Mofebutazone, Oxyfenbutazone, Phenylbutazone, Phenyl Pyrazolidininoner, Suxibuzone og Thiazolinobutazone;
Salicylsyre-derivater så som Bromsaligenin, Fendosal, Glykol Sal;icylate, Mesalamine, 1-Naphthyl Salicylate, Olsalazine og Sulfasalazine;
Tiazinkarboksamider så som Droxicam, Isoxicam og Piroxicam;
Andre så som e-Acetamidocaproic Acid, S-Adenosylmethionin, 3-amino-4-hydroksysmørsyre, Amixetrine, Bendazac, Bucolome, Carbazoner, Difenpiramide, Ditazol, Guaiazulene, heterocykliske aminoalkyl-estere av Mycofenolsyre og derivater, Nabumetone, Nimesulide, Orgotein, Oxaceprol, Oksazol-derivater, Paranyline, Pifoxime, 2-substituerte-4,6-di-tertiær-butyl-s-hydroksy-l,3-pyrimidiner, Proquazone og Tenidap.
g. Antiseptiske midler
Guanidiner så som Alexidine, Ambazone, Chlorhexidine og Picloxydine;
Halogener/Halogen-forbindelser så som Bomylklorid, Kalsium-jodat, Jod, Jod-monoklorid, Jod-triklorid, Iodoform, Povidone-Jod, natrium-hypokloritt, natrium- jodat, Symclosene, Thymol Iodide, Triclocarban, Triclosan og Troclosene Potassium;
Nitrofuraner så som Furazolidone, 2-(metoksymetyl)-5-nitrofuran, Nidroxyzone, Nifuroxime, Nifurzide og Nitrofurazone;
Fenoler så som Acetomeroctol, Chloroxylenol, Hexachlorophene, 1-naftyl-salicylat, 2,4,6-tribrom-m-kresol og 3',4',5—triklorsalicylanilid;
Kinoliner så som Aminoquinuride, Chlorxine, Chlorquinaldol, Cloxyquin, Etylhydrocupreine, Halquinol, Hydrastine, 8-hydroksykinolin og sulfat; og
andre, så som borsyre, Chloroazodin, m-kresylacetat, kobber(H) sulfat og Ichthammol.
h. Antivirale midler
Puriner/Pyrimidinoner, så som 2-acetyl-pyridin 5-((2-pyridylamino)tiokarbonyl)-tiokarbonohydrazon, Acyclovir, Dideoxyadenosin, dideoxycytidine, Dideoxyinosine, Edoxudine, Floxuridine, Ganciclovir, Idoxuridine, MADU, pyridinon, Trifluridine, Vidrarbine og Zidovudline;
Andre, så som acetylleucin-monoetanolamin, akridinamin, alkylisooksazoler, amantadin, amidinomycin, kuminaldehyd-tiosemikarbzon, Foscarnet Sodium, Kethoxal, Lysozyme, Methisazone, Moroxydine, Podophyllotoxin, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Stallimycin, Statolon, Thymosiner, Tromantadine og Xenazoic Acid.
Kombinasjoner og sett
Forbindelsene og preparatene inneholdende forbindelsene kan også belegges på bandasjer, blandet med bioadhesiver eller inkludert i forbindinger.
Fremstilte artikler
Forbindelsene og preparatene angitt her kan pakkes som fremstilte artikler inneholdende pakkemateriale, én eller flere av forbindelsene angitt her, som er effektive for å lindre perifer hyperalgesi, i pakkematerialet og en merkelapp som indikerer at forbindelsen, N-oksydet, syren, saltet eller et annet derivat derav skal anvendes for behandling av hyperalgetiske tilstander.
Metoder for behandling
Preparater for anvendelse på human hud kan fortrinnsvis påføres minst én gang pr. dag eller om nødvendig for å oppnå det ønskede resultat, oftere, på de områder av huden hvor behandling er nødvendig. Det skal forstås at det nøyaktige behandlingsregimet avhenger av individet som behandles og kan konstateres empirisk avhengig av preparatet og spesielt, alderen til det behandlede individ. Hvilket som helst regime er godtagbart så lenge de ønskede anti-hyperalgetiske effekter blir oppnådd uten skadelige eller langvarige uønskede bivirkninger.
Metodene for behandling av human hud blir praktisert ved å påføre på huden, fortrinnsvis minst daglig, et preparat egnet for human hud-behandling eller behandling av mukosale membraner og andre kroppsoverflate-vev, omfattende vagina, rectum, munnen, øynene og andre slike vev. Preparatene kan injiseres i ledd eller andre betente områder.
Preparatene kan kombineres med bandasjer, bioadhesiver og andre forbindinger og påføres kroppen i kombinasjon med disse.
De følgende eksempler er inkludert for illustrative formål.
Bestanddelene ble blandet og innkapslet ved anvendelse av teknikker kjent på området.
Eksempel B - Tablett
Bestanddelene ble blandet, og deretter ført gjennom U.S. Standard Screens for å gi fine granuler. Granulene ble sammenpresset til tabletter, idet hver tablett inneholdt omtrent 150 mg av aktiv forbindelse ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse.
Bestanddelene, uten den aktive forbindelse, blir dispergert i vann for å gi omtrent 800 til 900 ml løsning. Den aktive forbindelsen blir deretter tilsatt, og løsningen blir omrørt til en sirup. Vann blir deretter tilsatt til 1000 ml sirup.
Avionisert vann q.s. 1000 ml
Bestanddelene oppløses i vann for å gi en løsning fulgt av sterilisering ved filtrering.
Eksempel E - Rektalt Suppositorium
Den aktive forbindelse blir satt til propylenglykolen og malt inntil en findelt, jevn blanding blir dannet. Polyetylenglykol 4000 blir smeltet, og propylenglykol-dispersjonen blir tilsatt under omrøring for å oppnå en suspensjon. Suspensjonen blir hellet i former, får stivne og fjernes fra formene for pakking.
Eksempel F - Vann- vaskbar salve
Bestanddelene blir smeltet sammen og blandet godt inntil den resulterende salve stivner.
Eksempel G - Olie- i- vann krem
Buffer til pH 7,0% vekt/vekt
For fremstilling av olje-i-vann-krem, vann, blir propylenglykol og polyetylenglykol 400 oppvarmet til omtrent 70 til 80°C, fulgt av tilsetning av en blanding av vaselin, stearylalkohol og poloksamer, og blandingen blir omrørt inntil den er homogen. Den aktive forbindelse i benzylalkohol blir tilsatt, og blandingen blir homogenisert. pH blir deretter regulert med en buffer til omtrent 7,0.
Eksempel H - Vandig gel
Den vandige gel blir fremstilt ved blanding av den aktive forbindelse, benzyl-alkohol og tilsetning av blandingen til bufret vann. Hydroksyetyl-cellulose blir deretter tilsatt under omrøring inntil blandingen danner en gel.
Claims (12)
1. Forbindelse med formel I eller et farmasøytisk godtagbart salt derav, karakterisert ved formelen
hvorn er 1-3,
Ri og R2 danner sammen med nitrogenatomet en pyrrolidinring;
Ar er usubstituert eller mono- eller di-substituert fenyl, hvor nevnte
substituenter er valgt fra gruppen bestående av halogen, OCH3, SO2CH3, CF3, amino og NO2, eller Ar er indolyl;
Z er-P(0)(OBn)2;-P(0)(OH)2; -(CH2)pC02H;-S02CH3;-S02NH2; -COCH(NH2)(CH2)pC02H; -C02CH3; -CONH2; COCF3; CHO; Ci-C6-alkanoyl; fenyl-Ci-C6-alkyl eller fenylsulfonyl hvor fenylgruppen eventuelt er substituert med Ci-C6-alkyl; og
p er 1-3.
2. Forbindelse ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den er valgt fra gruppen bestående av: {4-[l-(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-piperazinyl}-eddiksyre; [ 1 -(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-4-metansulfonyl-2R-(l -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin og [4-S-asparaginsyre-a-amido-1 -(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl-2R-( 1 - pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin.
3. Forbindelse ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den er valgt fra gruppen bestående av: (i?)-4-(fenylmetyl)-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid; (i2)-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)m -piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-t-butyl-acetyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)me1yl]-piperazm ( R)- 4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -3-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1 -piperazineddiksyre-dihydroklorid; (i?)-4- N-t-Boc-D-asparaginsyre-B-benzylester-1 -[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2-[( 1 - pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin; (Æ)-4-asparaginsyre-1 - [(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2- [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin dihydroklorid; (i?)-4-acetyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-(dietoksyfosfonat)-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-trilfuoracetyl-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl]-piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1-piperazinkarboksamid-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -3-[(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1 -piperazinkarboksaldehyd-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -3-[(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -1 -piperazin-sulfonamid-hydroklorid; (i?)-4-(4-metylfenylsulfonyl)-l-[(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)metyl] - piperazin-hydroklorid; ( R, 5)-4-metansulfonyl-1 - [(3,4-diklorfenyl)acetyl] -2- [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)metyl] -piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?,iS)-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?,5)-4-metansulfonyl-l-[(2-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid; (i?,iS)-4-metansiilfonyl-l-[(4-trifluormetylfenyl)acetyl]-2-[(l-pyn-olidinyl^ piperazin-hydroklorid; ( R, iS)-4-metansulfonyl-1 -[(3 -indolylacetyl]-2-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-hydroklorid;
( R, 5)-metyl 4- [(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-1 -piperazinkarboksylat-hydroklorid;
( R, iS)-metyl 4- [(4-trifluormetylfenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazinkarboksylat-hydroklorid;
( R, iS)-metyl 4- [(3 -indolyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
( R, 5)-metyl 4- [(2-nitrofenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid; (i?,5)-metyl 4-[(2-metoksyfenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]-l-piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid;
( R, 5)-metyl 4- [(2-aminofenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -1 -piperazin-karboksylat-dihydroklorid; (i?,5)-4-acetyl-1 -[(4-metylsulfonylfenyl)acetyl]-3-[( 1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -piperazin-hydroklorid; ( R, 5)-4-acetyl-1 -(4-trifluormetylfenyl)acetyl] -3 - [(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl] -piperazinkarboksylat-hydroklorid; (Æ, S)-4-acetyl-1 - [(2-trifluormetylfen^ karboksylat-hydroklorid; (i?,5)-4-ace1yl-l-[(3-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid; ( R, iS)-4-acetyl-1 - [(2-nitrofenyl)acetyl] -3 -[(1 -pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazin-karboksylat-hydroklorid; (i?,5)-4-acetyl-l-[(4-nitrofenyl)acetyl]-3-[(l-pyrrolidinyl)-metyl]piperazinkarbok hydroklorid; og (Æ, S)-4-(fenylmetyl)-1-[(4,5 ,-di^ piperazin-dihydroklorid.
4. Farmasøytisk preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
5. Farmasøytisk preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 2 i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
6. Farmasøytisk preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 3 i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
7. Anvendelse av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 til fremstilling av et farmasøytisk preparat for behandling av hyperalgesi
8. Anvendelse av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 2 til fremstilling av et farmasøytisk preparat for behandling av hyperalgesi.
9. Anvendelse av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 3 til fremstilling av et farmasøytisk preparat for behandling av hyperalgesi.
10. Farmasøytisk preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 og et antibiotisk, antiviralt, antifungalt eller anti-inflammatorisk middel eller en blanding derav i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
11. Farmasøytiske preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 2 og et antibiotisk, antiviralt, antifungalt eller anti-inflammatorisk middel eller en blanding derav i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
12. Farmasøytisk preparat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en forbindelse ifølge krav 3 og et antibiotisk, antiviralt, antifungalt eller anti-inflammatorisk middel eller en blanding derav i en farmasøytisk godtagbar bærer.
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-
1996
- 1996-03-08 US US08/612,680 patent/US5646151A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-03-01 WO PCT/US1997/003353 patent/WO1997032857A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-01 KR KR1019980705347A patent/KR19990081823A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-01 CA CA002240728A patent/CA2240728C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-01 EP EP97914850A patent/EP0885199A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-03-01 BR BR9707958-8A patent/BR9707958A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-03-01 AU AU21954/97A patent/AU717126B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-03-01 KR KR10-2000-7010910A patent/KR100378494B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-07-23 US US08/899,086 patent/US5744458A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-03-03 US US09/034,661 patent/US5945443A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-09-07 NO NO19984107A patent/NO313194B1/no unknown
-
2001
- 2001-08-31 NO NO20014219A patent/NO313633B1/no unknown
- 2001-08-31 NO NO20014220A patent/NO313634B1/no unknown
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JP2002502362A (ja) | 2002-01-22 |
US5744458A (en) | 1998-04-28 |
NO313634B1 (no) | 2002-11-04 |
WO1997032857A1 (en) | 1997-09-12 |
AU717126B2 (en) | 2000-03-16 |
BR9707958A (pt) | 2000-01-04 |
US5646151A (en) | 1997-07-08 |
NO984107L (no) | 1998-11-09 |
NO20014219L (no) | 1998-11-09 |
JP3522767B2 (ja) | 2004-04-26 |
CA2240728C (en) | 2005-10-18 |
AU2195497A (en) | 1997-09-22 |
NO20014219D0 (no) | 2001-08-31 |
EP0885199A1 (en) | 1998-12-23 |
NO20014220D0 (no) | 2001-08-31 |
EP0885199A4 (en) | 2000-11-29 |
KR19990081823A (ko) | 1999-11-15 |
KR100378494B1 (ko) | 2003-03-29 |
US5945443A (en) | 1999-08-31 |
CA2240728A1 (en) | 1997-09-12 |
NO20014220L (no) | 1998-11-09 |
NO313194B1 (no) | 2002-08-26 |
NO984107D0 (no) | 1998-09-07 |
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