JP7518498B2 - Pten阻害剤を含む小胞およびその使用 - Google Patents
Pten阻害剤を含む小胞およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
1,4-β-D-ヘキソサミニル基と1,3-β-D-グルクロノシル基または1,3-α-L-イドロノシル結合を有する多糖類の、4-デオキシ-β-D-グルカ-4-エンウロノシル基を有する二糖類への除去的分解(eliminative degradation)。一実施形態では、コンドロイチナーゼABCリアーゼは、プロテウス・ブルガリス(Proteus vulgaris)に由来する。
間葉系幹細胞の調製
骨髄由来のヒトMSCはLonza(スイス、バーゼル)から購入した。前述のように細胞を培養し、増大させた。エキソソームを収集する前に、細胞をエキソソームを含まない血小板で培養し、3日後に培地を収集した。MSC-exoを、PKH26(Sigma)で5分間標識し、超遠心分離法(100,000g、2時間、4℃)を使用して洗浄した。ペレットを200μlのPBSで再懸濁した。
ヒトMSCはLonza(バーゼル、スイス)から購入した。細胞を培養し、増大させた。細胞をエキソソームを含まない血小板溶解液(Rabin Medical Center、イスラエル)で培養し、3日後に培地を収集した。エキソソームを、標準的な分画遠心プロトコルを使用して精製し、これには、培養液を分離し、300gで10分間遠心分離することが含まれていた。上清を回収し、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した後、10,000gで30分間再遠心した。次に上澄みを0.22μmフィルターに通し、100,000gで70分間遠心分離した。エキソソームとタンパク質を含むペレットをPBSで洗浄し、100,000gで70分間遠心分離した。ペレットを200μlの滅菌PBSに再懸濁した。すべての遠心分離は4℃で行った。エキソソームを、NanoSightテクノロジー、電子顕微鏡および、陰性マーカーとしてカルネキシン、陽性マーカーとしてCD9およびCD81のウエスタンブロット法を用いて特徴付けした。
MSC-ExoをPKH26/PKH67(Sigma)で5分間標識し、超遠心分離法(100,000g、2時間、4℃)を使用してPBSで洗浄した。ペレットを200μlのPBSに再懸濁した。PTX実験では、MSC-Exoを5μlのPTXで37℃で10分間懸濁し、PKH26で標識し、100,000gで2時間遠心分離した。MSC-Exo+PKH67およびMSC-Exo+PTX+PKH26を同じラットに一緒に投与した(n=3)。
3.75mlのリノール酸(18%)、オレイン酸(65%)、パルミチン酸(16%)およびエタノール(1%)の混合物、200mgのNaOHおよび15mlのエタノールを30mlのDDWに加えた。溶液を5分間撹拌した。次に、50ミリグラムのHAuCl4を撹拌しながら加え、続いて5mlのアスコルビン酸(0.05M)を加え、さらに1分間撹拌した。次に、PEG7溶液(2.26×10-3g)をGNP溶液に加え、混合物を1時間撹拌した。次に、NaOHを使用してpHを9に調整し、溶液をさらに1時間撹拌した。80mlのn-ヘキサンを加えた後、溶液を1時間撹拌した。次に、HCl溶液(37%)を使用して得られた混合物のpHを7に調整した。混合物を相分離のために漏斗に入れた(有機および水性)。真空を使用して水相を蒸発させた。次に、過剰のカルボジイミド(1.87×10-3g)とN-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(Thermo Fisher Scientific,Inc.、イリノイ州、ロックフォード)(2.12×10-3g)を溶液に加え、続いて2GF(Sigma-Aldrich、Israel Ltd.)(1.75×10-3g)を加えた。合計2.8×1010エキソソーム(1ml生理食塩水中の200μlエキソソーム)を37℃で3時間、グルコース被覆GNP(35mg/mL、100μl)とインキュベートした。次に、エキソソームを2時間遠心分離した(100,000g、4℃)。
透過型電子顕微鏡(JEM-1400、JEOL)を使用して、GNPのサイズと形状を測定し、これらを、紫外可視分光法(UV-1650 PC、島津製作所、日本、京都)、ζ-ポテンシャル(ZetaSizer 3000HS、Malvern Instruments、英国、マルバーン)、および動的光散乱法を使用してさらに特徴付けした。
フレーム原子吸光分析(SpectrAA 140、Agilent Technologies、カリフォルニア州サンタクララ)を使用して、いくつかの主要な臓器(心臓、肺、肺、腎臓、脾臓)の金の量を測定した。解剖した組織を1mlの王水の酸(硝酸と塩酸の1:3混合物)で溶解させ、それを蒸発させてから、総容量4mlに希釈した。0.45nmシリンジフィルターでサンプルをろ過した後、既知の金濃度の溶液を使用して作成した検量線を使用して金濃度を決定した。誘導結合プラズマ分光分析法(ICP)を使用して、脳と脊髄病変の金の量を測定した。組織を新たに抽出し、550℃で5時間燃焼した。次に、融解した組織に5mlの1%HNO3を加え、0.45μmフィルターでろ過した。試料中の金濃度を、金標準曲線との相関関係で決定した。
EPPENDORF(登録商標)チューブ中でエキソソーム(40μl、約1010個のエキソソーム)に0.1nmolのcy3-MAPK-siRNA(Advirna Company)を担持させ、37℃で1~3時間インキュベートした。次に、懸濁液をNanosight分析にかけた。蛍光対非蛍光エキソソームの濃度比を、担持効率として定義した。
成体のSprague-Dawleyラット(200-250g)からの胸部および腰部レベルの後根神経節を解剖し、氷冷ハンクス平衡塩類溶液(HBSS)に浸した。DRGをHBSSで洗浄し、2.5mg/mlのコラゲナーゼタイプII(Worthington)4mlを含有している小皿に移し、外科用ブレードを使用して小片に解体し、37℃で40分間インキュベートした。溶液を200gで、3分間遠心分離してコラゲナーゼを除去し、F12培地(Gibco、11765)、10%ウシ胎児血清(Gibco)、100U/mlペニシリン(Biological Industries、イスラエル、ベイト-ヘメク)、100ug/mlストレプトマイシンを含有する2mlの培地に、1mlピペットチップで約20回粉砕することにより再懸濁した。細胞を、12ウェルプレート内でラミニン(Sigma、L2020)でプレコートされた15mmカバースリップごとに、ウェルあたり5×104の密度で5時間播種した。次に、DRG培地を、通常のDRG培地、40μlエキソソーム、0.1nmol非標的化対照(Non-targeting control)(NTC)siRNA、0.1nmol PTEN siRNA、または40μlエキソソームに担持した0.1nmol PTEN siRNA、を含有するものと交換した。
脳と脊髄の試料を取り出し、4%パラホルムアルデヒドに3日間固定してから、異なった灰白質と白質を区別するために、7.5%パラホルムアルデヒドで希釈した150mg/mLの非イオン性ヨウ素化造影剤(ロパミドール、Bayer Schering Pharma、日本)に4℃で7日間浸漬した。CTイメージングの前に、試料を溶液から取り出し、吸い取り乾燥して、イメージング用の試料ホルダーに入れた。脱水を防ぐために、試料ホルダーをプラスチックフィルムで密封した。試料のエクスビボマイクロCTスキャンは、公称分解能35μm、0.2mmアルミニウムフィルター、管電圧45kVを備えるマイクロCTスキャナー(Skyscan High Resolution Model 1176)を使用して実行された。再構成は、GPUによって加速されたSkyScanNReconソフトウェアを使用して、修正Feldkampアルゴリズムで行われた。リングアーチファクトの低減、ガウス平滑化(3%)、およびビームハードニング補正(25%)が適用された。ボリュームレンダリングした3次元(3D)画像は、SkyScan CT-Volume(「CTVol」)ソフトウェアおよびSkyScan CT-Voxel(「CTVox」)ソフトウェアのRGBA伝達関数を使用して生成された。
脊髄を解剖し、4%PFAで一晩固定し、30%ショ糖溶液で一晩凍結保護し、最適な切断温度コンパウンド(OCT)に包埋し、クライオスタット(Leica CM1850、ドイツ)を使用して縦方向に切断(20μm)した。切片を0.5%Tween溶液で透過処理し、5%ウシ血清でブロックしてから、ウサギ抗チューブリン(Abcam、1:500)、ウサギ抗GFAP(1:1000、Millipore)、マウス抗CD11b(1:500、BioRad、)またはマウス抗CD31(1:50、BD)抗体と、4℃で一晩インキュベートした。次に、切片をヤギ抗ウサギAlexa647(Invitrogen、1:800)、およびDAPI(1:1000)で3時間インキュベートし、カバースリップを取り付け、共焦点顕微鏡(LSM700)を使用して画像化した。
すべての動物実験は、Technion-Israel Institute of Technologyによって承認されたプロトコルに厳密に準拠して行われた。動物の無作為化は、治療について知らされていない実験者によって行われた。メスのSprague-Dawley成体ラットは、手術中、キシラジン(10~15mg/kg)とケタミン(60~90mg/kg)の混合物と、維持用量の1~2%のイソフルラン(Harvard Apparatus、米国)で麻酔した。9~11番目の胸椎レベルで椎弓切除術を行った後、マイクロシザー(Kent Scientific、米国)を使用して、脊髄をT10レベルで完全に離断した。吻側および尾側の断端を持ち上げて完全に離断し、フック(Kent Scientific、米国)を生成されたギャップの内側に円形に通して、脊柱管の下部に線維が残っていないことを確認した。この研究で評価された群は、離断対照(n=15)、鼻腔内エキソソーム対照(n=10)、鼻腔内ExoPTEN(n=7)、病変内PTEN-siRNA(n=3)および病変内ExoPTEN(n=4)として指定された。次に筋層と皮膚を縫合し、ラットを温度制御されたインキュベーションチャンバーに入れた。鼻腔内治療では、ラットに40μlの生理食塩水、40μlのエキソソーム、または40μlのExoPTENを術後2~3時間、24時間ごとに5日間鼻腔内投与した。病変内治療では、脊髄損傷が生じたときに、ラットに40μlのPTEN-siRNA(0.1nmol)または40μlのExoPTENを1回だけ投与した。膀胱機能が回復するまで膀胱マッサージを1日2回行った。抗生物質(セファゾリン、25mg/kg、1日2回)を1週間、毎日注射した。ブプレノルフィン(Bayer)を、手術前と手術後3日目に0.01~0.05mg/kgの用量で投与された。シクロスポリン(10mg/kg/日)(Novartis)を1週間、すべてのラットに投与した。
運動回復を評価し、Basso、Beattie、およびBresnahan(BBB)運動スケール法を使用して盲検の実験者によって評価およびスコア化された。測定は、移植後2~3日、その後7日に1回行われた。概日変動を避けるために、すべての測定は同じ時刻に行われた。ベースラインBBBは、手術後の最初の試験で記録された値として定義された。週間スコアは、各暦週に得られた最低のスコアであった。感覚回復は、フォンフライフィラメント試験を使用して評価された。曲げ力の勾配を有するフィラメント(Bioseb)を足に適用して、侵害受容反応(刺激からの足の素早い逃避(withdrawal))を誘発した。逃避閾値は、3回の試行のうち少なくとも2回で、試行間隔の少なくとも30秒間に、肯定的な反応を誘発する最小の力として定義される。
MRIは、シグナル励起用の円筒形ボリュームコイル(内径86mm)とシグナル受信用のシングルチャネルの表面コイル(直径20mm)を使用して、9.4Tボアスキャナー(Bruker Biospec、ドイツ、エットリンゲン)で、実行した。動物は麻酔下にあり(0.5~1.5%イソフルラン)、酸素(0.5L/分)を補給した。イメージング中に呼吸を監視し(Small Animal Instruments、ニューヨーク州、ニューヨーク、ストーニーブルック)、サーモスタットで調整された循環温水を使用して体温を維持した。DTIイメージングの前に、RAREシーケンスを使用して矢状および軸方向のT2強調解剖学的スキャンを取得し、DTIスキャンスライスジオメトリを決定した。RARE取得パラメータは以下の通りであった:厚さ0.8mm、FOV=3×3cm、マトリックス寸法=192×192、(空間分解能=156×156μm2)、繰り返し/エコー時間(TR/TE)=1200/16.22ミリ秒、4つの平均。DTIイメージングは、EPI-DTIシーケンスを使用して次のパラメータで取得した:30の非コリニア(non-collinear)勾配方向、3A0画像、b=1000秒/mm2、差分持続時間(δ)=2.6、差分分離(Δ)=11、2つの平均、厚さ0.8mm、FOV=3×3センチメートル、マトリックス寸法=192×192、(空間分解能=156×156μm2)。DTI計算と線維追跡は、ExploreDTIソフトウェアを使用して実行された(Leemans et al.,2009)。得られたテンソルは、それらの固有成分にスペクトル分解された。固有値を使用して、異方性度(FA)マップを計算した。脊髄の関心領域(ROI)(白質および灰白質)を手動で各スライスに分割した。トラクトグラフィは決定論的(ストリームライン)線維追跡を使用して適用され、FAが0.2未満のボクセルで終了するか、30°(Basser et al.2000)を超えるトラクトの方向の変化に続いて、0.078mmのステップサイズ、0.2~100mmの線維長で終了した。手動で選択したROIを通過した線維は、ストリームラインとしてプロットされた。
8週目に、病変を通る神経シグナルの伝播を記録するために電気生理学が行われた。ケタミン/キシラジン麻酔後、ラットを定位固定装置に入れ、頭皮に正中切開を行った。頭蓋を露出させ、正中線の右2mm、ブレグマの前方および後方にそれぞれ-1.0mmおよび+4.0mmの位置に、2つの電気刺激スクリュー電極を埋め込んだ。スクリュー電極を刺激装置の出力端子に接続した。脚後部の坐骨神経を露出させ、2つの銀線フック電極を挿入した。別のワイヤが脚の足蹠に挿入され、接地電極として機能した。増幅されたシグナルは、0.1~3kHzのバンドパスフィルター処理され(7DAドライバーアンプを備えた7P511 AC広帯域プリアンプ、Grass Technologies、ロードアイランド州ワーウィック)、デジタル化され(NI USB-6341アナログデジタルコンバータ、National Instruments))、10kHzで取得され、WinWCPソフトウェアパッケージを実行しているパーソナルコンピューターに保存された(英国、ストラスクライド大学のJohn Dempster博士の厚意による)。刺激強度は、最初の動物の後肢の収縮と信頼できる坐骨神経複合活動電位(CAP)の出現に応じて選択され、実験全体を通して維持された。
病変した脊髄セグメントと肝臓を、プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(100mM PMSF、2mg/mlロイペプチン、50mMオルタバナジン酸ナトリウム、50mMアプロチニン、Sigma)を含む、RIPA溶液((1%デオキシコール酸ナトリウム(DOC)(Sigma)、1%100x-Triton(Biolab)、50mMTris-HCl(Sigma)、150mM NaCl(Sigma)、5mM EDTA(Sigma))に入れた。組織をホモジナイズし、20μgの総タンパク質を4~12%SDS-PAGEで分離した後、ニトロセルロースメンブレンに90分間転写した。0.1%Tween20(TBST)を含むトリス緩衝生理食塩水中の2%BSAで3時間ブロッキングした後、膜をTBSTの2%BSA中、抗PTEN、1:1000(マウスモノクローナル、カタログ番号9556、Cell Signaling)または抗β-アクチン、1:1000(ウサギモノクローナル、カタログ番号8457、Cell Signaling)をローディングコントロールとして、一晩インキュベートした。翌日、TBSTで3回すすいだ後、膜を抗ウサギIgG-HRP(1:5000、NA934V、GE Healthcare)または抗マウスIgG-HRP(1:5000、NA931V、GE Healthcare)と室温で2時間インキュベートした。シグナルは、ブロットを強化された化学発光試薬(カタログ番号1705061、BioRad)に曝露し、続いてLAS-3000イメージングシステム(FujiFilm)に曝露することにより現像した。
損傷した脊髄組織および肝臓からの全RNAは、Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kitを使用して抽出し、第1鎖DNAは、High Capacity cDNA逆転写キット(Applied Biosystems)を使用して、製造元の指示に従って合成された。リアルタイム定量PCRをQuantStudio 12K FlexリアルタイムPCRシステムで実行した。プライマーには、PTEN((Thermo Fisher、アッセイID:Rn00477208)またはGAPDH((Thermo Fisher、アッセイID:Rn01775763-g1)が含まれていた。増幅反応条件は、95℃で20秒間、続いて40サイクルの95℃で3秒間、60℃で30秒間を、10μl反応で3回繰り返したものである。相対的な発現レベルは、目的の遺伝子がGAPDH発現に標準化されたΔΔCt法を使用して決定された。
皮質脊髄軸索を追跡するために、6週目にビオチン化デキストランアミン(BDA)で順行性追跡をラットに行った。上記のケタミンおよびキシラジン麻酔下で、ラットを定位固定フレームに配置した。頭皮の毛を剃り、その領域をエタノールで拭き取り、感覚運動皮質の上の頭蓋骨に小さな穴を開けた。引っ張られたガラス製マイクロピペットを備えたハミルトンマイクロシリンジを使用して、以下の座標を使用して、1μlの10%BDA(MW 10,000、D1956、Molecular Probes)を1部位あたり2分かけて、注射の間隔を2分間隔で、半球あたり8部位に注入した:AP+1.0,ML±2.0;AP 0,ML±1.5;AP-1.0,ML±1.5;AP -2.0,ML±1.5;DV 1.5mm。すべての注射が完了した後、頭皮を縫合し、ラットが回復するまで回復チャンバーに置いた。8週目に、ラットをケタミンとキシラジンで深く麻酔し、4%PFAを経心臓的に灌流した。病変を含む脊髄の切片を採取し、30%ショ糖で凍結保護し、OCTに包埋し、縦方向に20μmの厚さのスライスに切断した。切片をPBSおよび0.1%Triton X-100で3回洗浄し、Alexa Fluor594結合ストレプトアビジン(1:500、Invitrogen、S32356)とともに4℃で一晩インキュベートし、PBSで3回すすぎ、マウントしてカバースリップで覆った。
統計分析は、MATLAB/Prism 5ソフトウェア(USA)を使用して行った。両側の対応のないスチューデントのt検定を使用して、2つの群を比較した。特に明記しない限り、残りのデータは一元配置または二元配置分散分析を使用して、事後のチューキーの多重比較で分析された。群化されたすべてのデータは、平均±SEMとして表される。有意水準:*p<0.05、**p<0.01、***p<0.001、****p<0.0001。
間葉系幹細胞のエキソソーム(MSC-Exo)から単離されたエキソソームは、平均サイズが111±64nm、濃度が40.43×108粒子/mlであった(図S1D-E)。Cryo-TEMで可視化されたMSC-Exoは、典型的な球の形状を示した。MSC-ExoがBBBを通過できるかどうかを調べるために、(Betzer et al.,2017,ACS Nano 11,10883-10893)に記載されているように、MSC-Exoを金ナノ粒子(GNP)で標識した。GNPを担持したMSC-ExoのCryo-TEMイメージングは、GNPがエキソソームに取り込まれることを示した(図1)。鼻腔内(IN)投与後にMSC-Exoが血液脳関門を通過できるかどうかを調べるために、GNPを担持したMSC-Exoを脊髄の完全切除後3時間でIN投与した。投与24時間後のマイクロCTスキャンでは、脊髄病変領域に有意なGNP蓄積が見られたが、脳には見られなかった(図2、上パネル)。対照的に、健康な対照では、GNPは主に脳と嗅球に局在していた(図2、下のパネル)。誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)の評価により、T10脊髄分節領域のGNPの量は、健常対照と比較して負傷したラットで有意に高かったことが確認された(図3A、一元配置分散分析F(3,8)=27.5、p<0.001、チューキー)。同様に、健康なラットと比較して、損傷したT10脊髄分節領域に蓄積したIN投与PKH26(赤色の親油性色素)標識されたエキソソームの量が、有意に高かった(図4、t(14)=3.21、p<0.01)。CNSの定性的マイクロCTスキャンと定量的ICP試験は、脊髄病変の免疫蛍光染色とともに、MSC-Exoが血液脳関門を透過し、脊髄病変に帰巣することを示した。意外なことに、MSC-Exoは脊髄損傷のラットでは、損傷した領域で有意により多く見られたが、健康なラットでは脳で多く見られた。
MSC-Exoには、材料と方法で説明されているように、コレステロールをコンジュゲートした非コーディングcy3-MAPK-siRNAを担持させた。Nanosight分析は、効率的なcy3-MAPK-siRNAの担持を示した(33.64%)(図6)。
インビボでのExoPTENのサイレンシング効果を確認するために、ExoPTENを、完全に脊髄離断した日から開始して5日間連続して鼻腔内投与した。8週目における、SCI領域から抽出されたタンパク質のウエスタンブロット分析は、ExoPTEN治療したSCIラットでは未治療のSCIラットと比較して、PTENタンパク質レベルの59%減少を示した(図10A、クラスカル・ワリス検定、p=0.0627)。群間で肝組織のタンパク質レベルに有意な変化は見られなかった(図10B、p=0.8643)。並行して、RT-qPCR分析では、ExoPTEN治療したSCIラットのPTEN遺伝子発現が未治療のSCIラットと比較して32%減少したが(図10C、p=0.1520)、肝臓では遺伝子発現は同等であったことが示された(図10D、p>0.9999)。
ExoPTEN治療の神経保護の可能性を評価するために、完全なSCIのラットを5つの群に分けた:(1)未治療、(2)病変内(IL)PTEN-siRNA治療、(3)病変内ExoPTEN単回投与、(4)5日間連続でエキソソームをIN投与、(5)5日間連続でExoPTENをIN投与(損傷の日から開始する)。ラットは、8週間、毎週BBB運動スコアリングを受けた。5日間のIN ExoPTEN投与は、他のすべての治療群と比較して、有意な自発運動回復をもたらした(それぞれ、F(4,300)=35.72、p<0.0001、F(8,300)=2.931、p<0.001)。より具体的には、8週目に、ExoPTEN(IN)群の平均BBB運動スコア(図11A)は7.75±2.14に達し、未治療の離断ラットの平均0.39±0.14スコアとは対照的であった(p<0.001)。ExoPTENで鼻腔内治療された群と空のエキソソームで鼻腔内治療された群の間には、統計的に有意な差が観察された(図11A)。PTEN-siRNA(IL)、ExoPTEN(IL)、およびエキソソーム(IN)の群において、わずかであるが、統計的に有意ではない(すべてp>0.05)改善が8週目に測定され、BBB運動スコアはそれぞれ、2.17±1.48、2.50±1.21、2.00±1.23であった(図11A)。8週間を通して、ExoPTEN(IN)治療ラットの28.6%が、一貫した足底ステッピング、トウクリアランス(toe clearance)、一貫した前肢-後肢の協調を反映してBBB運動スコア≧14を示したが、他の治療群ではこの運動改善のレベルを達成できなかった(図11B)。ExoPTEN(IN)で治療したラットも、他の群よりも早く体重が増加し、5週目に横ばい状態になった(図11C)。さらに、8週目に、ラットの体重とBBB運動スコアの間に正の相関が認められた(図11D、ピアソンの係数相関=0.6819、p<0.0001)。曲げ力の勾配(6、8、10、15、26、60、100、180、300g)を使用したフォンフライフィラメントテストを後肢に適用し、感覚回復の指標として足の逃避閾値を決定した。健康なラットで足の逃避を誘発するためのカットオフ閾値を60gに設定し、それ以下では逃避反応を異痛症と見なした。SCI後、300gのフィラメントヘアに反応したラットはなく、感覚機能の完全な廃止を示した。正常な感覚反応は、4週目にExoPTEN(IL)およびExoPTEN(IN)における動物のそれぞれ25%および33.3%に達し、8週目も同じままであった。さらに、エキソソーム(IN)群のラットの25%は、8週目に感覚回復を達成した。対照的に、未治療群とPTEN-siRNA(IL)群では、8週間以内に感覚の回復を示さなかった(図11E)。膀胱機能を反映する尿反射反応までの時間は、ExoPTEN(IN)動物(7.0±0.7日)が最も早く回復し、その後、未治療のラット(8.9±0.7日)がそれに続いた(図11F、一元配置分散分析、p=0.4079、チューキー)。図11Gは、対照、エキソソームおよびExoPTENで治療された病変後8週間のラットの回復の違いを示している。
脊髄の構造的完全性を評価するために、未治療のSCI動物、エキソソーム(IN)またはExoPTEN(IN)で治療されたSCI動物、および無傷のラットで、9.4Tの従来のMRIおよび拡散テンソルイメージング(DTI)を実行した。損傷発生箇所から4mm尾側に重度の脊髄萎縮が離断対照で観察されたが、そのような変性はエキソソームとExoPTEN群ではそれほど明白ではなかった。損傷発生箇所から4mm吻側で定量化された断面積は、SCI群間で有意差はなかったが(図12A、一元配置分散分析、F(3,11)=0.6120、p=0.6212)、ExoPTEN治療群と比較した離断対照では、発生箇所から4mm尾側で劇的に減少した(図12B、2.5±0.5mm2対4.2±0.3mm2、p<0.05)。拡散テンソルイメージング(DTI)トラクトグラフィは、離断群の吻側および尾側断端の完全な切断、エキソソーム群の部分的なブリッジング、およびExoPTEN群の最も顕著なブリッジングを示した。損傷部位の吻側および尾側の異方性度(FA)記録は、ExoPTEN治療ラットではエキソソームまたは未治療のSCI群と比較して高かったが、無傷のラットよりも依然として低かった(切断対照、エキソソーム、ExoPTENおよび無傷のラットにおける病変内の平均FA値は、それぞれ0.2856、0.2938、0.3293、0.5055であった(図12C))。平均拡散率(MD)記録では、未治療群、エキソソーム群、ExoPTEN SCI群間の違いは示されなかった。さらに、ExoPTENで治療されたラットの運動皮質から病変を通って坐骨神経に伝播する高振幅の運動誘発電位(MEP)が観察されたが、エキソソーム群では低振幅のシグナルが測定された(図12D、それぞれ1.283±0.085mV対0.662±0.162mV、p=0.0273)。ExoPTEN治療群におけるMEPの潜時は、エキソソーム治療群よりも短かった(図12E、31.03±3.05ミリ秒対38.49±6.78ミリ秒、p=0.3726)。脊髄病変の吻側の再離断後、すべてのシグナルが廃止された。
自発運動回復の根底にある細胞メカニズムを特定するために、未治療、エキソソーム(IN)治療、およびExoPTEN(IN)治療された動物の脊髄病変を、β-III-チューブリン、CD11b、GFAPおよびCD31で染色して、軸索再生、ミクログリオーシス、アストログリオーシスおよび血管新生を、それぞれ検出した。β-III-チューブリンの発現は、ExoPTEN治療されたラットの方がエキソソーム治療されたラットよりも有意に高かったが、未治療のSCIラットではほとんど検出されなかった(図13A、p<0.0001)。CD11b陽性のミクログリア細胞は、未治療の離断群で最も豊富な細胞型であり、エキソソームおよびExoPTEN群でははるかに少なく(F(2,24)=25.18、p<0.0001)、2つの間に有意差はなかった(図13B、パネル2、p=0.9818)。同様の発現プロファイルがGFAP+アストロサイトで観察された(図13C)。我々は、CD31+細胞によって測定される最低レベルの血管新生が、未治療の離断ラットで測定されたことを見出した(図13D)。
Claims (27)
- 外因性ホスファターゼおよびテンシンホモログ(PTEN)阻害剤を担持した細胞外小胞を含む組成物であって、前記細胞外小胞が、骨髄由来の間葉系幹細胞(MSC)に由来し、かつ前記PTEN阻害剤が、PTEN mRNAを標的とするsiRNAおよびshRNAから選択されるRNAiオリゴヌクレオチドである、組成物。
- 前記細胞外小胞が、エキソソーム、微小胞、エクトソーム、エキソベシクルおよびこれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記細胞外小胞が、エキソソームである、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記RNAiオリゴヌクレオチドが、(i)配列番号10、11、2、3、4および5から選択される核酸配列を含むsiRNA、および(ii)配列番号6および7から選択される核酸配列を標的とするsiRNAから選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記siRNAまたはshRNAが、疎水性部分を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記疎水性部分が、ステロール、ガングリオシド、脂質、ビタミン、脂肪酸、疎水性ペプチド、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記ステロールが、コレステロールである、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 前記細胞外小胞が、単離された細胞外小胞である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- コンドロイチナーゼABCまたはコンドロイチナーゼABCを含む細胞外小胞をさらに含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 鼻腔内、病変内(intra-lesion)、くも膜下腔内、静脈内、筋肉内、皮下、舌下、経口、および脳内投与経路から選択される投与経路を介して投与するために製剤化されている、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 対象のニューロン損傷または傷害の治療に使用するための、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記ニューロン損傷または傷害が、脊髄損傷(SCI)である、請求項11に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 前記siRNAが、配列番号10、11、2、3、4および5から選択される核酸配列を含む、請求項12に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 前記siRNAが、コレステロール部分とコンジュゲートしている、請求項13に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 前記使用が、前記組成物の鼻腔内投与を含む、請求項11~14のいずれか一項に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 前記使用が、コンドロイチナーゼABCの投与をさらに含む、請求項11~15のいずれか一項に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 外因性PTEN阻害剤およびコンドロイチナーゼABCを担持した前記細胞外小胞が、単一の薬学的組成物でまたは異なる薬学的組成物で投与される、請求項16に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 外因性ホスファターゼおよびテンシンホモログ(PTEN)阻害剤を担持した単離した細胞外小胞であって、前記細胞外小胞が、骨髄由来の間葉系幹細胞(MSC)に由来し、かつ前記PTEN阻害剤が、PTEN mRNAを標的とするsiRNAおよびshRNAから選択されるRNAiオリゴヌクレオチドである、単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記細胞外小胞が、エキソソーム、微小胞およびこれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項18に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記RNAiオリゴヌクレオチドが、(i)配列番号10、11、2、3、4および5から選択される核酸配列を含むsiRNA、および(ii)配列番号6および7から選択される核酸配列を標的とするsiRNAから選択される、請求項18または19に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記RNAiまたはshRNAが、疎水性部分を含む、請求項18~20のいずれか一項に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記疎水性部分が、ステロール、ガングリオシド、脂質、ビタミン、脂肪酸、ペプチド、およびこれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項21に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記ステロールが、コレステロールである、請求項22に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記siRNAが、配列番号10、11、2および4から選択される核酸配列を含む、請求項23に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- コンドロイチナーゼABCまたはそれをコードするポリヌクレオチドをさらに含む、請求項18~24のいずれか一項に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 対象のニューロン損傷または傷害の治療に使用するための、請求項18~25のいずれか一項に記載の単離した細胞外小胞。
- 前記ニューロン損傷または傷害が、脊髄損傷(SCI)である、請求項26に記載の使用のための単離した細胞外小胞。
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