JP7235541B2 - 半導体装置およびその製造方法 - Google Patents

半導体装置およびその製造方法 Download PDF

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JP7235541B2
JP7235541B2 JP2019044019A JP2019044019A JP7235541B2 JP 7235541 B2 JP7235541 B2 JP 7235541B2 JP 2019044019 A JP2019044019 A JP 2019044019A JP 2019044019 A JP2019044019 A JP 2019044019A JP 7235541 B2 JP7235541 B2 JP 7235541B2
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metal layer
electrode
outer edge
insulating layer
layer
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JP2020150030A (ja
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智洋 谷口
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Toshiba Corp
Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corp
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Toshiba Corp
Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corp
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Priority to JP2019044019A priority Critical patent/JP7235541B2/ja
Priority to CN201910676240.6A priority patent/CN111682005B/zh
Priority to US16/540,159 priority patent/US10998257B2/en
Publication of JP2020150030A publication Critical patent/JP2020150030A/ja
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Description

実施形態は、半導体装置およびその製造方法に関する。
大電力の制御に用いられる半導体装置は、コネクタまたはバスバーなどの板状の接続導体を用いて電源回路に接続される。このため、半導体上の電極と接続導体との間に接合部材を配置する必要がある。
特開2003-338516号公報
実施形態は、半導体上の電極と接続導体との間に設けられる接続構造の信頼性を向上させた半導体装置およびその製造方法を提供する。
実施形態に係る半導体装置は、半導体部と、前記半導体部上に設けられ、前記半導体部に電気的に接続された電極と、前記電極の表面上に選択的に設けられた第1金属層と、前記電極上において前記第1金属層を囲み、前記第1金属層の外縁の上面に接する第1表面を有する絶縁層と、前記第1金属層上に設けられた第2金属層と、前記第1金属層および前記第2金属層の間に設けられた第3金属層と、を備える。前記第2金属層は、前記絶縁層の前記第1表面に連続する前記絶縁層の第2表面に接する外縁を有する。前記第3金属層の外縁および前記第3金属層の前記外縁の上面は、前記絶縁層の前記第1表面と前記第2表面との間に位置する第3表面に接する。
実施形態に係る半導体装置を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態に係る半導体素子の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態に係る半導体素子の製造過程を示す模式断面図である。 図3に続く製造過程を示す模式断面図である。 比較例に係る半導体素子の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態の第1変形例に係る半導体素子の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態の第1変形例に係る半導体素子の製造過程を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態の第2変形例に係る半導体素子の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態の第3変形例に係る半導体素子の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。 実施形態の第3変形例に係る半導体素子の製造過程を示す模式断面図である。
以下、実施の形態について図面を参照しながら説明する。図面中の同一部分には、同一番号を付してその詳しい説明は適宜省略し、異なる部分について説明する。なお、図面は模式的または概念的なものであり、各部分の厚みと幅との関係、部分間の大きさの比率などは、必ずしも現実のものと同一とは限らない。また、同じ部分を表す場合であっても、図面により互いの寸法や比率が異なって表される場合もある。
さらに、各図中に示すX軸、Y軸およびZ軸を用いて各部分の配置および構成を説明する。X軸、Y軸、Z軸は、相互に直交し、それぞれX方向、Y方向、Z方向を表す。また、Z方向を上方、その反対方向を下方として説明する場合がある。
図1は、実施形態に係る半導体装置100を示す模式断面図である。半導体装置100は、例えば、半導体素子1と、実装基板10と、接続導体20と、を備える。
図1に示すように、実装基板10は、マウントパッド11と、配線13と、を含む。マウントパッド11は、実装基板10の表面上に設けられる。半導体素子1は、マウントパッド11の上に接続部材15を介してマウントされる。半導体素子1は、接続導体20を介して配線13に電気的に接続される。
半導体素子1は、半導体部30と、電極31と、電極33と、金属層35と、絶縁層37と、金属層39と、を含む。半導体素子1は、例えば、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transisitor)である。電極31は、例えば、コレクタ電極であり、電極33は、例えば、エミッタ電極である。半導体部30は、例えば、シリコンである。
電極31は、半導体部30の裏面上に設けられる。電極33は、半導体部30の表面上に設けられる。金属層35は、電極33の上に選択的に設けられる。絶縁層37は、電極33上において金属層35を囲むように設けられる。金属層39は、金属層35の上に設けられる。
接続導体20は、例えば、銅板であり、接続部材23を介して金属層39上にボンディングされる。また、接続導体20は、接続部材25を介して配線13上にボンディングされる。接続部材23および25は、例えば、ハンダ材である。
半導体装置100は、上記の例に限定される訳ではない。例えば、半導体素子1は、MOSFETもしくはダイオードであっても良い。また、実装基板10は、例えば、銅フレームに置き換えても良い。
図2は、実施形態に係る半導体素子1の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。半導体素子1は、例えば、電極33の上に積層された金属層35、金属層38および金属層39とを含む。電極33は、例えば、アルミニウム電極である。また、電極33の材料は、銅を含む金属であっても良い。金属層35は、例えば、ニッケル層である。金属層38は、例えば、パラジウム層である。金属層39は、例えば、金(Au)層である。
金属層39は、接続部材23を介した接続導体20のボンディング強度を向上させるために用いられる。例えば、接続部材23と金属層39との間の密着強度(図1参照)は、接続部材23を金属層35に直接接するように配置した場合の接続部材23の密着強度よりも大きい。金属層38は、例えば、実装時の熱により金属層35の金属原子が金属層39の中に拡散し、接続部材23と金属層39との間の密着強度が低下することを防ぐために設けられる。すなわち、金属層38は、所謂バリア層である。なお、金属層39を、例えば、0.1μm以上の厚さ形成する場合には、金属層38は省略可能である。
図2に示すように、金属層35は、その外縁35eが絶縁層37の内面に沿うように設けられる。また、金属層38の外縁38eおよび金属層39の外縁39eも絶縁層37に沿うように設けられる。
例えば、電極33の表面に垂直な方向(Z方向)において、絶縁層37の厚さは、金属層35、金属層38および金属層39のトータルの厚さよりも厚く設けられる。絶縁層37は、第1延在部37aと第2延在部37bとを含む。
第1延在部37aは、Z方向において、金属層35の外縁35eと金属層38の外縁38eとの間に位置する。また、第1延在部37aは、Z方向において、金属層35の外縁35eと金属層39の外縁39eとの間に位置する。第2延在部37bは、Z方向において、電極33と金属層35の外縁35eとの間に位置する。
絶縁膜37は、金属層35の外縁35eの上面に接する表面37S1と、金属層39の外縁39eに接する表面37S2と、金属層38の外縁38eに接する表面37S3と、を含む。表面37S3は、表面37S1と表面37S2との間に位置する。
次に、図3(a)~図4(b)を参照して、図2に示す電極構造を形成する方法を説明する。図3(a)~図4(b)は、実施形態に係る半導体素子1の製造過程を順に示す模式断面図である。
図3(a)に示すように、金属層35および絶縁層37を電極33の上に形成する。絶縁層37は、電極33を露出させた、開口37fを有する。金属層35は、例えば、ニッケルを主成分とする金属の無電解めっきにより形成される。金属層35は、絶縁層37をマスクとして電極33の上に選択的に形成される。金属層35は、絶縁層37の内周面に接するように形成させる。金属層35の材料は、ニッケル・リン合金、ニッケル・ホウ素合金、ニッケル・コバルト・タングステン・リン合金などであっても良い。また、金属層35の材料は、銅を主成分とした材料であっても良い。
絶縁層37には、ガラス転移点を有する絶縁材を用いる。絶縁層37は、例えば、シロキサンを含み、スピンコート法を用いて電極33の上に形成される。開口37fは、例えば、フォトリソグラフィにより形成されたエッチングマスク(図示しない)を用いて、絶縁層37を選択エッチングすることにより形成される。また、絶縁層37は、例えば、スクリーン印刷などにより形成されても良い。
絶縁層37の開口37fは、電極33の表面から上方に向かって開口幅が広くなるように形成される。このため、金属層35の外縁35eは、絶縁層37のエッジ上に広がるように形成される。すなわち、金属層35の外縁35eと電極33との間に、絶縁層37の第2延在部37bが形成される。
図3(b)に示すように、金属層35の外縁35eを覆うように、絶縁層37を変形させる。絶縁層37は、そのガラス転移点よりも高い温度に加熱される。絶縁層37の加熱には、例えば、リフロー方式を用いる。これにより、金属層35の外縁35eの上に、絶縁層37の第1延在部37aが形成される。絶縁層37は、金属層35の外縁35eの上面に接する表面37S1を有するように形成される。
絶縁層37に用いられる絶縁材は、120℃~350℃の温度範囲にガラス転移点を有することが好ましい。ガラス転移点が120℃未満である場合、例えば、開口37fを形成するリソグラフィ過程における熱により、絶縁層37が変形することがある。また、リフロー後の処理、例えば、ウェーハを乾燥させる過程において、絶縁層37の再度の熱変形を避けることも難しくなる。一方、金属層35にニッケルを用いた場合、350℃よりも高い温度で相転移をともなった結晶化が生じる。これらの熱変形もしくは熱変性を避けるために、120℃以上、350℃以下の温度範囲において、絶縁層37を熱変形させることが望ましい。
図4(a)に示すように、金属層35の上に金属層38を形成する。金属層38は、例えば、無電解めっきを用いて選択的に形成される。金属層38は、例えば、パラジウム層である。また、金属層38の材料は、金、ニッケル、タングステンまたはリンなどを含む金属であっても良い。金属層38の外縁38eは、絶縁層37の第1延在部37aに接する。絶縁層37は、金属層38の外縁38eに接する表面37S3を有する。
図4(b)に示すように、金属層38の上に金属層39を形成する。金属層39は、例えば、無電解めっきを用いて選択的に形成される。金属層39は、例えば、金(Au)層である。金属層39の材料は、例えば、パラジウムを含む金属であっても良い。金属層39の外縁39eは、絶縁層37の第1延在部37aに接する。絶縁層37は、金属層39の外縁39eに接する表面37S2を有する。
上記の製造過程は例示であり、これに限定される訳ではない。例えば、金属層38を形成することなく、金属層35の上に金属層39を直接形成しても良い。
図5は、比較例に係る半導体素子2の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。半導体素子2の製造過程では、絶縁層37を変形させる熱処理を実施しない。このため、金属層38および金属層39は、金属層35と同様に絶縁層37のエッジ37eに沿って広がるように形成される。
例えば、金属層39を形成する際に用いられる金めっき液は、ニッケルを含む金属層35と反応し、金属層35を腐食もしくは溶解する。金属層35および金属層38を形成した後、金属層39を形成するためにウェーハをめっき液に浸漬すると、金属層35および38と絶縁層37との界面に沿ってめっき液が浸潤し、金属層35と絶縁層37との間に隙間VSLを生じさせる場合がある。さらに、金属層38がパラジウムを含む場合には、めっき液中の金錯体とパラジウムとの間の電子授受が生じ難いことに起因して、ニッケルの腐食が促進される場合がある。
したがって、金属層39を厚く形成するために、ウェーハをめっき液に浸漬する時間を長くすると、絶縁層37と金属層35との間の隙間VSLが広くなる。また、めっき液が電極33に到達すると、電極33も浸食される。このため、電極33と金属層35との間に空洞VSPが形成される場合もある。その結果、半導体装置100の電気特性および信頼性を劣化させることがある。
これに対し、実施形態に係る半導体素子1では、金属層35を形成した後に、絶縁層37を加熱し、金属層35の外縁35eの上面を覆うように変形させる(図2参照)。これにより、金属層38の外縁38eの上面から絶縁層37に沿って電極33に至る沿面距離が長くなり、めっき液の浸潤が電極33にまで至ることを回避できる。その結果、半導体装置100の電気特性の劣化を防ぎ、信頼性を向上させることができる。
図6は、実施形態の第1変形例に係る半導体素子3の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。この例では、絶縁層37の第1延在部37aは、金属層38の外縁38eの上に設けられる。一方、絶縁層37の第2延在部37bは、Z方向において、電極33と金属層35の外縁35eとの間に位置する。また、第2延在部37bは、Z方向において、電極33と金属層38の外縁38eとの間に位置する。
絶縁層37は、金属層39の外縁39eに接する表面37S2と、金属層38の外縁38eの上面に接する表面37S3と、を含む。表面37S2は、表面37S3に隣接する位置に設けられる。
半導体素子3では、金属層38の上面から絶縁層37に沿って電極33に至る沿面距離が長くなると共に、金属層38の上面から金属層35に至る、絶縁層37と金属層38と間の界面も長くなる。これにより、めっき液の浸潤を抑制すると共に、金属層35とめっき液との接触を遅らせて腐食溶解反応を抑制することもできる。
図7(a)および(b)は、実施形態の第1変形例に係る半導体素子3の製造過程を順に示す模式断面図である。
図7(a)に示すように、絶縁層37をマスクとして、金属層35および金属層38を電極33の上に選択的に形成する。金属層35および金属層38は、例えば、無電解めっきにより形成される。
図7(b)に示すように、絶縁層37をガラス転移点よりも高い温度に加熱し、金属層38の外縁38eを覆うように変形させる。絶縁膜37は、金属層38の外縁38eの上面に接する表面37S3を含む。
続いて、金属層38の上に金属層39(図6参照)を形成する。金属層39は、絶縁層37をマスクとして、例えば、無電解めっきにより選択的に形成される。絶縁膜37は、金属層29の外縁39eに接する表面37S2を含む。
図8は、実施形態の第2変形例に係る半導体素子4の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。この例では、絶縁層37は、第1延在部37aおよび第2延在部37bに加えて第3延在部37cをさらに有する。金属層38の外縁38eおよび金属層39の外縁39eは、それぞれステップ状に設けられる。
図8に示すように、第1延在部37aは、Z方向において、金属層38の外縁38eと金属層39の外縁39eとの間に位置する。第2延在部37bは、Z方向において、電極33と金属層35の外縁35eとの間に位置する。第3延在部37cは、Z方向において、金属層38の外縁38eと金属層35の外縁35eとの間に位置する。
絶縁層37は、金属層35の外縁35eの上面に接する表面37S1と、金属層39の外縁39eに接する表面37S2と、金属層38の外縁38eの上面に接する表面37S3と、を含む。表面37S3は、表面37S1と表面37S2との間に位置する。
図8に示す電極構造は、2段階の熱処理により形成される。例えば、第1ステップとして、金属層35を形成した後に、絶縁層37をガラス転移点よりも高い温度に加熱し、金属層35の外縁35eを覆うように変形させる。さらに、第2ステップとして、金属層38を形成した後に、絶縁層37をガラス転移点よりも高い温度に再度加熱し、金属層38の外縁38eを覆うように変形させる。
このように、金属層38の外縁38eおよび金属層39の外縁39eをステップ状に設けることにより、金属層38の外縁38eの上面から電極33に至る、絶縁層37に沿った沿面距離をさらに長くすることができる。また、金属層38の上面から金属層35に至る、絶縁層37と金属層38との界面も長くなる。これにより、めっき液の浸潤を抑制すると共に、金属層35とめっき液との腐食溶解反応を抑制することができる。
図9は、実施形態の第3変形例に係る半導体素子5の電極構造を示す模式断面図である。この例では、絶縁層37は、金属層35の外縁35eを覆う第1延在部37aを有するが、電極33と外縁35eとの間に位置する第2延在部37bを有さない。
図9に示すように、第1延在部37aは、Z方向において、金属層35と金属層38の外縁38eとの間に位置する部分を含む。また、第1延在部37aは、Z方向において、金属層35と金属層39の外縁39eとの間に位置する部分を含む。
絶縁層37は、金属層35の外縁35eの上面に接する表面37S1と、金属層39の外縁39eに接する表面37S2と、金属層38の外縁38eに接する表面37S3と、を含む。表面37S3は、表面37S1と表面37S2との間に位置する。
図10(a)および(b)は、実施形態の第3変形例に係る半導体素子5の製造過程を示す模式断面図である。
図10(a)に示すように、電極33の上に絶縁層37を形成した後に、金属層35を電極33上に選択的に形成する。この例では、絶縁層37は、電極33から上方に、X方向およびY方向の幅が狭くなる開口37fを有する。開口37fは、所謂、逆テーパ形状を有するように形成される。金属層35は、開口37fの内壁に沿った外縁35eを有する。
図10(b)に示すように、絶縁層37をガラス転移点よりも高い温度に加熱し、金属層35の外縁35eを覆うように変形させる。続いて、金属層38および金属層39を、例えば、無電解めっきにより選択的に形成する(図9参照)。絶縁層37は、金属層35の外縁35eの上面に接する表面37S1を有するように形成される。
このように、第2延在部37bを設けることなしに、金属層38から電極33に至る、金属層35と絶縁層37との間の界面の長さを長くすることができる。この例では、絶縁層37のZ方向の厚さを厚くすることにより、金属層35と絶縁層37との間の界面の長さを、図2に示す半導体素子1および図4に示す半導体素子2における界面の長さよりも長く形成することができる。これにより、半導体素子5では、めっき液の浸潤が電極33にまで至る時間をより長くし、半導体装置100の電気特性および信頼性の劣化を抑制できる。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態を説明したが、これらの実施形態は、例として提示したものであり、発明の範囲を限定することは意図していない。これら新規な実施形態は、その他の様々な形態で実施されることが可能であり、発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲で、種々の省略、置き換え、変更を行うことができる。これら実施形態やその変形は、発明の範囲や要旨に含まれるとともに、特許請求の範囲に記載された発明とその均等の範囲に含まれる。
1、2、3、4、5…半導体素子、 10…実装基板、 11…マウントパッド、 13…配線、 15、23、25…接続部材、 20…接続導体、 30…半導体部、 31、33…電極、 35、38、39…金属層、 35e、38e、39e…外縁、 37…絶縁層、 37a…第1延在部、 37b…第2延在部、 37c…第3延在部、 37e…エッジ、 37f…開口、 37S1、37S2、37S3…表面、 100…半導体装置、 VSL…隙間、 VSP…空洞

Claims (8)

  1. 半導体部と、
    前記半導体部上に設けられ、前記半導体部に電気的に接続された電極と、
    前記電極の表面上に選択的に設けられた第1金属層と、
    前記電極上において前記第1金属層を囲み、前記第1金属層の外縁の上面に接する第1表面を有する絶縁層と、
    前記第1金属層上に設けられた第2金属層であって、前記絶縁層の前記第1表面に連続する前記絶縁層の第2表面に接する外縁を有する第2金属層と、
    前記第1金属層および前記第2金属層の間に設けられた第3金属層と、
    を備え、
    前記第3金属層の外縁および前記第3金属層の前記外縁の上面は、前記絶縁層の前記第1表面と前記第2表面との間に位置する第3表面に接した半導体装置。
  2. 前記絶縁層は、前記電極の前記表面に垂直な方向において、前記第1金属層の前記外縁と前記電極との間に位置する延在部を含む請求項1記載の半導体装置。
  3. 前記電極の前記表面に垂直な方向における前記絶縁膜の厚さは、前記電極の前記表面から前記第2金属層の上面に至る前記方向に沿った距離よりも厚い請求項1または2に記載の半導体装置。
  4. 半導体部と、
    前記半導体部上に設けられ、前記半導体部に電気的に接続された電極と、
    前記電極の表面上に選択的に設けられた第1金属層と、
    前記電極上において前記第1金属層を囲み、前記電極と前記第1金属層の外縁との間に位置する延在部を有する絶縁層と、
    前記第1金属層上に設けられ、前記絶縁層に接する外縁を有する第2金属層と、
    前記第1金属層と前記第2金属層との間に設けられた第3金属層と、
    を備え、
    前記絶縁層は、前記第1金属層の前記外縁および前記第3金属層の外縁を覆う部分を有し、前記第3金属層の前記外縁の上面に接する表面を含む半導体装置。
  5. 半導体部上に設けられ、前記半導体部に電気的に接続された電極上に設けられた絶縁層であって、前記電極の一部を露出させた開口を有し、ガラス転移点を有する材料を含む絶縁層を形成する工程と、
    前記絶縁層の前記開口内において、前記電極の表面に垂直な方向における厚さが前記絶縁層の前記方向の厚さよりも薄い第1金属層を前記電極上に形成する工程と、
    前記絶縁層を前記ガラス転移点よりも高温に加熱し、前記絶縁層の一部が前記第1金属層の外縁部を覆うように、前記絶縁膜を変形させる工程と、
    前記第1金属層の露出された表面上に第2金属層を形成する工程と、
    を備え、
    前記第2金属層の外縁が、前記絶縁層の一部の上に位置するように形成する半導体装置の製造方法。
  6. 前記第1金属層上に第3金属層を形成する工程をさらに備え、
    前記第2金属層は、前記第3金属層の上に形成される請求項記載の半導体装置の製造
    方法。
  7. 前記第3金属層は、前記絶縁層を前記ガラス転移点よりも高温に加熱した後に形成される請求項記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
  8. 前記絶縁層は、前記第3金属層を前記第1金属層上に形成した後において、前記ガラス転移点よりも高温に加熱される請求項記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
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JP2010109380A (ja) 2009-12-25 2010-05-13 Toshiba Corp 微粒子膜形成装置・形成方法、ならびに半導体装置およびその製造方法
JP2016111290A (ja) 2014-12-10 2016-06-20 三菱電機株式会社 半導体素子、半導体装置および半導体素子の製造方法

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JP2003338516A (ja) 2002-05-20 2003-11-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 半導体装置およびその製造方法
JP4604641B2 (ja) * 2004-10-18 2011-01-05 株式会社デンソー 半導体装置
JP2010263137A (ja) 2009-05-11 2010-11-18 Renesas Electronics Corp 半導体装置及びその製造方法
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JP2016111290A (ja) 2014-12-10 2016-06-20 三菱電機株式会社 半導体素子、半導体装置および半導体素子の製造方法

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