JP7107923B2 - 再充電可能な電気化学セル及び電池 - Google Patents
再充電可能な電気化学セル及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7107923B2 JP7107923B2 JP2019515344A JP2019515344A JP7107923B2 JP 7107923 B2 JP7107923 B2 JP 7107923B2 JP 2019515344 A JP2019515344 A JP 2019515344A JP 2019515344 A JP2019515344 A JP 2019515344A JP 7107923 B2 JP7107923 B2 JP 7107923B2
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 68
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- 208000031509 superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001317 nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910018060 Ni-Co-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018209 Ni—Co—Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 lithium metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000282866 Euchlaena mexicana Species 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010024825 Loose associations Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910007217 Si(OH)x Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
- OLBVUFHMDRJKTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[O] Chemical compound [N].[O] OLBVUFHMDRJKTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001905 inorganic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide Inorganic materials [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
Lip(NixMnyCozMmAlnAa)O2±b、
を有する生成物を含み、
式中、Mは、Mg、Ti、Cr、V、及びFeの群からの1つ以上の元素を指し、
Aは、F、C、Cl、S、Zr、Ba、Y、Ca、B、Sn、Sb、Na、及びZnの群からの1つ以上の元素を指し、
0.9<(x+y+z+m+n+a)<1.1であり、
b<0.02であり、
0.9<p<1.1であり、
0.30<x<0.95であり、
(y+z)≧0.09であり、
0≦m≦0.05であり、
0≦a≦0.05であり、
0≦n≦0.15であり、
負極は電気化学的に活性な物質として複合粒子を含み、複合粒子は、マトリックス材料中のシリコン系ドメインを含み、個々のシリコン系ドメインは、マトリックス中に埋め込まれていないか若しくは完全には埋め込まれていない、遊離シリコン系ドメインであるか、又はマトリックス材料によって完全に包囲された、完全に埋め込まれたシリコン系ドメインのいずれかであり、遊離シリコン系ドメインの割合は、複合粒子中のSiの総量の4重量%以下である。
遊離シリコンの測定
負極活物質の遊離シリコン系ドメインの割合を測定するために、既知の総Si含有量を有する0.1g生成物を45℃の1.2g/LのKOH水溶液に入れた。ガスビュレットを用いて、48時間にわたって、発生する気体の体積を収集し測定したが、他の気体測定方法を想定してもよい。
Si+KOH+5H2O→KH7SiO6+2H2
Si+2KOH+2H2O→K2H2SiO4+2H2
実施例及び反例中の生成物の酸素含有量を、Leco TC600酸素-窒素分析装置を用い、以下の方法によって測定した。
粒径分布を、後に定義する材料P、Qに用いるシリコン粉末について、次の方法で測定した。
直前の項におけるものよりも粗い粉末に対する粒径分布を、同一の装置上で類似の乾式方法により測定した。
圧縮レンジ、活性ビーム長2.4mm、測定レンジ:300RF、0.01~900μm。製造者の説明書にしたがって、試料の調製及び測定を行った。
2.4重量%のNa-CMC溶液を調製し、これを一晩溶解させた。次いで、この溶液に導電性炭素であるTIMCAL Carbon Super Pを添加し、高せん断ミキサーを用いて20分間撹拌した。
Na-CMC水溶液の代わりにNMP水溶液に溶解させた、PVDF系バインダを用いたこと、及び銅の代わり15μm厚のアルミニウム箔集電体を用いたことを除いて、負極と類似した方法で正極を調製した。箔の両側をコーティングし、カレンダー加工した。
幅43mm及び長さ450mmを有する正極を用いて、650mAhのパウチ型セルを作製した。正極集電体タブとして機能するアルミニウム板を正極の端部にアーク溶接した。
-負極。負極集電体タブとして機能するニッケル板を、負極の端部にアーク溶接した。
フルセルのリチウム電池を、25℃で数回、以下の条件にて充放電させ、その充放電サイクルの性能を測定する。
-CCモードにて1Cのレートで4.2Vまで、次にCVモードにてC/20に到達するまで、充電を実施する。
-次にセルを10分間休ませる。
-CCモードにて1Cのレートで、2.7Vに下がるまで放電を行う。
-次にセルを10分間休ませる。
-電池の保持容量が約80%に達するまで充放電サイクルを続けた。25サイクルごとに、CCモードにて0.2Cのレートで2.7Vに下がるまで放電を行う。
5つの正極活物質を使用した。
-モル比が、Ni:Co:Al=80:15:5である、混合Ni-Co-Mn溶液を用いた。
-CSTR内で、10.0~11.0の範囲のpHを確立した。
-混合水酸化物を不活性雰囲気中にて100℃で乾燥させた。
-リチウム源として、Li2CO3の代わりにLiOHを使用した。
-熱処理を純酸素中にて750℃で行った。
材料P、Q、及びRとして示す、3つの負極活物質を使用した。
最初にナノシリコン粉末を次のように調製した。
ミクロンサイズのシリコン粉末を前駆体として用意した。アルゴンプラズマを用いて、60kWのラジオ周波数(RF)誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)を印加した。前駆体を220g/hの割合でプラズマ中に注入し、その結果、全体的な(すなわち反応区域内における)温度が2000Kを超えた。
材料Pに使用したものと同じナノシリコン粉末を用いた。このナノシリコン粉末を2.58g、及び5.42gのピッチ、及び7.1gのグラファイトの混合物を調製し、ローラーミキサー上で3時間にわたって混合した後、得られた混合物を粉砕機に通して解凝集させた。
室温において、Si源となるTEOS(テトラエチルオルソシリケート)を7.44mL、125mLの水で溶解し、その中にポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)を1g添加した。PVPは、ナノサイズのSiOxの合成において2つの役割を果たす。第1の役割はTEOSの水への溶解を助けることである。TEOSは水で直接溶解することはできず、PVPは有機基と無機基とを有する両親媒性分子なので、PVPはTEOSを水の中に取り込み、TEOSのSi(OH)x粒子への加水分解を促進し得る。第2の役割は、シラノール基(Si-OH)を水素結合させることにより、ナノサイズのSiOxの凝集を防止することである。
Claims (12)
- 負極及び正極を備える再充電可能な電気化学セルであって、前記正極は、一般式、
Lip(NixMnyCozMmAlnAa)O2±b、
を有する生成物を含み、
式中、Mは、Mg、Ti、Cr、V、及びFeの群からの1つ以上の元素を指し、
Aは、F、C、Cl、S、Zr、Ba、Y、Ca、B、Sn、Sb、Na、及びZnの群からの1つ以上の元素を指し、
0.9<(x+y+z+m+n+a)<1.1であり、
b<0.02であり、
0.9<p<1.1であり、
0.8≦x<0.95であり、
y>0.08であり
(y+z)≧0.09であり、
0≦m≦0.05であり、
0≦a≦0.05であり、
0≦n≦0.15であり、
前記負極は複合粒子を含み、
前記複合粒子はマトリックス材料中のシリコン系ドメインを含み、
前記シリコン系ドメインのそれぞれは、
前記マトリックス材料中に埋め込まれていない、若しくは完全には埋め込まれていない、遊離シリコン系ドメインであるか、
又は前記マトリックス材料によって完全に包囲された、完全に埋め込まれているシリコン系ドメインのいずれかであり、
遊離シリコン系ドメインの割合は、前記複合粒子中の金属状態又は酸化状態のSiの総量の4重量%以下であり、
前記マトリックス材料は炭素である、電気化学セル。 - 前記マトリックス材料は、ポリビニルアクリレート、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリアクリル酸、及びピッチの群からの生成物のうちの1つ以上の熱分解生成物である、請求項1に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記シリコン系ドメインは、d50が200nm以下、及びd90が1000nm以下の重量ベースのサイズ分布を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記複合粒子は、3重量%未満の酸素を含有する、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記シリコン系ドメインは、シリコン系粒子である、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記シリコン系ドメインは、Si及びO以外の元素を1重量%未満含有する、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記複合粒子は、1~20マイクロメートルの平均粒径d50を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 前記複合粒子はまた、グラファイト粒子も含有し、前記グラファイト粒子は前記マトリックス材料中に埋め込まれていない、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- z<0.35である、請求項1に記載の電気化学セル。
- n<0.05である、請求項1に記載の電気化学セル。
- n<0.01であり、(m+a)<0.02であり、z>0.08である、請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学セル。
- 請求項1に記載の電気化学セルを少なくとも1つ含む、再充電可能な電池。
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