JP7003126B2 - 撮像装置、及び電子機器 - Google Patents
撮像装置、及び電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7003126B2 JP7003126B2 JP2019524539A JP2019524539A JP7003126B2 JP 7003126 B2 JP7003126 B2 JP 7003126B2 JP 2019524539 A JP2019524539 A JP 2019524539A JP 2019524539 A JP2019524539 A JP 2019524539A JP 7003126 B2 JP7003126 B2 JP 7003126B2
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Description
本実施の形態では、ニューラルネットワークのプーリング処理を効率的に行う撮像装置について、図1乃至図7を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、撮像装置10に用いられる光電変換素子101について、図8乃至図14を用いて説明する。
図8(A)に、上述した画素回路を有する画素の構成を例示する。図8(A)に示す画素は、層61及び層62の積層構成を有する例である。
OSトランジスタに用いる半導体材料としては、エネルギーギャップが2eV以上、好ましくは2.5eV以上、より好ましくは3eV以上である金属酸化物を用いることができる。代表的には、インジウムを含む酸化物半導体などであり、例えば、後述するCAC-OSなどを用いることができる。
図13(A)は、本発明の一態様の撮像装置の画素にカラーフィルタ等を付加した例を示す斜視図である。当該斜視図では、複数の画素の断面もあわせて図示している。光電変換素子101が形成される層61上には、絶縁層80が形成される。絶縁層80は可視光に対して透光性の高い酸化シリコン膜などを用いることができる。また、パッシベーション膜として窒化シリコン膜を積層してもよい。また、反射防止膜として、酸化ハフニウムなどの誘電体膜を積層してもよい。
以下では、イメージセンサチップを収めたパッケージ及びカメラモジュールの一例について説明する。当該イメージセンサチップには、上記撮像装置の構成を用いることができる。
本発明の一態様に係る撮像装置を用いることができる電子機器として、表示機器、パーソナルコンピュータ、記録媒体を備えた画像記憶装置又は画像再生装置、携帯電話、携帯型を含むゲーム機、携帯データ端末、電子書籍端末、ビデオカメラ、デジタルスチルカメラ等のカメラ、ゴーグル型ディスプレイ(ヘッドマウントディスプレイ)、ナビゲーションシステム、音響再生装置(カーオーディオ、デジタルオーディオプレイヤー等)、複写機、ファクシミリ、プリンタ、プリンタ複合機、現金自動預け入れ払い機(ATM)、自動販売機などが挙げられる。これら電子機器の具体例を図15に示す。
以上の実施の形態における各構成の説明について、以下に付記する。
各実施の形態に示す構成は、他の実施の形態に示す構成と適宜組み合わせて、本発明の一態様とすることができる。また、1つの実施の形態の中に、複数の構成例が示される場合は、互いに構成例を適宜組み合わせることが可能である。
本明細書等において、「第1」、「第2」、「第3」という序数詞は、構成要素の混同を避けるために付したものである。したがって、構成要素の数を限定するものではない。また、構成要素の順序を限定するものではない。また例えば、本明細書等の実施の形態の一において「第1」に言及された構成要素が、他の実施の形態、あるいは特許請求の範囲において「第2」に言及された構成要素とすることもありうる。また例えば、本明細書等の実施の形態の一において「第1」に言及された構成要素を、他の実施の形態、あるいは特許請求の範囲において省略することもありうる。
実施の形態について図面を参照しながら説明している。ただし、実施の形態は多くの異なる態様で実施することが可能であり、趣旨及びその範囲から逸脱することなく、その形態及び詳細を様々に変更し得ることは当業者であれば容易に理解される。したがって、本発明は、実施の形態の記載内容に限定して解釈されるものではない。なお、実施の形態の発明の構成において、同一部分又は同様な機能を有する部分には同一の符号を異なる図面間で共通して用い、その繰り返しの説明は省略する。
本明細書等において、トランジスタの接続関係を説明する際、ソースとドレインとの一方を、「ソース又はドレインの一方」(又は第1電極、又は第1端子)と表記し、ソースとドレインとの他方を「ソース又はドレインの他方」(又は第2電極、又は第2端子)と表記している。これは、トランジスタのソースとドレインは、トランジスタの構造又は動作条件等によって変わるためである。なおトランジスタのソースとドレインの呼称については、ソース(ドレイン)端子や、ソース(ドレイン)電極等、状況に応じて適切に言い換えることができる。また、本明細書等では、ゲート以外の2つの端子を第1端子、第2端子と呼ぶ場合や、第3端子、第4端子と呼ぶ場合がある。また、本明細書等に記載するトランジスタが2つ以上のゲートを有するとき(この構成をデュアルゲート構造という場合がある)、それらのゲートを第1ゲート、第2ゲートと呼ぶ場合や、フロントゲート、バックゲートと呼ぶ場合がある。特に、「フロントゲート」という語句は、単に「ゲート」という語句に互いに言い換えることができる。また、「バックゲート」という語句は、単に「ゲート」という語句に互いに言い換えることができる。なお、ボトムゲートとは、トランジスタの作製時において、チャネル形成領域よりも先に形成される端子のことをいい、「トップゲート」とは、トランジスタの作製時において、チャネル形成領域よりも後に形成される端子のことをいう。
以下では、上記実施の形態中で言及した語句の定義について説明する。
半導体の不純物とは、例えば、半導体層を構成する主成分以外をいう。例えば、濃度が0.1原子%未満の元素は不純物である。不純物が含まれることにより、例えば、半導体にDOS(Density of States)が形成されることや、キャリア移動度が低下することや、結晶性が低下することなどが起こる場合がある。半導体が酸化物半導体である場合、半導体の特性を変化させる不純物としては、例えば、第1族元素、第2族元素、第13族元素、第14族元素、第15族元素、主成分以外の遷移金属などがあり、特に、例えば、水素(水にも含まれる)、リチウム、ナトリウム、シリコン、ホウ素、リン、炭素、窒素などがある。酸化物半導体の場合、例えば水素などの不純物の混入によって酸素欠損を形成する場合がある。また、半導体がシリコン層である場合、半導体の特性を変化させる不純物としては、例えば、酸素、水素を除く第1族元素、第2族元素、第13族元素、第15族元素などがある。
本明細書において、トランジスタとは、ゲートと、ドレインと、ソースとを含む少なくとも三つの端子を有する素子である。そして、ドレイン(ドレイン端子、ドレイン領域又はドレイン電極)とソース(ソース端子、ソース領域又はソース電極)の間にチャネル形成領域を有する。ゲート-ソース間にしきい値電圧を超える電圧を与えることによって、チャネル形成領域にチャネルが形成され、ソース‐ドレイン間に電流を流すことができる。
本明細書等において、スイッチとは、導通状態(オン状態)、又は、非導通状態(オフ状態)になり、電流を流すか流さないかを制御する機能を有するものをいう。又は、スイッチとは、電流を流す経路を選択して切り替える機能を有するものをいう。
本明細書等において、XとYとが接続されている、と記載する場合は、XとYとが電気的に接続されている場合と、XとYとが機能的に接続されている場合と、XとYとが直接接続されている場合とを含むものとする。したがって、所定の接続関係、例えば、図又は文章に示された接続関係に限定されず、図又は文章に示された接続関係以外のものも含むものとする。
本明細書において、「平行」とは、二つの直線が-10°以上10°以下の角度で配置されている状態をいう。したがって、-5°以上5°以下の場合も含まれる。また、「略平行」とは、二つの直線が-30°以上30°以下の角度で配置されている状態をいう。また、「垂直」とは、二つの直線が80°以上100°以下の角度で配置されている状態をいう。したがって、85°以上95°以下の場合も含まれる。また、「略垂直」とは、二つの直線が60°以上120°以下の角度で配置されている状態をいう。
Claims (8)
- 画素領域と、第1の回路と、を有する撮像装置であって、
前記画素領域は、プーリングモジュールと、出力回路とを有し、
前記プーリングモジュールは、複数のプーリング回路と、比較モジュールと、を有し、
前記プーリング回路は、複数の画素と、演算回路と、を有し、
前記比較モジュールは、複数の比較回路と、判定回路とを有し、
前記画素は、光電変換により第1の信号を取得する機能を有し、
前記画素は、前記第1の信号を任意の倍率で乗算して第2の信号を生成する機能を有し、
前記プーリング回路は、複数の前記第2の信号を前記演算回路によって加算して第3の信号を生成する機能を有し、
前記比較モジュールは、複数の前記第3の信号を比較し、最も大きな前記第3の信号を選択し、前記判定回路に出力する機能を有し、
前記判定回路は、最も大きな前記第3の信号を判定し2値化して第4の信号を生成する機能を有し、
前記第1の回路は、前記第4の信号を前記出力回路に出力するタイミングを制御し、
前記プーリングモジュールは、前記画素の数に応じてプーリング処理し、
前記プーリングモジュールは、前記プーリング処理により生成された前記第4の信号を出力する撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記撮像装置は、さらに、第2の回路と、第3の回路と、第1の配線と、第2の配線と、第3の配線と、を有し、
前記画素は、第1の出力端子を有し、
前記演算回路は、第1のトランジスタと、第2のトランジスタと、第3のトランジスタとを有し、
前記第2の回路は、前記第1の配線を介して行方向に延在する複数の前記画素と電気的に接続され、
前記第3の回路は、前記第2の配線を介して列方向に延在する複数の前記画素と電気的に接続され、
前記第3の配線は、前記第1のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第2のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第3のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方とに電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのゲートは、前記第1のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの他方と、前記第2のトランジスタのゲートと、前記第3のトランジスタのゲートと、前記プーリング回路が有する前記画素の前記第1の出力端子とに電気的に接続され、
前記第3の回路は、前記第2の配線に選択信号を出力する機能を有し、
前記第2の回路は、前記第1の配線を介して前記画素に任意の倍率を設定する機能を有し、
前記第1のトランジスタは、前記第2のトランジスタと、前記第3のトランジスタと同じチャネル長を有し、
前記第2のトランジスタは、前記第1のトランジスタのチャネル幅と同じ幅を有することで、複数の前記第2の信号を加算した前記第3の信号を出力する機能を有し、
前記第3のトランジスタは、前記第1のトランジスタのチャネル幅を前記プーリング回路が有する前記画素の数で割った長さにすることで、前記第3の信号の大きさを前記画素の数で割った大きさの第5の信号を出力する機能を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記比較モジュールは、第1の比較回路と、第2の比較回路と、カレントミラー回路と、を有し、
前記第1の比較回路は、第4のトランジスタ、第5のトランジスタ、第6のトランジスタ、第7のトランジスタ、第8のトランジスタ、第9のトランジスタ、第1の入力端子、第2の入力端子、第2の出力端子、及び第4の配線を有し、
前記第1の比較回路の前記第2の出力端子は、前記カレントミラー回路を介して前記第2の比較回路の前記第1の入力端子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1の入力端子は、前記第5のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第7のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第4のトランジスタのゲートと、前記第5のトランジスタのゲートと、前記第6のトランジスタのゲートとに電気的に接続され、
前記第2の入力端子は、前記第8のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第6のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第7のトランジスタのゲートと、前記第8のトランジスタのゲートと、前記第9のトランジスタのゲートとに電気的に接続され、
前記第2の出力端子は、前記第4のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と、前記第9のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方とに電気的に接続され、
前記第4のトランジスタ乃至前記第9のトランジスタは、同じ大きさのチャネル長を有し、
前記第4のトランジスタのチャネル幅は、前記第5のトランジスタのチャネル幅と同じであることが好ましく、
前記第6のトランジスタのチャネル幅は、前記第5のトランジスタのチャネル幅の2倍が好ましく、
前記第4のトランジスタ乃至前記第6のトランジスタは、第1のカレントミラー回路を形成し、
前記第9のトランジスタのチャネル幅は、前記第8のトランジスタのチャネル幅と同じであることが好ましく、
前記第7のトランジスタのチャネル幅は、前記第8のトランジスタのチャネル幅の2倍が好ましく、
前記第7のトランジスタ乃至前記第9のトランジスタは、第2のカレントミラー回路を形成し、
前記第1の比較回路の前記第1の入力端子には、第6の信号が与えられ、
前記第1の比較回路の前記第2の入力端子には、第7の信号が与えられ、
前記第1の比較回路の前記第2の出力端子は、前記第6の信号又は前記第7の信号のいずれか大きい信号を第8の信号として出力し、
前記第2の比較回路の前記第1の入力端子には、前記第8の信号が与えられ、
前記第2の比較回路の前記第2の入力端子には、第9の信号が与えられ、
前記第2の比較回路の前記第2の出力端子は、前記第8の信号又は前記第9の信号のいずれか大きい信号を第10の信号として前記判定回路に出力し、
前記判定回路は、前記第10の信号を判定し、2値化して前記第4の信号を生成する機能を有し前記第1の回路は、前記第4の信号を前記出力回路に出力するタイミングを制御する機能を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1又は請求項2において、
前記複数の前記画素はマトリクス状に配置され、隣り合う画素の間に遮光されている領域を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項2において、
前記画素は、さらに、光電変換素子、第10のトランジスタ、第11のトランジスタ、第12のトランジスタ、第13のトランジスタ、及び第1の容量素子を有し、
前記光電変換素子の一方の電極は、前記第10のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第10のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの他方は、前記第11のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第11のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方は、前記第12のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第12のトランジスタのゲートは、前記第1の容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記第12のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方は、前記第1の出力端子と電気的に接続され、
前記第1の容量素子の他方の電極は、前記第13のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第13のトランジスタのソース又はドレインの他方は、前記第1の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第13のトランジスタのゲートは、前記第2の配線と電気的に接続され、
前記第10のトランジスタ及び前記第12のトランジスタは、チャネル形成領域に金属酸化物を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記金属酸化物は、Inと、Znと、M(MはAl、Ti、Ga、Sn、Y、Zr、La、Ce、Nd又はHf)と、を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記光電変換素子は、セレン又はセレンを含む化合物を有する撮像装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一に記載の撮像装置と、表示装置と、を有する電子機器。
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WO2018229594A1 (ja) | 2018-12-20 |
US20200169683A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
US11805335B2 (en) | 2023-10-31 |
DE112018003051T5 (de) | 2020-02-27 |
KR20200019181A (ko) | 2020-02-21 |
JP7466720B2 (ja) | 2024-04-12 |
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