JP6911837B2 - 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子 - Google Patents

電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP6911837B2
JP6911837B2 JP2018509274A JP2018509274A JP6911837B2 JP 6911837 B2 JP6911837 B2 JP 6911837B2 JP 2018509274 A JP2018509274 A JP 2018509274A JP 2018509274 A JP2018509274 A JP 2018509274A JP 6911837 B2 JP6911837 B2 JP 6911837B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
containing monomer
monomer unit
copolymer
electrode
group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
JP2018509274A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPWO2017170281A1 (ja
Inventor
邦博 後藤
邦博 後藤
麻貴 召田
麻貴 召田
浩二 安中
浩二 安中
琢也 石井
琢也 石井
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zeon Corp
Original Assignee
Zeon Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zeon Corp filed Critical Zeon Corp
Publication of JPWO2017170281A1 publication Critical patent/JPWO2017170281A1/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP6911837B2 publication Critical patent/JP6911837B2/ja
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/42—Nitriles
    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
    • C08F220/48—Acrylonitrile with nitrogen-containing monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/42—Nitriles
    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/42—Nitriles
    • C08F220/44—Acrylonitrile
    • C08F220/46—Acrylonitrile with carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids or salts thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
    • C08F2800/10—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as molar percentages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
JP2018509274A 2016-03-28 2017-03-24 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子 Active JP6911837B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2016064559 2016-03-28
JP2016064559 2016-03-28
PCT/JP2017/012175 WO2017170281A1 (ja) 2016-03-28 2017-03-24 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPWO2017170281A1 JPWO2017170281A1 (ja) 2019-02-07
JP6911837B2 true JP6911837B2 (ja) 2021-07-28

Family

ID=59965479

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2018509274A Active JP6911837B2 (ja) 2016-03-28 2017-03-24 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US11046797B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3439087A4 (de)
JP (1) JP6911837B2 (de)
KR (1) KR102339491B1 (de)
CN (1) CN108780894B (de)
WO (1) WO2017170281A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3340341B1 (de) * 2015-08-20 2023-10-04 Zeon Corporation Bindemittelzusammensetzung für wasserfreie sekundärbatterie, zusammensetzung für funktionsschicht einer wasserfreien sekundärbatterie, funktionsschicht für wasserfreie sekundärbatterie und wasserfreie sekundärbatterie
EP3598544A4 (de) * 2017-03-13 2020-12-30 Zeon Corporation Dispersionsflüssigkeit mit leitfähigem material für elektroden mit elektrochemischem element, schlämmezusammensetzung für elektroden mit elektrochemischem element, verfahren zur herstellung davon, elektrode für elektrochemische elemente und elektrochemisches element
JP7216344B2 (ja) 2020-01-31 2023-02-01 東洋インキＳｃホールディングス株式会社 分散剤、導電材分散体、及び電極膜用スラリー
WO2021253302A1 (en) * 2020-06-17 2021-12-23 Guangdong Haozhi Technology Co. Limited Conductive composition for secondary battery
KR20230028734A (ko) * 2020-06-17 2023-03-02 쥐알에스티 인터내셔널 리미티드 2차 전지용 바인더 조성물
US20230105056A1 (en) * 2020-06-17 2023-04-06 Grst International Limited Method for polymer precipitation
KR20230025805A (ko) * 2020-06-17 2023-02-23 쥐알에스티 인터내셔널 리미티드 복합체 박리 방법
CN115053381A (zh) * 2020-06-17 2022-09-13 广东省皓智科技有限公司 复合物的剥离方法
WO2021253672A1 (en) * 2020-06-17 2021-12-23 Guangdong Haozhi Technology Co., Limited Binder composition for secondary battery
KR20230025778A (ko) * 2020-06-17 2023-02-23 쥐알에스티 인터내셔널 리미티드 복합체 박리 방법
CN114287074B (zh) * 2020-06-17 2024-05-14 广东省皓智科技有限公司 用于二次电池的粘结剂组合物
CN115380096A (zh) * 2020-06-17 2022-11-22 广东省皓智科技有限公司 用于二次电池的粘结剂组合物
WO2022067507A1 (zh) * 2020-09-29 2022-04-07 宁德新能源科技有限公司 一种包含共聚物的粘结剂及包含该粘结剂的电化学装置

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5573966A (en) 1995-09-25 1996-11-12 United Microelectronics Corporation Method for making a read-only memory device having trenches
JP2010092719A (ja) * 2008-10-08 2010-04-22 Hitachi Chem Co Ltd 非水電解液系エネルギーデバイス電極用接着添加剤、これを用いた非水電解液系エネルギーデバイス電極用バインダ樹脂組成物、これを用いた非水電解液系エネルギーデバイス電極、及び非水電解液系エネルギーデバイス
KR101077870B1 (ko) * 2010-02-26 2011-10-28 주식회사 엘지화학 접착력이 우수한 이차전지용 바인더
JP5803070B2 (ja) 2010-08-31 2015-11-04 日立化成株式会社 バインダ樹脂組成物、エネルギーデバイス用電極及びエネルギーデバイス
EP2660908B1 (de) 2010-12-28 2017-04-26 Zeon Corporation Elektrodenbindemittelzusammensetzung für eine batterie mit nichtwässrigem elektrolyt, elektrode für eine batterie mit nichtwässrigem elektrolyt und batterie mit nichtwässrigem elektrolyt
KR20140018882A (ko) 2011-02-23 2014-02-13 제온 코포레이션 2 차 전지용 부극, 2 차 전지, 부극용 슬러리 조성물 및 2 차 전지용 부극의 제조 방법
JP5617725B2 (ja) 2011-03-28 2014-11-05 日本ゼオン株式会社 二次電池用電極、二次電池電極用バインダー、製造方法及び二次電池
JP2013122913A (ja) * 2011-11-11 2013-06-20 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd 二次電池電極用バインダ、これを用いた二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池用電極、及び二次電池
CN104685673B (zh) * 2012-10-10 2017-09-22 日本瑞翁株式会社 二次电池用正极的制造方法、二次电池、以及二次电池用叠层体的制造方法
JP6036261B2 (ja) * 2012-12-19 2016-11-30 東洋インキＳｃホールディングス株式会社 二次電池電極形成用組成物、二次電池電極、及び二次電池
CN104904042B (zh) * 2013-02-04 2017-03-15 日本瑞翁株式会社 锂离子二次电池正极用浆料
CN105378989B (zh) * 2013-07-18 2018-04-27 Jsr株式会社 蓄电设备用粘结剂组合物、蓄电设备用浆料、蓄电设备电极、间隔件以及蓄电设备
CN103421141B (zh) * 2013-07-26 2016-05-11 中国科学院化学研究所 聚丙烯腈共聚物纺丝液及其制备方法
JP2015162384A (ja) * 2014-02-27 2015-09-07 日本ゼオン株式会社 リチウムイオン二次電池正極用バインダー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池正極用スラリー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極、およびリチウムイオン二次電池
JP6020615B2 (ja) 2015-01-28 2016-11-02 日立化成株式会社 エネルギーデバイス用電極並びにエネルギーデバイス及リチウムイオン二次電池
KR102351531B1 (ko) * 2016-05-13 2022-01-13 니폰 제온 가부시키가이샤 전기 화학 소자 전극용 바인더 입자 집합체, 전기 화학 소자 전극용 슬러리 조성물, 및 그들의 제조 방법, 그리고, 전기 화학 소자용 전극 및 전기 화학 소자
CN109690841B (zh) * 2016-09-20 2022-05-31 日本瑞翁株式会社 非水系二次电池正极用浆料组合物、非水系二次电池用正极以及非水系二次电池

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPWO2017170281A1 (ja) 2019-02-07
US11046797B2 (en) 2021-06-29
KR20180127980A (ko) 2018-11-30
EP3439087A1 (de) 2019-02-06
WO2017170281A1 (ja) 2017-10-05
KR102339491B1 (ko) 2021-12-14
EP3439087A4 (de) 2019-11-27
CN108780894A (zh) 2018-11-09
US20190085109A1 (en) 2019-03-21
CN108780894B (zh) 2021-09-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP6911837B2 (ja) 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子
US10044026B2 (en) Paste composition for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode-use, composite particles for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode-use, slurry composition for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode-use, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary battery-use, and lithium ion secondary battery
JP7184076B2 (ja) カーボンナノチューブ分散液、二次電池電極用スラリー、二次電池電極用スラリーの製造方法、二次電池用電極および二次電池
JP6935796B2 (ja) 電気化学素子電極用バインダー粒子集合体、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、およびそれらの製造方法、並びに、電気化学素子用電極および電気化学素子
JP7234927B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極、及び非水系二次電池
JP6601413B2 (ja) 二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池用電極および二次電池
US10249879B2 (en) Binder composition for secondary battery electrode-use, slurry composition for secondary battery electrode-use, electrode for secondary battery-use and production method therefor, and secondary battery
JP6922888B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用導電材ペースト組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
WO2015133154A1 (ja) リチウムイオン二次電池用バインダー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池多孔膜用スラリー組成物、リチウムイオン二次電池用電極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池
JP6665592B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物およびその製造方法、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極並びに非水系二次電池
JP7327398B2 (ja) 電気化学素子電極用バインダー組成物、電気化学素子電極用スラリー組成物、電気化学素子用電極、および電気化学素子
WO2018168502A1 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用導電材ペースト組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JPWO2019181660A1 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用導電材ペースト組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JPWO2019181871A1 (ja) 二次電池用バインダー組成物、二次電池電極用導電材ペースト、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物の製造方法、二次電池用電極および二次電池
JP6996504B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JP6996503B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JP7400712B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用導電材ペースト組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JP6481581B2 (ja) 非水系二次電池電極用バインダー組成物、非水系二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、非水系二次電池用電極および非水系二次電池
JP6455015B2 (ja) 二次電池用バインダー組成物、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池用電極および二次電池
JP7334721B2 (ja) 二次電池用バインダー組成物、二次電池電極用導電材ペースト、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物の製造方法、二次電池用電極および二次電池
JP6579250B2 (ja) 二次電池用バインダー組成物、二次電池電極用スラリー組成物、二次電池用電極および二次電池

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20191028

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20201201

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20210127

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20210608

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20210621

R150 Certificate of patent or registration of utility model

Ref document number: 6911837

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250