JP6789215B2 - リチウムベースの蓄エネルギー器用の電解質 - Google Patents
リチウムベースの蓄エネルギー器用の電解質 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6789215B2 JP6789215B2 JP2017522373A JP2017522373A JP6789215B2 JP 6789215 B2 JP6789215 B2 JP 6789215B2 JP 2017522373 A JP2017522373 A JP 2017522373A JP 2017522373 A JP2017522373 A JP 2017522373A JP 6789215 B2 JP6789215 B2 JP 6789215B2
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- lithium
- carbonate
- electrolyte
- ion battery
- tetrafluoro
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 57
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 25
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- -1 lithium hexafluorophosphate Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
- UZOWLKCKCIBSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)ethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F UZOWLKCKCIBSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 30
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical group OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZPFAVCIQZKRBGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide Chemical group O=S1(=O)OCCO1 ZPFAVCIQZKRBGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2-oxide Chemical group O=S1OCCO1 WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical group O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GKZFQPGIDVGTLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1COC(=O)O1 GKZFQPGIDVGTLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OYOKPDLAMOMTEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group ClC1COC(=O)O1 OYOKPDLAMOMTEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZKOGUIGAVNCCKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound O1C(=O)OCC1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZKOGUIGAVNCCKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- WXKCEXWAERAUCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanesulfonic acid;lithium Chemical compound [Li].CCS(O)(=O)=O WXKCEXWAERAUCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 29
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
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- 229910001317 nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
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- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium iron(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Fe+2].[Li+] CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MFOCBFCVFGWCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-methoxyethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].COC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S([O-])(=O)=O MFOCBFCVFGWCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPMHLENVWXXFOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)F DPMHLENVWXXFOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AAKLQLXZURPBSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;ethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCS([O-])(=O)=O AAKLQLXZURPBSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-fluorosulfonylsulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)NS(F)(=O)=O KTQDYGVEEFGIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明によると、「リチウムイオン電池」、「リチウム・イオン電池」、「リチウム・イオン・電池」、「再充電可能なリチウムイオン電池」および「リチウムイオン二次電池」という用語または書き方を同義に使用する。これらの用語は、「リチウム電池」、「リチウムイオン蓄電池」および「リチウムイオンセル」という用語、およびすべてのリチウムまたは合金電池、特にリチウム硫黄または合金系も含む。したがって、「リチウムイオン電池」という用語は、従来技術で慣用の前記の用語の総称として使用する。この総称は、再充電可能な電池(二次電池)と同様に非充電式電池(一次電池)も意味する。特に、本発明の趣旨での「電池」は、単一または唯一の「電気化学セル」も含む。好ましくは、「電池」には、2つ以上のそのような電気化学セルが、直列(つまり順番に)または並行のいずれか一方で相互接続されている。
本発明による電気化学セルは、少なくとも2つの電極、つまり正極(カソード)および負極(アノード)を有する。
正極用の活物質またはカソード活物質としては、これに関する従来技術から公知のすべての材料を使用できる。これに含まれるのは、例えば、LiCoO2、NCM、NCA、高エネルギーNCM、もしくはHE−NCM(英語:「High−Energy NCM」)、リン酸鉄リチウム、リチウムマンガンスピネル(LiMn2O4)、リチウム−マンガン−ニッケル酸化物(LMNO)、または(Li2MnO3)x(LiMO2)1−x型の、リチウムに富む遷移金属酸化物である。つまり、本発明の趣旨での正極に関して制限はない。
負極用の活物質またはアノード活物質としては、これに関する従来技術から公知のすべての材料を使用できる。つまり、本発明の趣旨での負極に関して制限はない。様々なアノード活物質の混合物を使用することも特に可能である。
正極または負極用に使用される材料、例えば、活物質は、これらの材料を電極上または導体上に保つ1つまたは複数のバインダーによって結合される。
本発明による電気化学セルは、正極と負極とを互いに分離する材料を有する。この材料は、リチウムイオンに対しては透過性であり、つまりリチウムイオンを伝導するが、電子に対しては不導体である。リチウムイオン電池で使用されるそのような材料は、セパレーターとも呼ばれる。
「電解質」という用語は、好ましくは、リチウム伝導塩が溶解している液体を意味する。好ましくは、その液体が、伝導塩用の溶媒である。その場合、好ましくは、Li伝導塩が電解質溶液として存在する。
電解質溶液の製造
電解質混合物を、H2O含有量およびO2含有量が0.5ppm未満のグローブボックス中で製造した。記載するすべての混合比は、質量比(重量%)に関する。
実験は、リチウム−ニッケル−マンガン−コバルト酸化物(NMC)電極(直径12mm)またはリチウム−ニッケル−マンガン酸化物(LNMO)(直径12mm)を作用電極として、ならびにリチウムフィルム(12mmまたは5mm)直径を対極および基準電極として有する、修飾されたSwagelok(登録商標)−Tピース(パイプ継ぎ手、ステンレス体)内の3電極構成において行った。内部セル構成要素は、ポリエステルフィルムによって、ステンレスケーシングから分離された。電極は、対応する電解質(200μL)を浸透させたガラス繊維フィルタを用いて隔離した。セル構成要素の加水分解感受性および空気感受性ゆえ、セルは、グローブボックス内で組み立てた。
定電流での測定は、バッテリーテスターシリーズ4000(Maccor)を使って、20℃±2℃で行った。NMC半セルのサイクリング(Zyklisierung)は、Li/Li+に対する3.0V〜4.6Vの電位範囲で行った。LMNO半セルの場合は、Li/Li+に対する3.0V〜4.95Vの電位範囲を選択した。
C/5(この際150mAhg−1が1CというCレートに相応)の充電レートおよび放電レート(CレートおよびDレート)による3回の化成サイクルに続き、50サイクルにわたり、1Cの充電・放電レートにおいてサイクル挙動(Zyklisierverhalten)を検査した。その後、Dレート試験を行った。セルを、D/5から5Dまでの異なるDレートで放電し、C/2でそれぞれ充電した。その際、適用したDレートは、D/5、D/3、D/2、1D、2D、3Dおよび5Dだった。Dレート試験に続いて、C/5の充電・放電レートによる5サイクルを行い、カソード材が、負荷試験により損傷を受けたかを検査した。最終段階は、長期安定性の試験を内包し、ただし、1Cの充電・放電レートにおけるサイクル挙動を100サイクルにわたって追跡した。
NMC半セル中の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムに起因するサイクル挙動の測定
エチレンカルボナートとエチルメチルカルボナートとからなる溶媒混合物(EC:EMC1:1)中に1Mのヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を含有する、1重量%または3重量%の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムを添加した電解質の製造は、例1に記載のように行った。サイクル挙動の測定は、NMC半セルを使用して、前記のような定電流下に行った。
NMC半セル中の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムに起因する内部抵抗の検査
電解質の製造およびセル構成は、例1に基づいて行った。Li/Li+に対する3.0V〜4.6Vの電位範囲においてC/5のレートでセルを化成した後、開放電圧を測定しながら、セルを5時間平衡化させた。両セルのACインピーダンスを、1MHz〜1mHzの周波数範囲(振幅5mV)において20℃で測定した。
例4
図3には、エチレンカルボナートとエチルメチルカルボナートとからなる溶媒混合物(EC:EMC1:1)中の1Mのヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を有するリチウムイオン半セルの、3重量%の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムを添加した場合および添加していない場合の自然放電を示す。作用電極として利用されたのは、カソード材のリチウム−ニッケル−マンガン−酸化物(LMNO)である。電解質調製とセル構成は、例1に基づいて行った。Li/Li+に対する3.0V〜4.95Vの電位範囲においてC/5による化成サイクルを3回行った後に、Li/Li+に対する4.95Vの充電終止電位まで改めて充電してから、LMNO電極とリチウム基準電極との間の開放電圧を、ある期間にわたって追跡した。図3が示すように、3重量%の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムの添加により、自然放電が低下した。その際、自然放電のプロファイルは、カソード材の放電曲線の形に従う。
Claims (8)
- アノード、カソード、および電解質を有するリチウムイオン電池であって、
前記電解質が、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウムと2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムとを含み、
使用されるヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウムの量に対して、0.01〜10モル%の2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムが存在し、
ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウムの濃度が、少なくとも0.5Mから多くとも1.5Mの範囲にあり、
電解質が、有機溶媒を含み、
当該有機溶媒が、>1:99から<99:1の範囲にある比率で、エチレンカルボナートと、エチルメチルカルボナートとからなる混合物を含み、
カソードが、リチウム金属酸化物、層状酸化物、スピネル、オリビン化合物、シリカート化合物、HE−NCM、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択されるカソード活物質を含み、
アノードが、炭素、グラファイト、ケイ素と炭素/グラファイトとからなる混合物、ケイ素、リチウム金属酸化物、リチウム、リチウムと合金化可能な材料、およびそれらの混合物からなる群から選択されるアノード活物質を含む、前記リチウムイオン電池。 - 2−ペンタフルオロエトキシ−1,1,2,2−テトラフルオロ−エタンスルホン酸リチウムの濃度が少なくとも1重量%から3重量%までである、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウムの濃度が、少なくとも0.7Mから多くとも1.2Mの範囲にある、請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 有機溶媒が、≧3:7から≦1:1の範囲にある比率で、エチレンカルボナートとエチルメチルカルボナートとからなる混合物を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1、2または3に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 電解質が、クロロエチレンカルボナート、フルオロエチレンカルボナート、ビニレンカルボナート、ビニルエチレンカルボナート、エチレンスルフィット、エチレンスルファート、プロパンスルホナート、スルフィット、スルファート、F、ClまたはBrで置換されたブチロラクトン、フェニルエチレンカルボナート、酢酸ビニル、および/またはトリフルオロプロピレンカルボナートを含む群から選択される化合物を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1〜4のいずれか一つに記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- カソードが、リチウム−ニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(NMC)、リチウム−ニッケル−マンガン酸化物(LNMO)、および/または(Li 2 MnO 3 ) x (LiMO 2 ) 1−x 型の、リチウムに富む遷移金属酸化物を含む群から選択されるカソード活物質を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一つに記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- アノードが、リチウムからなる、請求項1〜6のいずれか一つに記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一つに記載のリチウムイオン電池を含むモータービークル。
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