JP6629200B2 - 電気化学電池における自己回復電極保護 - Google Patents
電気化学電池における自己回復電極保護 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6629200B2 JP6629200B2 JP2016533464A JP2016533464A JP6629200B2 JP 6629200 B2 JP6629200 B2 JP 6629200B2 JP 2016533464 A JP2016533464 A JP 2016533464A JP 2016533464 A JP2016533464 A JP 2016533464A JP 6629200 B2 JP6629200 B2 JP 6629200B2
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- 229920003194 trans-1,4-polybutadiene polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000834 vinyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001959 vinylidene polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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Description
本願は、2013年8月8日に出願した米国仮特許出願第61/863,502号に対して優先権を主張し、全ての目的のためにその全体が参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる。
保護されたリチウムアノードが開発されてきたが、改善が必要である。
上記で参照した範囲の組み合わせも可能である。バルク電気抵抗率の他の値も可能である。
本明細書中に記載された無機材料(例えば、セラミック、ガラス、またはガラス質‐セラミック材料)は、(これらに限定されないが、ダイオード、DCマグネトロン、RF、RFマグネトロン、パルスマグネトロン、デュアルマグネトロン、ACMFおよび反応を含む)スパッタリング、電子線蒸着、真空熱蒸着、電子線蒸着、(これらに限定されないが、抵抗、誘導、放射、および電子線加熱を含む)、レーザーアブレーション、化学蒸着(CVD)、熱蒸着、プラズマ強化学蒸着(PECVD)、レーザー強化化学蒸着、およびジェット蒸着などの好適な方法により、ポリマーマトリックス内に被覆してもよい。被覆は、好ましくは真空下または不活性雰囲気中で実施される。
10mgの五酸化リン、リン酸の無水物を、保護された電極のイオン伝導層に形成するクラックに隣接して配置される保護前駆体材料層を模倣する、5mLピペットのキャピラリーに入れた。ピペットキャピラリーを、1,3‐ジオキソラン溶媒と直接接触させて置いた。上記溶媒はすぐに重合し、ピペットキャピラリーを詰まらせた。
10mgの硫酸水素リチウム(LiHSO4)、酸性塩を、5mLの電池グレードの1,3‐ジオキソランに加え、約30秒後に溶液重合を引き起こした。
50mgのLiPF6を、5mLの電池グレードの1,3‐ジオキソランに加え、約30秒後に溶液重合を引き起こした。
電池用セパレータ、Celgard2400を、埋め込まれた自己回復(前駆体材料)層を有する保護層のコーティング用の基材として用いた。
上記セパレータをアルゴンプラズマ処理して表面を活性化し、酸硫化物セラミック(Li2SiS(3−x)Ox、ここで、x=0.5〜1)の0.5μm厚さの第1イオン伝導体層を、電子線蒸着を用いてコーティングした。上記セラミックを、電子線蒸着を用いて、前駆体材料層、0.5μm厚さのP2O5の層でコーティングした。0.5μmの厚さを有する酸硫化物セラミックの第2のイオン伝導体層を、P2O5層の上部にコーティングした。作製されたこれら3つのコーティングにより、上記セラミック層の間に埋め込まれたP2O5層の前駆体材料層を有する保護構造体を作製した。上記P2O5層の前駆体材料層は、ジオキソラン含有電解質がセラミック層内の1つ以上の欠陥を通ってP2O5層の前駆体材料層と接触する時に、1,3‐ジオキソラン用の重合開始剤として機能する。
比較例として、イオン伝導体の1μmの厚さの単層(酸硫化物セラミック、Li2SiS(3−x)Ox、ここで、x=0.5〜1)を、セパレータの表面にコーティングした。
この予言的実施例において、実施例4および比較例4の保護構造体のそれぞれを、ジオキソラン溶媒に暴露した。ジオキソランを、各試料について15cm2の面積を覆う保護層の上部に置いた。30分間の暴露の間、溶媒は浸透しないと予想された。両方の保護構造体を、その後、保護構造体の各々に表面クラックを助長するために、0.5cm未満の半径に曲げた。上記表面クラックにより、実施例4の前駆体材料層をジオキソラン溶媒に露出させ、上記前駆体材料が重合されることが予想された。この重合は、上記保護層を通る溶媒の浸透を停止することが予想された。
また、比較例4の保護構造体の表面クラックは、保護構造体を通る溶媒の浸透をもたらすことが予想された。
多くの要素または要素のリストの、1つより多いも含む少なくとも1つ、任意に、リストに挙げられていない更なる項目を含むと解釈されるべきである。明確に示されている項目のみ、例えば、「〜の内の1つのみ」または「〜の内の正確に1つ」、或いは特許請求の範囲において使用される場合の「〜から成る」は、多くの要素または要素のリストの内の正確に1つを含むことを意味する。一般的に、本明細書中で用いられる用語「または」は、「どちらか」、「〜の内の1つ」、「〜の内の1つのみ」または「〜の内の正確に1つ」などの排他性を有する用語が先行する場合、排他的選択肢(即ち、「一方、または両方でない他方」)を示すものとして解釈されるのみである。特許請求の範囲において使用される場合の「本質的に〜から成る」は、特許法の分野で使用されるようなその通常の意味を有する。
102、106、202、206 … イオン伝導層
104、204 … 前駆体層
108、208 … クラック
120、220 … 電解質
200 … 電極
210 … 電気活性材料
Claims (17)
- リチウム金属を含むアノード;
電解質;および
該リチウム金属および該電解質の間に配置された保護構造体
を含み、
該保護構造体が、重合反応中に該電解質の成分と反応して、該電解質と該リチウム金属との相互作用を抑制するブロッキング材料を形成するように構成された前駆体材料を含み、
該前駆体材料が、重合触媒および重合開始剤の内の少なくとも1つを含み、
該保護構造体が、イオン伝導層を含み、
クラックまたはボイドが該イオン伝導層中に存在しない状態で、該前駆体材料が該電解質から遮蔽されるように、該イオン伝導層が、本質的に該前駆体材料を含まない電解質に面する第1側面を含み、
該電解質が、重合反応を受けることができるモノマーを含む、電気化学電池。 - 前記前駆体材料が、前記イオン伝導層に隣接して配置された前駆体層の形である、請求項1記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記前駆体材料が、前記イオン伝導層内に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれている、請求項2記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記イオン伝導層が、セラミック材料を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記イオン伝導層が、ポリマー材料を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記イオン伝導層がリチウムイオンに対して伝導性である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記イオン伝導層と電解質との間に配置されたポリマー層を更に含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記重合反応が、カチオン性、アニオン性、ラジカル、メタセシス、および/または酸化重合反応である、請求項1に記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記電解質が、環状エーテル、環状エステル、ビニルエーテル、オレフィン、ラクトン、チオラクトン、ラクタム、オキサゾリン、シクロシラザン、シクロシラン、シクロシロキサン、シクロカルボキシレート、環状ホスフィレン、キノメタン、ラクチド、N-メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、アセタール、ケタール、エステル、カルボネート、スルホン、スルフィット、スルホラン、脂肪族エーテル、非環式エーテル、グライム、リン酸エステル、シロキサン、ジオキソラン、およびN−アルキルピロリドンの1つ以上を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記電解質が1,3‐ジオキソランを含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記前駆体材料が、ルイス酸、酸性塩、有機酸無水物、無機酸無水物、遷移金属酸化物、またはリチウムイオンカソード材料を含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記ブロッキング材料が、電気活性材料のイオンに対して実質的に非伝導性である、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記イオン伝導層が、Li2O、Li3N、Al2O3、ZrO2、SiO2、CeO2、Al2TiO5、およびオキシスルフィドガラスの一つ以上を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記保護構造体が、500nm〜1mmの厚さを有する、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
- リチウム金属を含むアノード;
電解質;および
該リチウム金属および該電解質の間に配置された保護構造体
を含み、
該保護構造体が、重合反応中に該電解質の成分と反応するように構成された前駆体材料を含み、
該前駆体材料が、重合触媒および重合開始剤の内の少なくとも1つを含み、
該保護構造体が、イオン伝導層を含み、
クラックまたはボイドが該イオン伝導層中に存在しない状態で、該前駆体材料が該電解質から遮蔽されるように、該イオン伝導層が、本質的に該前駆体材料を含まない電解質に面する第1側面を含み、
該電解質が、重合反応を受けることができるモノマーを含む、電気化学電池において、
該電解質と該リチウム金属との相互作用を抑制するブロッキング材料を形成するように該前駆体材料の少なくとも一部を重合反応中に該電解質の成分と反応させる工程を行うことを含む、方法。 - リチウム金属を含むアノード、カソード、およびアノードとカソードとの間に配置された電解質を含む電気化学電池において、
該アノードおよびカソードの一方並びに該電解質の間に配置された保護構造体のクラックまたは欠陥中に重合反応によってブロッキング材料を形成して、該電解質の成分と該アノードまたはカソードの電気活性材料との相互作用を実質的に抑制する工程
を行うことを含み、
該保護構造体が前駆体材料を含み、
該前駆体材料が、重合触媒および重合開始剤の内の少なくとも1つを含み、
該保護構造体が、イオン伝導層を含み、
クラックまたはボイドが該イオン伝導層中に存在しない状態で、該前駆体材料が該電解質から遮蔽されるように、該イオン伝導層が、本質的に該前駆体材料を含まない電解質に面する第1側面を含み、
該ブロッキング材料が、該前駆体材料の反応生成物であり、
該電解質が、重合反応を受けることができるモノマーを含む、方法。 - 前記電解質が、ポリエーテル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリシロキサン、ポリイミド、ポリホスファゼン、スルホン化ポリイミド、LiSCN、LiBr、LiI、LiClO 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiSO 3 CF 3 、LiSO 3 CH 3 、LiBF 4 、LiB(Ph) 4 、LiPF 6 、LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 、LiN(S0 2 CF 3 ) 2 、リチウムポリスルフィド、有機イオン性ポリスルフィドのリチウム塩、ポリビニルアルコール、ジメチルアセトアミド、N‐メチルピロリドン、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジメチルホルムアミド、シアノエチル化セルロース、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、およびスルホン化ポリエーテルエーテルケトンの1つ以上を更に含む、請求項1〜14のいずれか1項記載の電気化学電池。
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