JP6291539B2 - ソフトカプセル及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ソフトカプセル及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6291539B2 JP6291539B2 JP2016163208A JP2016163208A JP6291539B2 JP 6291539 B2 JP6291539 B2 JP 6291539B2 JP 2016163208 A JP2016163208 A JP 2016163208A JP 2016163208 A JP2016163208 A JP 2016163208A JP 6291539 B2 JP6291539 B2 JP 6291539B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- capsule
- acid
- soft capsule
- oil
- carrageenan
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims description 118
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- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 claims description 37
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
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- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
- A61J3/07—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms into the form of capsules or similar small containers for oral use
- A61J3/071—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms into the form of capsules or similar small containers for oral use into the form of telescopically engaged two-piece capsules
- A61J3/077—Manufacturing capsule shells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/061—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters containing additives entrapped within capsules, sponge-like material or the like, for further release upon smoking
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/4816—Wall or shell material
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Jellies, Jams, And Syrups (AREA)
- Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
Description
割れやすくする技術の用途としては、例えば、香料等を内包したカプセルをタバコのフィルターに埋設して、喫煙時などにカプセルを割って香りを楽しんだり、カプセルが割れる際の音や感触を楽しむことなどが挙げられる。しかし、それを好適に実現する従来技術はない。
しかし、カプセル皮膜を薄くすると硬度は低くなるが、カプセル皮膜自体に相応の可塑性があるため、カプセルは心地よく割れずに変形してしまう。
例えば皮膜のゲル化剤として、カラギナンを使用することが公知である。しかし、カラギナンは増粘効果が高く、かつ、ゲル化速度も速いので、多量のカラギナンを含有することはカプセル化の妨げになる。すなわち、カラギナンの含有率が高い場合、高粘度と早いゲル化のために、真球性の悪さや射出ノズル先端での固まりやすさなど、カプセルの成形性が悪く、好ましいカプセルが製造できなかった。
しかし、吸湿性が高いことが周知であるゼラチンを皮膜に採用した場合は勿論、ゼラチンより吸湿性が低いとされているカラギナンを採用した場合であっても、デンプンや、デキストリン、非ゲル化多糖類などを配合すると、湿度の影響を受けやすくなり、乾燥後における手指での割れやすさ、割れる際の音や感触などの付加価値を、経時的に安定して得ることはできない。
また、特許文献6には、カラギナンにクエン酸カリウム等を加えることが記載されているが、粘性及び弾性を調整するものとしての開示にとどまっている。
また、特許文献7〜14には、タバコのフィルターにカプセルを埋設することが開示されているが、カプセルの製造性や、保存性、乾燥後における手指での割れやすさ、割れる際の音や感触などの付加価値については考慮されていない。
例えば、可塑剤は、成形性の向上、アルギン酸塩類は、湿度に対する耐久性の向上に寄与する。なお、アルギン酸塩類は、ただ単に添加するのみでもかまわないが、カルシウムイオンを含む水溶液中でゲル化処理を施してもよい。
シームレスカプセルは、例えば、従来公知の滴下法によって製造できる。滴下法の典型例は、同心二重ノズルを用いて、外側ノズルからはゲル化剤水溶液等を含む皮膜液を、内側ノズルからは内容物を、各々同時に二重液滴として、皮膜液がゲル化する液の中へ滴下し、外側の皮膜液をゲル化、硬化させてカプセル皮膜とし、継目の無いシームレスカプセルとする製法である。液中硬化法やオリフィス法とも呼ばれることがある。二重ノズルの代わりに三重以上の多重ノズルを用いることも可能である。
本発明者は、ソフトカプセルの製造にあたって、カラギナンを酸で処理することで有用な結果が得られた知見を基に、本発明に至った。
主成分のカラギナンは、κ,ι,λ等のタイプや原料などによって細分類され得るが、基本的にはこれらの内、κタイプが必須であり、ι,λはいずれも適宜利用可能である。
また、例えば日本の食品衛生法では、食品添加物として使用できるカラギナンとして、精製カラギナン・加工ユーケマ藻類・ユーケマ藻類が規定されているが、これらのいずれも使用可能であり、食品添加物としての利用は提供先となる各国の法規による。
従来技術では、ゼラチンを主成分とするものが多いが、カラギナンを主成分とするものには、付着性の低さや、湿度による影響が少ないなどの利点がある。
それに対し、本発明では、無機酸・有機酸のいずれか一方または両方と、各種カチオンを含有させることで、カラギナンに起因する問題点を改善し、しかも、得られたカプセルは、湿度条件によらずに硬さが一定の硬度40N以下であり、手指で簡単に割ることができ、カプセルが割れるときに生じるパチンという音及び感触が心地よいものとなった。また、略球形のシームレスカプセルが得られるので、美観の点でも好ましい成形が容易である。
このように低い皮膜率であっても、乾燥工程や輸送過程においても、破裂や変形のない良好なカプセルが得られた。
また、製造性や割れやすさなどの点から、カプセル皮膜の硬度は、5〜40N、好ましくは10〜20N、カプセル皮膜の厚さは、40μm以下、好ましくは30μm以下、掴みやすさや内容量などの点から、カプセルの直径は、0.5〜15mm、好ましくは1〜8mmであることが好適である。
カラギナンを分解する程度は、カプセルの内容物との兼ね合いなどによって、好ましい粘度までに調整する。
なお、カプセル中に含まれているアルギン酸塩類は、カルシウムイオンを含む水溶液(例:塩化カルシウム水溶液、乳酸カルシウム水溶液など。以下、ゲル化助剤水溶液という。)中でゲル化処理を施してもよい。
アルギン酸カルシウムは、原料としての使用には適さないが、その後のゲル化助剤水溶液中のカルシウムイオンとの反応によって、各種アルギン酸塩類からアルギン酸カルシウムに変化し得るので、最終的なカプセルの中には含まれ得る。ゲル化処理の方法としては、(1)皮膜液調製時にアルギン酸ナトリウムを溶解後にゲル化助剤水溶液を添加する方法、(2)カプセル形成後、乾燥前に(カプセル皮膜に水分が含まれている状態で)ゲル化助剤水溶液に浸漬する方法、(3)カプセル形成後、乾燥したカプセルをゲル化助剤水溶液に浸漬する方法などを例示することができる。
なお、本発明において、アルギン酸塩類は必須成分ではなく、あくまでも吸湿防止目的の任意的添加物である。
前記(3)の方法で処理する場合の浸漬処理時間に関しては、特に限定されるものではないが、あまり長時間処理を行っても効果が増強されないため、10分以内が好ましく、1〜3分程度が最も好ましい。
塩化カルシウム水溶液を用いた場合の最適な水溶液濃度は1質量%以下である。
コーティング方法としては、乾燥後のカプセルに、コーティング剤を揮発性溶媒などに溶解または分散したものを噴霧または塗布し、揮発性溶媒を揮散させる方法(上掛け法)、コーティング剤を揮発性溶媒などに溶解または分散させたものに乾燥後のカプセルを浸漬し、揮発性溶媒を揮散させる方法(ディップ法)、カプセル皮膜液調製時に予め分散・懸濁させておく方法(練り込み法)などを挙げることができ、特にその方法に制限はない。
なお、コーティング剤をカプセル皮膜に導入する場合には、分散性や懸濁性を高めるために、乳化剤を適宜配合してもよい。
以下に、カプセルに含有し得るものを例示する。これら各成分は、カプセル剤中のいかなる部分にも含有可能である。
例えば、たばこに付属しているフィルターや、たばこに取り付けるためのフィルターの内部に、香料等を内包したカプセルを埋設すれば、喫煙時に指でつぶしてカプセルがつぶれる音や感触と香りが得られる。また、マスク内に、揮発または蒸発または昇華して、鼻のとおりが良くなるメントール等の成分を内包したカプセルを埋設すれば、鼻づまり時にカプセルをつぶして鼻づまりを改善できる。また、グレーティングカードにフレーバーを内包したカプセルを設置すれば、受取人がカプセルをつぶして音や感触と香りを得られる。
その他、医薬品や、健康食品、食品、化粧品、清掃用品等の日用品などに適用可能である。
表1は、本発明による実施例のカプセル皮膜の組成を示す表である。
乾燥後の硬度を測定すると、15N((株)藤原製作所製 木屋式デジタル硬度計KHT−20N型、サンプル数20)であった。
得られたソフトカプセルを、乾燥後にタバコフィルターに埋設したところ、手指で容易にパチンと音を立てて割れ、カプセルが割れる音と感触を楽しめた。またメントールの爽快な香りも楽しめた。
更に、高湿条件下での安定性のテストとして、カプセルをフィルターに埋設したタバコを、25℃85%RHの環境下に10分間放置後、同様のテストをしたところ、前記とほぼ同様の結果が得られた。
表2は、比較例1のカプセル皮膜の組成を示す表である。
乾燥後の硬度を測定すると、40N((株)藤原製作所製 木屋式デジタル硬度計KHT−20N型、サンプル数20)であった。
得られたソフトカプセル組成物を、実施例1と同様にタバコフィルターに埋設し手指で挟んだところ、割れたが、割れにくく、指に痛みを生じ、割れる感触や音は楽しめなかった。
また、実施例1と同様に、カプセルをフィルターに埋設したタバコを、25℃85%RHの環境下に10分間放置したところ、カプセルが軟化して、変形はするものの一層割れにくくなった。
表3は、比較例2のカプセル皮膜の組成を示す表である。
しかし、乾燥時にカプセルが割れてしまい、製品は製造できなかった。
比較例2と同様の条件で、皮膜率を30%に変えたところ、直径4mmのシームレスカプセルを製造できた。乾燥後の硬度は40Nであった。
しかし、手指で割ることは困難であった。
比較例2と同様の条件で、皮膜率を20%に変えたところ、直径4mmのシームレスカプセルを成形できた。
しかし、乾燥時に2割程のカプセルが割れてしまい、収率が悪く、安定した製造はできなかった。また、デキストリンの吸湿性に起因して、形状がいびつで、球状のカプセルは製造できなかった。
数少ない良品を選別して試験に供したところ、製造品の乾燥後の硬度は25Nであった。手指で割ると、割れたが、割れにくく、指に痛みを生じた。また、25℃85%RHの環境下に10分間放置したところ、カプセルは皺だらけになると共に軟化し、押してもプスッとつぶれるだけであった。
前記実施例1で得られたカプセルを使用して、湿度に対する耐久性を向上させるためにカルシウムイオンを含む水溶液中でゲル化処理を施した後、再乾燥したサンプルにおいて、その浸漬処理時間を検討した。
表4は、浸漬処理時間による影響の評価を示す表である。
浸漬処理時間として、1分、10分、60分を比較した結果、1分のものが最適であった。浸漬時間が長時間になると、再乾燥時間が長時間化し、カルシウム処理の効果も薄れていく結果となった。
同様に、前記実施例1で得られたカプセルを使用して、湿度に対する耐久性を向上させるためにカルシウムイオンを含む水溶液中でゲル化処理を施した後、再乾燥したサンプルにおいて、そのカルシウム濃度を検討した。
表5は、カルシウム濃度による影響の評価を示す表である。なお、表の下部2行における分数は、手指によりカプセルをつぶす試験の結果、不良なつぶれ方をしたサンプルの割合(NG数/n数)を表す。
塩化カルシウムの濃度として、0(対照)、0.2、0.5、1、3、5質量%(水に対する外付け割合)を比較した結果、0%を超え1%以下のものが最適であった。また、これらの最適な結果と同等な乳酸カルシウム五水和物の濃度は、5質量%外付けのものであった。
同様に、前記実施例1で得られたカプセルを使用して、湿度に対する耐久性を向上させるためにカルシウムを含むエタノール溶液中に浸漬処理を施した後、エタノールを除去したサンプルにおいて、浸漬させる液の組成の差などによる効果の差を検討した。
表6は、処理条件を示す表であり、表7及び8は、保存条件による影響の評価を示す表であり、表7は手指によりつぶす試験の結果(分数は、手指によりカプセルをつぶす試験の結果、不良なつぶれ方をしたサンプルの割合(NG数/n数)を表す。)、表8は硬度を表す。なお、表8における硬度は、単位Nであり、サンプル数10の平均値、MAX、MIN、Rをそれぞれ表す。
サンプル4Dは、塩化カルシウム水溶液(0.5質量%(溶媒に対する外付け割合))に浸漬処理時間1分でゲル化処理(一次処理)した後、送風による再乾燥処理を行い、エタノール中に1分浸漬(二次処理)し、カプセル表面のエタノールを除去したものである。エタノールの除去の方法としては、自然揮発、送風による揮発、遠心分離などの方法が利用できる。工業的には、遠心分離が好ましく使用される。
サンプル4E〜Kは、塩化カルシウム水溶液(0.25、0.5質量%)とエタノールとの混液(エタノール30、50、60質量%)に浸漬(1分)し、続けてエタノールまたはエタノール中に塩化カルシウム(0.5質量%)を溶解した液に浸漬(2分)した後、カプセル表面のエタノールを除去したものである。
いずれも、25℃90%の高湿度条件で保存(カプセル開放)した。
カルシウム水溶液で浸漬処理を行った場合には、処理後の再乾燥が必要であり、一方、エタノール中にカルシウムを溶かした液で浸漬処理を行った場合には、カルシウムによる硬化処理の効果が薄れてしまう傾向があった。それに対し、本実施例の特にサンプル4E〜Kのように、カルシウム水溶液とエタノールの混液で一次浸漬処理を行い、その後、エタノールまたは塩化カルシウム入りエタノールで二次浸漬処理を行い、次いで、カプセル表面のエタノールを除去する方法は、作業効率と、カプセルの仕上がり及び耐湿性の点で好ましい。
同様に、湿度に対する耐久性を向上させるためにアルギン酸塩類を加え、カルシウムイオンを含む水溶液中でゲル化処理を施した後、再乾燥したサンプルにおいて、アルギン酸塩類と可塑剤の配合量を検討した。
表9は、アルギン酸塩類と可塑剤の配合量による影響の評価を示す表である。
その結果、アルギン酸ナトリウムの配合量による差も、可塑剤のグリセリンの配合量による差も認められなかった。
Claims (5)
- カプセル内容物がシームレスソフトカプセル皮膜内に充填されたシームレスソフトカプセルの、滴下法による製造方法であって、
前記製造方法における、前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の調製方法が、
前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の組成物となるカラギナンを酸性pH調整剤によって分解する工程Aと、
その分解を中和剤によって停止する工程Bと、
分解停止後の、カラギナンを少なくとも有する前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の組成物を、前記カプセル内容物と共に、滴下法に供する工程Cと
を備え、
前記滴下法に供する前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の組成物の75℃における粘度が、前記分解する工程及び前記停止する工程により、30〜150mPa・sに調整されており、
前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の組成物におけるカラギナンの含有率を50%以上とし、
前記カラギナンが少なくともκカラギナンを含み、
製造されるシームレスソフトカプセルの皮膜率を7〜15%に調整し、
前記シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の硬度を5〜40Nに調整することを特徴とする、前記シームレスソフトカプセルの製造方法。 - シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の厚さが40μm以下である請求項1に記載のシームレスソフトカプセルの製造方法。
- シームレスソフトカプセルの直径が0.5〜15mmである請求項1又は2に記載のシームレスソフトカプセルの製造方法。
- シームレスソフトカプセル皮膜の組成物が、さらに可塑剤、アルギン酸塩類、糖類、デキストリン類、でん粉、加工でん粉の少なくともいずれかを有する請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のシームレスソフトカプセルの製造方法。
- アルギン酸塩類の含有率が、カラギナンの50%以下である請求項4に記載のシームレスソフトカプセルの製造方法。
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