JP6288495B2 - プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 - Google Patents
プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6288495B2 JP6288495B2 JP2013230373A JP2013230373A JP6288495B2 JP 6288495 B2 JP6288495 B2 JP 6288495B2 JP 2013230373 A JP2013230373 A JP 2013230373A JP 2013230373 A JP2013230373 A JP 2013230373A JP 6288495 B2 JP6288495 B2 JP 6288495B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- semi
- prepreg
- laminated
- cured
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 title claims description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001875 Ebonite Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004640 Melamine resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000180 alkyd Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/38—Automated lay-up, e.g. using robots, laying filaments according to predetermined patterns
- B29C70/386—Automated tape laying [ATL]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/30—Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
- B29C70/38—Automated lay-up, e.g. using robots, laying filaments according to predetermined patterns
- B29C70/386—Automated tape laying [ATL]
- B29C70/388—Tape placement heads, e.g. component parts, details or accessories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/56—Coatings, e.g. enameled or galvanised; Releasing, lubricating or separating agents
- B29C33/68—Release sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/16—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/16—Cooling
- B29C2035/1658—Cooling using gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2101/00—Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material
- B29K2101/10—Thermosetting resins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
- B29K2105/0872—Prepregs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
- B29L2031/3076—Aircrafts
- B29L2031/3082—Fuselages
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/30—Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
- B29L2031/3076—Aircrafts
- B29L2031/3085—Wings
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013230373A JP6288495B2 (ja) | 2013-11-06 | 2013-11-06 | プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 |
| CN201480055558.8A CN105612045B (zh) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | 预浸片材自动叠层装置以及预浸片材叠层方法 |
| PCT/JP2014/079355 WO2015068734A1 (ja) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 |
| BR112016007532A BR112016007532A2 (pt) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | dispositivo para sobrepor automaticamente lâminas prepreg e método para sobrepor lâminas prepreg |
| EP14860804.5A EP3042754B1 (en) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | Device for automatically layering prepreg sheets and method for layering prepreg sheets |
| US15/026,489 US9993979B2 (en) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | Device for automatically layering prepreg sheets and method for layering prepreg sheets |
| CA2926333A CA2926333C (en) | 2013-11-06 | 2014-11-05 | Device for automatically layering prepreg sheets and method for layering prepreg sheets |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013230373A JP6288495B2 (ja) | 2013-11-06 | 2013-11-06 | プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2015089647A JP2015089647A (ja) | 2015-05-11 |
| JP2015089647A5 JP2015089647A5 (enExample) | 2016-07-28 |
| JP6288495B2 true JP6288495B2 (ja) | 2018-03-07 |
Family
ID=53041511
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013230373A Active JP6288495B2 (ja) | 2013-11-06 | 2013-11-06 | プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9993979B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP3042754B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP6288495B2 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN105612045B (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR112016007532A2 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2926333C (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2015068734A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB201511706D0 (en) * | 2015-07-03 | 2015-08-19 | Composite Technology & Applic Ltd | A Method Of Manufacturing A Composite Component |
| KR102087409B1 (ko) * | 2015-11-11 | 2020-03-11 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 프리프레그, 이를 이용한 복합재 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| FR3051709B1 (fr) | 2016-05-24 | 2019-01-25 | Airbus Helicopters | Tete de depose d'un ruban de fibres impregnees, et dispositif de placement d'un tel ruban |
| TWI645950B (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2019-01-01 | 宏茂科技股份有限公司 | Method for removing semi-cured resin |
| KR102124532B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-02 | 2020-06-18 | 주식회사 무창에프엔지 | 에어식 필름 부착장치 |
| JP2020132360A (ja) | 2019-02-20 | 2020-08-31 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | スプライス装置、及び複合材自動積層装置 |
| JP2020131623A (ja) | 2019-02-22 | 2020-08-31 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 複合材自動積層装置 |
| EP3974181A1 (en) | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-30 | Kuraray Europe GmbH | Composite films with an obscuration area |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5201979A (en) * | 1987-05-08 | 1993-04-13 | Research Association For New Technology Development Of High Performance Polymer | Method of manufacturing a sheet-prepreg reinforced with fibers |
| DE4130269C2 (de) * | 1990-09-13 | 1996-05-23 | Toshiba Machine Co Ltd | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen laminierter Prepreg-Teile |
| JPH05269881A (ja) * | 1992-01-29 | 1993-10-19 | Toshiba Mach Co Ltd | プリプレグ積層材の製造方法及びその製造装置 |
| JPH10272896A (ja) | 1997-03-28 | 1998-10-13 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | 曲面転写方法 |
| JP4170781B2 (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2008-10-22 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 基板の製造方法 |
| US7282107B2 (en) * | 2003-08-22 | 2007-10-16 | The Boeing Company | Multiple head automated composite laminating machine for the fabrication of large barrel section components |
| JP4218519B2 (ja) | 2003-12-26 | 2009-02-04 | 戸田工業株式会社 | 磁界アンテナ、それを用いて構成したワイヤレスシステムおよび通信システム |
| JP2005297513A (ja) * | 2004-04-16 | 2005-10-27 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動積層装置 |
| JP2005329593A (ja) * | 2004-05-19 | 2005-12-02 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 自動積層装置 |
| JP2006281548A (ja) | 2005-03-31 | 2006-10-19 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 可視光硬化性繊維強化樹脂複合材の成形方法 |
| JP2007030336A (ja) | 2005-07-27 | 2007-02-08 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 繊維強化プラスチックの積層成形方法及び積層成形装置 |
| CA2659174C (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2016-01-26 | Airbus Espana, S.L. | Tool and process for manufacturing pieces of composite materials outside an autoclave |
| JP2008238809A (ja) | 2007-02-28 | 2008-10-09 | Toray Ind Inc | 積層体の製造方法 |
| JP5439225B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-26 | 2014-03-12 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | プリプレグ積層ヘッド及びこれを備えたプリプレグ自動積層装置 |
| JP5422439B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-26 | 2014-02-19 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | プリプレグ積層ヘッド及びこれを備えたプリプレグ自動積層装置 |
| US20130059125A1 (en) * | 2011-09-01 | 2013-03-07 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing method of composite structural member |
| CN102776299A (zh) | 2012-07-26 | 2012-11-14 | 张放 | 在直贴转移膜超纤革表面用离型纸压纹的表面整饰方法 |
-
2013
- 2013-11-06 JP JP2013230373A patent/JP6288495B2/ja active Active
-
2014
- 2014-11-05 WO PCT/JP2014/079355 patent/WO2015068734A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2014-11-05 CN CN201480055558.8A patent/CN105612045B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-11-05 CA CA2926333A patent/CA2926333C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-11-05 EP EP14860804.5A patent/EP3042754B1/en active Active
- 2014-11-05 BR BR112016007532A patent/BR112016007532A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-11-05 US US15/026,489 patent/US9993979B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2926333C (en) | 2018-01-02 |
| US20160243769A1 (en) | 2016-08-25 |
| BR112016007532A2 (pt) | 2017-08-01 |
| US9993979B2 (en) | 2018-06-12 |
| CA2926333A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
| EP3042754B1 (en) | 2020-10-07 |
| EP3042754A4 (en) | 2016-11-02 |
| JP2015089647A (ja) | 2015-05-11 |
| WO2015068734A1 (ja) | 2015-05-14 |
| CN105612045B (zh) | 2017-09-29 |
| CN105612045A (zh) | 2016-05-25 |
| EP3042754A1 (en) | 2016-07-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6288495B2 (ja) | プリプレグシート自動積層装置、及びプリプレグシート積層方法 | |
| US10821680B2 (en) | Curable prepregs with surface openings | |
| JP5439225B2 (ja) | プリプレグ積層ヘッド及びこれを備えたプリプレグ自動積層装置 | |
| JP4908266B2 (ja) | 段階状の断面厚さを有する複合材の連続成形方法 | |
| US11597168B2 (en) | Thin-layer tape automated lamination method and device | |
| JP4952056B2 (ja) | プリフォームの製造方法およびプリフォームの製造装置 | |
| EP2489498A1 (en) | Method and device for manufacturing beam member | |
| WO2014069503A1 (ja) | プリフォームの製造方法及び繊維強化樹脂成形品の製造方法 | |
| US10099460B2 (en) | Method for producing preform and method for producing fiber-reinforced plastic molding | |
| JP6185350B2 (ja) | プリプレグ自動積層装置、プリプレグ積層体の製造方法及び繊維強化複合材料製造装置 | |
| JP2015089647A5 (enExample) | ||
| JP2006219078A (ja) | 航空機用複合体及び航空機の複合体構造部の製造方法 | |
| JP2011057767A (ja) | 繊維強化複合材用プリフォームの製造方法と製造装置 | |
| JP2020082723A (ja) | 連続圧縮成形プロセスを使用して形成される、多孔質コアを有する複合積層構造 | |
| JP6935620B2 (ja) | 薄層プリプレグテープの自動積層方法及び装置 | |
| JP2013028062A (ja) | 複合材料の製造装置および製造方法 | |
| JP2015128823A (ja) | 繊維強化樹脂成形体の製造方法 | |
| JP2013006362A (ja) | 複合材料の製造装置および製造方法 | |
| JP2006289619A (ja) | 多軸多層補強シートの製造方法及び製造装置 | |
| JP2012016939A (ja) | 複合材成形品の製造方法 | |
| JP2018187797A (ja) | ガラスロールの製造方法 | |
| JP2009164150A (ja) | 多層プリント配線板の製造方法および仮止め装置 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20160608 |
|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20160608 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20160609 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20170704 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170824 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20170825 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20180109 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20180124 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6288495 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |