JP6263387B2 - カーボンナノホーンを含む緻密質材料及びその利用 - Google Patents
カーボンナノホーンを含む緻密質材料及びその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6263387B2 JP6263387B2 JP2013539711A JP2013539711A JP6263387B2 JP 6263387 B2 JP6263387 B2 JP 6263387B2 JP 2013539711 A JP2013539711 A JP 2013539711A JP 2013539711 A JP2013539711 A JP 2013539711A JP 6263387 B2 JP6263387 B2 JP 6263387B2
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- arc discharge
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/18—Nanoonions; Nanoscrolls; Nanohorns; Nanocones; Nanowalls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
- C04B35/117—Composites
-
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Description
カーボンナノホーンを含む、所定の三次元形状を有する緻密質材料。
(2)焼成体である、(1)の記載の緻密質材料。
(3)密度が、1.0g/cm3以上である、(1)又は(2)に記載の緻密質材料。
(4)前記カーボンナノホーンは、細孔容積が0.8cm3/g以上である、(1)〜(3)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
(5)前記カーボンナノホーンは、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si及びClからなる群から選択される1又は2以上の元素に関し、以下に示す含有量で含んでいる、(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
Na:0.003%以上0.3%以下
K:0.001%以上0.1%以下
Mg:0.0005%以上0.05%以下
Ca:0.004%以上0.4%以下
Fe:0.006%以上0.6%以下
Si:0.002%以上0.2%以下
Cl:0.004%以上0.4%以下
(6)前記カーボンナノホーンは、長さが30nm以下のカーボンナノホーンを主体とする、(1)〜(5)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
(7)金属を担持した前記カーボンナノホーンを含む、(1)〜(6)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
(8)さらに、セラミックス材料を含む、(1)〜(7)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
(9)実質的にカーボンナノホーンのみを含む、(1)〜(7)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料。
(10) (1)〜(9)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料を含む、電磁波シールド材。
(11)カーボンナノホーンを含む緻密質材料の製造方法であって、
流体中のアーク放電により製造されたカーボンナノホーンを含む成形材料を準備し、
前記成形材料を、加圧下で加熱し成形し、(1)〜(9)のいずれかに記載の緻密質材料を製造する、製造方法。
(12)前記カーボンナノホーンと他の材料とを水性媒体中で混合し、乾燥して、前記成形材料を準備する、(11)に記載の製造方法。
(13) 前記成形材料を20kN以上で加圧し、1000℃以上で加熱する、(11)又は(12)に記載の製造方法。
る。
本明細書に開示されるカーボンナノホーン(以下、本カーボンナノホーンという。)は、円錐状の形態を有し、頂点部は炭素5員環を含み、他の筒部は炭素6員環を主体とする構造を取ることができる。本カーボンナノホーンは、良好な分散性等を有しており、本緻密質材料のカーボンナノホーンとして用いることができ、以下の特徴を有し、以下に説明する製造方法によって製造されうる。
本カーボンナノホーンは、水性媒体中で合成されることから、理論的に明らかではないが、親水性を有している。すなわち、従来のカーボンナノホーンと比較して水に対する良好な分散性を有している。例えば、10質量%以上100質量%以下の濃度範囲で水及びメタノール若しくはエタノールにおいて均一分散状態を形成することができる。この分散状態を1時間から8時間程度は維持することができる。また、超音波15分処理すると、さらに長時間安定に分散状態を維持できることがわかっている。
本カーボンナノホーンは、親水性を有し、細孔容積が0.8cm3/g以上であってもよい。細孔容積は、ガス吸着法をBJH法による細孔分布計算結果から求めることができる。ガスは、窒素ガスを用いることができる。より具体的には、定容法を用いて窒素による吸着脱離等温線を測定することによって求めることができる。好ましくは、細孔容積は、0.9以上であり、より好ましくは1.0以上である。上限は特に限定しないが、1.2以下程度とすることができる。細孔容積の大きさは、カーボンナノホーンが高密度に凝集又は集積されたことを意味している。細孔容積は、吸着能力、触媒能力、内包能力等に関連し、細孔容積の大きさは、こうした能力の大きさを意味している。
本カーボンナノホーンは、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si及びClからなる群から選択される1又は2以上の元素に関し、以下に示す含有量で含んでいることが好ましい。
Na:0.003%以上0.3%以下
K:0.001%以上0.1%以下
Mg:0.0005%以上0.05%以下
Ca:0.004%以上0.4%以下
Fe:0.006%以上0.6%以下
Si:0.002%以上0.2%以下
Cl:0.004%以上0.4%以下
Na:0.015%以上0.12%以下
K:0.005%以上0.04%以下
Mg:0.0025%以上0.02%以下
Ca:0.02%以上0.16%以下
Fe:0.03%以上0.24%以下
Si:0.01%以上0.08%以下
Cl:0.02%以上0.16%以下
Na:0.015%以上0.06%以下
K:0.005%以上0.02%以下
Mg:0.0025%以上0.01%以下
Ca:0.02%以上0.08%以下
Fe:0.03%以上0.12%以下
Si:0.01%以上0.04%以下
Cl:0.02%以上0.08%以下
本カーボンナノホーンは、その平均長さが30nm以下であってもよい。本カーボンナノホーンの透過電子顕微鏡像によれば、これらは、平均長さが30nm以下である。本カーボンナノホーンは、一定範囲の径を有する凝集体を形成している。凝集形状は、従来のダリア状ではない。一次粒子としてのカーボンナノホーンが不規則に凝集して平均凝集径25nm以上70nm以下の二次粒子を形成している。好ましくは、40nm以上60nm以下である。
本カーボンナノホーンは、そのラマンスペクトルにおいて、グラファイト由来のGバンドを確認することができる。
本カーボンナノホーンは、示差熱分析において、燃焼ピーク(発熱ピーク)を有することができる。燃焼ピークは1つであってもよいが、2以上であってもよい。一つの燃焼ピークはその温度が430℃以上530℃以下であってもよい。また、他の一つの燃焼ピークはその温度470℃以上740℃以下であってもよい。
本カーボンナノホーンを含むカーボンナノ材料の製造方法は、アーク放電を発生させる工程と、不活性気体をアーク放電の発生領域に導入する工程と、を含んでいる。より詳細には、水中アーク放電によって黒鉛陽極から炭素蒸気を生成し、炭素蒸気からカーボンナノホーンを含むカーボンナノ材料を製造する。それぞれの工程を以下に詳述する。
本明細書に開示されるアーク放電発生領域を形成する工程は、陰極と陽極との間に電圧を印加してこれら電極間に存在する流体にアーク放電発生領域を形成する工程とすることができる。この工程によれば、アーク放電発生領域に準備された炭素をアーク放電によって蒸発させることによって、カーボンナノ材料の素となる炭素蒸気を生成させることができる。
本実施形態における不活性気体を導入する工程は、流体中のアーク放電発生領域に不活性気体を導入する工程とすることができる。この工程によれば、陰極からの電子の放出を促進するとともに、アーク放電発生領域で一時的に発生するカーボンナノ材料の中間体の発生を促進することができる。不活性気体をアーク放電発生領域に導入することによって、不活性気体の一部が解離し、荷電粒子が発生する。この荷電粒子がアーク放電発生領域の導電率を高め、放電を生じやすくすることができる。さらに不活性気体はアーク放電により加熱され、分子振動励起や、解離、電離が進行しプラズマ状態が形成する。こうした活性状態のエネルギープロファイル下で高エンタルピーとなった不活性気体は膨張し、ジュール加熱により推進エネルギーが得られ、陰極からの電子放出が加速することによって、多くの黒鉛蒸気を発生することができる。
本実施形態におけるカーボンナノ材料を回収する工程は、炭素蒸気が急冷されることによって生成したカーボンナノ材料を回収するための工程である。本工程では、カーボンナノ材料の生成後に、全ての流体からカーボンナノ材料を回収してもよいが、前記流体中のカーボンナノ材料を含む流体画分を吸引し、固液分離手段によりカーボンナノ材料と流体とを分離してもよい。ここで流体画分とは、流体の一部分を示す。例えば流体の一部分を吸引してカーボンナノ材料を回収し、残った流体を再び流体槽に戻すことを繰り返してもよい。上記の方法によれば、流体中のカーボンナノ材料を含む画分を選択的に吸引するものであるため、流体槽中の全ての流体を取り出す必要がない。すなわち、アーク放電の発生からカーボンナノ材料の回収までを、連続的に実行することができる。これによって、煩雑な操作を必要とせずにカーボンナノ材料を大量生産することができる。
を含んでいてもよい。
本緻密質材料の製造方法は、例えば、既に説明した流体中のアーク放電により製造されたカーボンナノホーンを含む成形材料を準備し、前記成形材料を、加圧下で加熱し成形し、本緻密質材料を製造することを含んでいる。
成形材料を、カーボンナノホーンを用いて製造する。具体的には、実質的に本カーボンナノホーンのみを用いて成形材料とするか、他の材料と混合して成形材料とする。本カーボンナノホーンは、形状異方性がなく、適度な親水性を有するほか、良好な混合性を有しているとともに、適度な結合性を有している。さらに、他の材料との均一分散性や親和性も有している。このため、成形に適した成形材料を調製することができる。また、成形材料の調製も容易になっている。
本緻密質材料は、親水性を有するカーボンナノホーンを含む、所定の三次元形状を有する緻密質複合材料である。本緻密質材料は、用いるカーボンナノホーンの特性や、他の複合材料の特性に特徴付けられ、しかも緻密質であることに特徴付けられる特性を発揮し、各種用途に用いることができる。
(1)細孔容積が0.8cm3/g以上
(2)Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si及びClからなる群から選択される1又は2以上の元素に関し、以下に示す含有量で含んでいる。
(3)Na:0.003%以上0.3%以下
K:0.001%以上0.1%以下
Mg:0.0005%以上0.05%以下
Ca:0.004%以上0.4%以下
Fe:0.006%以上0.6%以下
Si:0.002%以上0.2%以下
Cl:0.004%以上0.4%以下
(4)長さが30nm以下のカーボンナノホーンを主体とする
(5)タングステン、プラチナ、チタン、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガン等の各種金属を担持する。
カーボンナノ材料中のNa、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si及びClを測定した。なお、Na、Kについては原子吸光法、Mg、Ca、Fe、Siについては、ICP発光分光分析法、Clについては燃焼吸収−IC法により測定した。結果を表1に示す。
窒素吸着法によった。試料は、120℃で5時間真空脱気して前処理後、定容法を用いて窒素により吸着脱離等温線を測定した。測定装置は、BELSORP-mini(日本BEL株式会社製)を用いた。なお、吸着温度:77K、飽和蒸気圧:実測、吸着質:窒素、吸着質断面積:0.162m2とした。細孔容積はBJH法により算出した。結果を表2に示す。
室温から1400℃の温度範囲における試料の重量変化及び熱変化を測定した。なお、セル:Pt、試料量:約3g、昇温速度:10℃/分、雰囲気:空気200ml/分とし、熱重量示差熱同時測定装置TG/DTA300(セイコー電子株式会社製)を用いて測定した。結果を表3に示す。
以下の条件でラマン分光分析を行ったところ、グラファイト構造に由来する1590cm-1近傍のGバンドを検出した。なお、測定条件は以下の通りとした。
レーザー波長:532nm、レーザー出力:1%、倍率(対物レンズ):10倍、スリット100μmピンホール、測定波数範囲:4000〜200cm-1付近、露光時間:30秒、露光回数:10回
カーボンナノ材料を、TEMにて観察した。TEM観察条件は、加速電圧:120kVとし、Philips社製CM20FEGにより測定した。結果を図7〜図10に示す。図7〜図10に示すように、カーボンナノ材料は、個々のカーボンナノホーンが凝集した二次粒子を構成しており、その大きさは約40nm以上60nm以下程度であった。また、個々のカーボンナノホーンの長さは、30nm以下がほとんどであることがわかった。
1日経過後:カーボンナノホーンを含む水に浸漬した切り花の花弁は浸漬当日とほとんど変化がない一方、カーボンナノホーンを含まない水に浸漬した比較例の切り花の花弁がしぼんできた。
3日経過後:カーボンナノホーンを含む水に浸漬した切り花の花弁は浸漬当日とほとんど変化がない一方、カーボンナノホーンを含まない水に浸漬した比較例の切り花の花弁は一層縮んできた。
4日経過後:カーボンナノホーンを含む水に浸漬した切り花の花弁は、ややしおれてきたが、しぼむほどでなかった。これに対して、カーボンナノホーンを含まない水に浸漬した比較例の切り花の花弁は一層縮んできた。
実施例1で作製したカーボンナノホーン97wt%、タングステン3wt%として、実施例5と同様に混合した。粉末充填量(サンプル量)を0.44gとし、真空下20MPa、昇温条件:119分(1050℃〜)、最高温度(2000℃)保持時間を20分とし、通電及び加圧オフ後に自然冷却し、ペレット温度が250℃に到達した時点で大気開放冷却した。得られた成形体(直径15mm)は、直径15.34mm、厚さ:1.97mm、密度:1.21g/cm3であった。
Claims (15)
- カーボンナノホーンを含む焼結体の製造方法であって、
流体中のアーク放電により製造されたカーボンナノホーンを含む予備成形体を、1000℃以上の温度に加熱し加圧して焼結する焼結工程、を備える、製造方法。 - 前記焼結工程は、放電プラズマ焼結法によって実施する、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結工程は、20kN以上の荷重で加圧して実施する、請求項1又は2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結体は、前記カーボンナノホーンを70質量%以上含む、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結体は、密度が、1.0g/cm3以上である、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記カーボンナノホーンは、細孔容積が0.8cm3/g以上である、請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記カーボンナノホーンは、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Si及びClからなる群から選択される1又は2以上の元素に関し、以下に示す含有量で含んでいる、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
Na:0.003%以上0.3%以下
K:0.001%以上0.1%以下
Mg:0.0005%以上0.05%以下
Ca:0.004%以上0.4%以下
Fe:0.006%以上0.6%以下
Si:0.002%以上0.2%以下
Cl:0.004%以上0.4%以下 - 前記カーボンナノホーンは、長さが30nm以下のカーボンナノホーンを含む、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記カーボンナノホーンは、金属を担持した前記カーボンナノホーンを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結体は、セラミックス材料を含む、請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結体は、前記カーボンナノホーンのみを含む、請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記カーボンナノホーンと他の材料とを水性媒体中で混合し、乾燥して、前記成形材料を準備する、請求項1〜11のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- カーボンナノホーンを含む焼結体であって、
カーボンナノホーンを90質量%以上含有する、焼結体。 - カーボンナノホーンを含む焼結体であって、
カーボンナノホーンを95質量%以上含有する、焼結体。 - カーボンナノホーンを含む焼結体であって、
カーボンナノホーンを99質量%以上含有する、焼結体。
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JP4572362B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-15 | 2010-11-04 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 摩擦材料用炭素材料含有ポリイミド複合材料とその製造方法 |
JP5005941B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-08-22 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 水素貯蔵体 |
JP2007320802A (ja) | 2006-05-31 | 2007-12-13 | Doshisha | SiCセラミックス及びその製造方法 |
JP4748529B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-22 | 2011-08-17 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 磁性体 |
WO2009054415A1 (ja) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-04-30 | Tokushu Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. | シート状物及びその製造方法 |
JP4748538B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-27 | 2011-08-17 | 古河電気工業株式会社 | 磁性体の製造方法 |
KR101499602B1 (ko) * | 2009-05-26 | 2015-03-09 | 가부시키가이샤 인큐베이션 얼라이언스 | 탄소 재료 및 그 제조 방법 |
JP5354592B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-26 | 2013-11-27 | 株式会社環境・エネルギーナノ技術研究所 | カーボンナノ粒子の製造方法 |
SG10201500043YA (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2015-03-30 | Incubation Alliance Inc | Carbon material and method for producing same |
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- 2012-10-19 US US14/350,935 patent/US20140329076A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CN104010990B (zh) | 2016-05-25 |
JPWO2013058382A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
EP2769967A4 (en) | 2015-07-08 |
US20140329076A1 (en) | 2014-11-06 |
CN104010990A (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
WO2013058382A1 (ja) | 2013-04-25 |
EP2769967A1 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
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