JP6201816B2 - 発光装置の製造方法及び発光素子実装用配線基板 - Google Patents
発光装置の製造方法及び発光素子実装用配線基板 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6201816B2 JP6201816B2 JP2014038706A JP2014038706A JP6201816B2 JP 6201816 B2 JP6201816 B2 JP 6201816B2 JP 2014038706 A JP2014038706 A JP 2014038706A JP 2014038706 A JP2014038706 A JP 2014038706A JP 6201816 B2 JP6201816 B2 JP 6201816B2
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- light emitting
- emitting element
- solder bumps
- solder
- wiring board
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- H01L24/83—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
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Description
また、特許文献2に開示される発光装置では、発光素子の実装部となるリードフレームに、一または同一高さの複数の凸状の実装部が形成されており、それらの実装部と発光素子とが半田等の接着剤で接着されている。このような構成とすることで、凸状の実装部の側方(高さ部分)に接着剤を配置できる空間が形成され、接着剤が発光素子の側面や上面へ回り込むことを防いでいる。
この第3の工程の際、複数の半田バンプのうち少なくとも一部を融合させる。この融合した半田を、発光素子と配線基板とを接着する接着剤とする。実施形態1では、実装領域に形成された複数の半田バンプが一体に融合して接着剤となり、接着剤(融合した半田)は略均一な高さとなっている。
また、複数の半田バンプを平坦化してから加熱溶融して一体の接着剤とする(つまり、2段階に分けて徐々に一体の接着剤とする)ことで、複数の半田バンプが確実に融合し、さらに発光素子が安定的に実装されやすくなる。
まず、配線基板10を準備する。配線基板10は、セラミックス、ガラスエポキシ、ガラス、金属、樹脂等の各種支持基材2に、発光素子及び外部接続用の端子部と接続される配線3が設けられたものを用いることができる。支持基材は、半田バンプを配置した後に除去されていてもかまわない。配線基板10は、発光素子6を囲む側壁4を備えていてもよいし、平板状としてもかまわない。側壁4を有する配線基板10とすると、発光素子6の光の取り出しを向上させることができる。平板状の配線基板10とすると、半田バンプの形成や発光素子の実装がしやすい。
配線基板10は、第1〜3の工程で集合基板として保持されていると、各工程における製造を効率的に行うことができ好ましい。例えば、後述する半田バンプ及びフラックスの供給、発光素子の配置、半田バンプ頂部の平坦化、半田バンプの加熱溶融等をそれぞれ一括に行うことができる。
なお、配線基板は、前述の発光素子実装用配線基板と区別するために、主に上面に平坦化された半田バンプが形成される前の状態のもの、又は発光素子が実装された後の状態のものを示す。しかし、本明細書中では発光素子実装用配線基板のことを広義的に配線基板と記載する場合もある。
支持基材2の材料は、電気的絶縁性のものでもよいし、導電性のものであっても、絶縁膜などを介して配線3と電気的に絶縁させることで用いることができる。特に、セラミックス系材料として、酸化アルミニウム、窒化アルミニウム、酸化ジルコニウム、窒化ジルコニウム、酸化チタン、窒化チタン又はこれらの混合物を含むLTCC等が用いられる。金属としては、銅、鉄、ニッケル、クロム、アルミニウム、銀、金、チタン又はこれらの合金等が挙げられる。特に、半田を接着剤として用いる本実施形態の製造方法では、発光装置の製造工程において配線基板10に高い熱負荷がかかるため、セラミックス系材料のように耐熱性が高く、熱膨張の少ない材料を用いることが好ましい。
配線3には、発光素子6に接続されて導電可能な金属を用いることができる。具体的には、銅、ニッケル、パラジウム、タングステン、クロム、チタン、アルミニウム、銀、金、鉄、又はこれらの合金等で形成される。配線3は、支持基材2に設けられたものでもよいし、リードフレームによるリード電極としてもかまわない。配線3は、少なくとも配線基板10の上面に設けられており、下面(裏面)、側面、支持基材2内部に設けられていてもよい。特に、配線基板上面に露出される配線3の表面は、銀、アルミニウム、ロジウム、金、銅、又はこれらの合金等の光反射膜が設けられていてもよく、特に光反射率の高い銀で被膜されていると好ましい。これらの被膜は、鍍金、蒸着、スパッタ、印刷、塗布法等により形成することができる。
実施形態1の配線基板10は、図1に示されるように、リードフレームと樹脂によって構成され、配線3である正負一対のリード電極と発光素子6が電気的に接続されている。
発光素子の実装領域1は、前述のような配線基板10の上面の一部である。特に、発光素子6の絶縁性の基板側と配線3の上面とが半田バンプによって実装(フェイスアップ実装)される場合は、図2に示されるように、配線基板10の上面において発光素子6の実装面と略等しい領域である。複数の半田バンプ5は、該実装領域1に配置される。実装領域1において、複数の半田バンプ5は比較的密集して配置されていると、ボイドの発生を抑制することができ好ましいが、適宜自由な間隔で形成することができる。配線を有する配線基板の場合、配線上に実装領域があると、発光素子6と配線基板10とをより確実に導通させることができる。
配線基板10に実装される発光素子6は、少なくとも第1導電型(n型)層と第2導電型(p型)層により構成され、その間に活性層を有する半導体積層構造を有していると好ましい。また、発光素子6は、半田によって配線基板に実装できる構造を有している。例えば、発光素子の実装面側に金属膜が形成されていると、半田との密着性が向上し好適である。金属膜の材料としては、光反射率の高い銀等を用いることができる。電極は、絶縁性の基板上に半導体積層構造を積層し、その上面側に両極性の電極を有する同一面側電極構造、導電性の支持基材上に半導体積層構造を積層し、その積層方向である上下面に各極性の電極を有する対向電極構造とすることができ、適宜選択することができる。同一面側電極構造では、発光素子6の絶縁性の基板側と配線基板10とを接続(フェイスアップ実装)してもよいし、発光素子6の電極形成面を配線基板10と接続し、それに対向する絶縁性の基板側を主な光出射面とするフリップチップ実装とすることもできる。なお、絶縁性の基板は除去してもよく、さらに絶縁性の基板が除去された半導体積層構造に、例えば別の基板を接着した構造とすることもできる。基板の除去は、支持体、装置又はサブマウント等に実装又は保持して、剥離、研磨、若しくはLLO(Laser Lift Off)することで実施できる。
半田バンプ5は、配線基板10上の発光素子の実装領域21に複数配置され、第3の工程において加熱溶融されることで、発光素子6と配線基板10とを接着するものである。材料としては、錫系、錫−銀系、錫−銅系、錫−銀−銅系、ビスマス−錫系、金−錫系、金−ケイ素系、金-ゲルマニウム系等の半田を用いることができ、各々の材料は適宜所望の割合で含有させることができる。
(第1の工程)
発光装置100を製造する各工程について、図2、図3、図4を用いて説明する。
まず、複数の半田バンプ5は、準備された配線基板10の発光素子の実装領域1に配置される。実施形態1の発光素子の実装領域1は、正負一対のいずれか一方のリード電極上の、発光素子6の実装面と略等しい領域であり、そこに複数の半田バンプ5が配置される。なお、発光素子の実装領域1はリード電極(配線)上に限定されず、図3のように無極性の放熱板40上に発光素子を配置し、発光素子と正負のリード電極(配線)をワイヤ等で電気的に接続する場合は、放熱板上とすることもできる。
実装領域1は、前述のように発光素子6の実装面と略同一形状とすると好ましい。例えば、図4のような矩形状の他に、発光素子の実装面の形状に合わせて円形状、多角形状等とすることもできる。そうすることで、第3の工程で形成された接着剤50が、上面視において実装領域1よりも大幅に外側へ広がることを抑制できる。実施形態1の実装領域1は、約1000×1000μmの略矩形状である。
実施形態1では、前述の条件で半田バンプを平坦化することで、各々間隔を有しつつ、直径約100〜250μm、厚み約20〜60μmに変形した複数の半田バンプ60を有する発光素子実装用配線基板を得る。この際、頂部が平坦化された隣接する半田バンプ60どうしの離間距離は約20〜180μm程度となる。
続いて、フラックス9を配置した複数の半田バンプ60上に、発光素子6を配置する。発光素子6を配置する半田バンプ60は、図2(b)のように、上面視において発光素子6の外周よりも内側にあることが好ましい。一部の半田バンプ60が発光素子6の外周よりも外側にあると、その半田バンプが、外周よりも内側にある半田バンプと溶融して一体にならず、ボール状に残留することがある。そのような場合は、発光素子の外周内(実装領域内)だけでなく、半田バンプが形成される配線基板上の領域までが、半田に対してぬれ性の良い金や銀等で被膜されていると、半田バンプがボール状のまま残留することを抑制できる。実施形態1の発光素子6は、絶縁性の基板上に半導体積層構造を積層した同一面側電極構造を有しており、発光素子の絶縁性の基板側と配線の上面とが半田バンプによって実装(フェイスアップ実装)される。従って、フラックス9が配置された複数の半田バンプ60の頂部に、絶縁性の基板が対向するように発光素子6を配置する。
第3の工程では、第2の工程において発光素子6が配置された状態で、各半田バンプ60を加熱溶融(リフロー)する。そうすることで、フラックス9が気化されるとともに、発光素子6と配線基板10とが接着される。この加熱溶融の際、複数の半田バンプのうち少なくとも一部、好ましくは全部を融合することで、接着剤50を形成する。実施形態1では、図2(c)のように複数の半田バンプの全てが一体に融合している。このように接着剤50を形成すると、融合した半田バンプ50の厚みが略均一になりやすく、配線基板10に対して発光素子6を水平に(安定的に)接続することができる。さらに、接着剤50は実装領域1において一体に広がることで、半田バンプの状態よりも薄膜(例えば約20μm程度)となり、発光素子からの熱を効率的に放熱することができる。また、このように実装領域1に少量の半田で小さい半田バンプ5を複数配置し、加熱溶融して融合することで、予め実装領域全体に半田を配置する場合に比べて、接着剤のボイドの発生を抑制することができる。すなわち、半田バンプ溶融時に気化するフラックス9を、効果的に空気中へ逃がすことが可能である。
実施形態1の製造方法によると、予め実装領域1全体に対して一体の半田を塗布する場合に比べて、少量の半田で確実に発光素子と配線基板とを接着することができる。さらに、図2(c)のように接着剤50を発光素子6の外周よりも内側へ配置することが可能である。そうすることで、図2(d)のように半田バンプ50が発光素子の外周よりも外側へ広がった状態(例えば、約120μmのサファイア基板上にGaN系化合物半導体層が積層され、実装面となるサファイア基板の裏面側が銀で被覆された発光装置を用い、実装領域が銀で被膜されている場合であって、発光素子実装後の上面視において、半田が発光素子の略外接円程度の範囲に配置された状態)の発光装置と比較すると、約5%程度の光の吸収を抑制した発光装置とすることが可能である。
≪実施形態2≫
また、配置する複数の半田バンプ5の側面に、凸部70を形成する。さらに、複数の半田バンプが平坦化によって接合した発光素子実装用配線基板とする。上記以外は、実施形態1の発光装置100と実質上同様の構造および形成方法で製造されたものとし、説明は適宜省略する。以下、実施形態1の発光装置100の構造及び形成方法と異なる点について主に詳述する。
例えば、型501は、上面視で各半田バンプ5よりも大きいと好ましい。また、前述のように上面視で各半田バンプ5よりも大きい型を有する場合は、型501の深さは実装領域に配置された半田バンプ5の高さよりも小さいことが好ましい。このような型501を有するフラッタニング治具500とすることで、複数の半田バンプの頂部を確実に平坦化しつつ、側面に凸部70を形成することが可能である。
その後、実施形態1と同様に、必要に応じて発光素子及び配線基板の少なくとも一部を被覆する透光性部材28を形成して個片化し、所望の発光装置200(例えば縦横約3.5mmの発光装置)を完成させる。実施形態2では、発光素子26がフリップチップ実装されるので、少ない半田量で発光素子の各電極と配線基板を接着することで、正負一対の配線23上の各々の半田バンプが一体となりにくいので、発光装置のショートを防ぐことができ特に好ましい。
≪実施形態3≫
枠体34の外側には、発光素子36の駆動電圧を外部から印加するための一対のパッド電極として、正負一対のパッド部を有し、発光素子36の電極はパッド部と接続される。
この場合、発光素子の正負一対の電極と、正負一対の配線とを各々接着する接着剤(半田)は、互いに短絡しないように間隔を空けて形成される。例えば、隣接する正負の配線上に配置される半田バンプどうしの間隔は、配置時において約300〜350μm程度とすることができる。このように十分な間隔を有して配置させることで、隣接する正負の配線上に配置された半田バンプどうしを、第1の工程において接合しないように平坦化できる。さらに、第3の工程において融合しないように溶融させることが可能である。
10,20,30…配線基板(発光素子実装用配線基板)
1,21,31…実装領域
2,22…支持基材
3,23…配線
4,34…側壁
40…放熱
5…半田バンプ(配置時)
50…接着剤
60…半田バンプ(平坦化)
6,26,36…発光素子
7,37…ワイヤ
8,28,38…透光性部材
39…底面
9…フラックス
500…フラッタニング治具
501…型
70…凸部
80…被膜
90…孔
Claims (6)
- 発光素子が接着剤によって配線基板に実装される発光装置の製造方法であって、
前記配線基板上に配置された複数の半田バンプの頂部を平坦化し、前記半田バンプの側面に凸部を形成する第1の工程と、
前記発光素子を、前記複数の半田バンプ上に配置する第2の工程と、
前記第2の工程の後、前記複数の半田バンプを加熱溶融し、前記発光素子を前記配線基板上に実装する第3の工程と、を含み、
前記第3の工程において、前記複数の半田バンプの少なくとも一部を融合させて孔を形成することで前記接着剤を形成することを特徴とする発光装置の製造方法。 - 前記第1の工程後、前記頂部にフラックスを供給する請求項1に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
- 前記凸部は、頂部を平坦化する際に、前記複数の半田バンプのうち少なくとも一部を接合することで形成する請求項1又は請求項2に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
- 前記凸部は、隣接する前記半田バンプの向かい合う側面が接合して連結することで形成された曲面である、請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
- 前記凸部の形成と、前記平坦化を同時に行う、請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
- 前記複数の半田バンプのうち、凸部を有さない半田バンプを備える、請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
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