JP6106157B2 - 神経変性障害および筋疾患に関与するpufa - Google Patents
神経変性障害および筋疾患に関与するpufa Download PDFInfo
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- JP6106157B2 JP6106157B2 JP2014508486A JP2014508486A JP6106157B2 JP 6106157 B2 JP6106157 B2 JP 6106157B2 JP 2014508486 A JP2014508486 A JP 2014508486A JP 2014508486 A JP2014508486 A JP 2014508486A JP 6106157 B2 JP6106157 B2 JP 6106157B2
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Description
本願は、引用によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、2011年4月26日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/479,270号および2011年4月26日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/479,269号の優先権の利益を主張する。
分野
酸化的損傷は、例えば、ミトコンドリア病、神経変性疾患、神経変性筋疾患、網膜疾患、エネルギー処理疾患、腎臓疾患、肝臓疾患、脂血症、心疾患、炎症、および遺伝性障害などの広範囲の疾患に関与している。具体的には、このような疾患としては、アルツハイマー病(AD)、軽度認知障害(MCI)、および前頭側頭型認知症(FD)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
いくつかの実施形態は、神経変性障害の進行を治療または防止する方法を提供し、それは、有効量の多価不飽和物質を、治療を必要とするアルツハイマー病、軽度認知障害、または前頭側頭型認知症の患者に投与することを含み、ここで、前記多価不飽和物質は、1つ以上の結合が酸化に対して安定化するように化学的に修飾されており;ここで、1つ以上の安定化された結合を含む前記多価不飽和物質またはその多価不飽和代謝物は、投与後に患者の体内に取り込まれる。他の実施形態は、神経筋疾患の進行を治療または防止する方法を提供し、それは、多価不飽和物質の有効量を、治療を必要とする筋萎縮性側索硬化症または多発性硬化症患者に投与することを含み、ここで、前記多価不飽和物質は、1つ以上の結合が酸化に対して安定化するように化学的に修飾されており、ここで、前記の1つ以上の安定化された結合を含む前記多価不飽和物質またはその多価不飽和代謝物は、投与後に患者の体内に取り込まれる。
本明細書で使用する場合、略語は以下のように定義される:
αLnn:α−リノレン酸
4−HHEまたはHHE:4−ヒドロキシヘキサ−2−エナール
4−HNE:4−ヒドロキシノン−2−エナール
AA:アラキドン酸(AA;20:4;n−6)
Ab:アミロイドβ
AcOH:酢酸
AD:アルツハイマー病
ADRDA:アルツハイマー病および関連障害協会
AGE:終末糖化産物
ALA:α−リノレン酸
ALS:筋萎縮性側索硬化症
AMVN:2,2’−アゾビス(2,4−ジメチルバレロニトリル)
a−syn:α−シヌクレオン
D:重水素化
D1:モノ重水素化
D2:ジ重水素化
D2−LA:ジ重水素化リノール酸
D3:トリ−重水素化
D4:テトラ−重水素化
D5:ペンタ−重水素化
D6:ヘキサ−重水素化
DHA:ドコサヘキサエン酸(22:6;n−3)
DMF:ジメチルホルムアミド
EPA:エイコサペンタエン酸(20:5;n−3)
EtOAc:酢酸エチル
EtOH:エタノール
FAME:脂肪酸メチルエステル
FD:前頭側頭型認知症
HPMC:6−ヒドロキシ−2,2,5,7,8−ペンタメチルベンゾクロマン
H−PUFA:非重水素化多価不飽和脂肪酸
IP:腹腔内
IR:赤外線
IsoP:15−F−イソプロスタン
KIE:動力学的同位体効果
LA:リノール酸
LDL:低密度リポタンパク質
MCI:軽度認知障害
MDA:マロンジアルデヒド
MPTP:1−メチル−4−フェニル−1,2,3,6−テトラヒドロピリジン
MS:多発性硬化症
MVEC:微小血管内皮細胞
NINCDS:神経/伝達障害と脳卒中
ONE:ω−6過酸化生成物
PUFA(s):多価不飽和脂肪酸(複数も可)
RIN:開始速度
ROS:活性酸素種
ROX:酸化速度
sALS:散発的筋萎縮性側索硬化症
SNCA:アルファ合成遺伝子
SNOMED:医学の体系化された命名法
SOD:スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ
TDMS:毒性データ管理システム
TH:チロシンヒドロキシラーゼ
THF:テトラヒドロフラン
TLC:薄層クロマトグラフィー
V−SMOW:ウィーン標準平均海水
WT:野生型
YPD:1%バクト−酵母エキス、2%バクト−ペプトン、および2%デキストロースを含む培地
アミロイド斑と神経原線維変化は、ADの神経病理学的特徴であるが、それらがその病気の原因や産物であるかどうかはまだ議論の余地がある。追加情報については、Cooper JL.のDrugs&Aging 2003;20:399−418を参照されたい。酸化ストレスおよび関連する炎症は、ADプロセスに関与している。Patternら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S357−S367を参照されたい。ADでの増加した酸化ストレスを支持する直接証拠は、次のとおりである:(1)AD対象脳内でのROS刺激Fe、AlおよびHgの増加;(2)AD対象脳内でのPUFAの過酸化の増加およびPUFAの減少、ならびにAD対象の心室液中での4−HNEの増加;(3)AD対象の脳内のタンパク質とDNA酸化の増加;(4)AD対象脳内のエネルギー代謝の減少とシトクロムcオキシダーゼの減少;(5)神経原線維変化における終末糖化産物(AGE)、MDA、カルボニル、ペルオキシナイトライト、ヘムオキシゲナーゼ−1およびSOD−1、ならびに老人斑におけるAGE、ヘムオキシゲナーゼ−1、およびSOD−1;および(6)アミロイドβペプチドがROSを生成することができることを示す研究(Markesbery WR.Free Rad.Biol.Med.1997;23:134−147)。さらに、ミトコンドリア機能障害は、多くの神経変性疾患に関与しており、酸化ストレスが機能不全を誘発することが知られている。Schonら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S281−S292;Zhuら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S253;Filippoら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S369−S379;Moraisら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S255−S263;Coskunら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S293−S310;およびSwerdlowら、Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease(2010);20,S265−S279を参照されたい。
運動神経細胞疾患の筋萎縮性側索硬化症は、遅発性の進行性神経変性障害であり(上位および下位運動神経細胞の喪失)、結果的に筋肉の消耗および呼吸不全による死亡に至る(Boillee Sら、Neuron 2006;52:39−59)。家族性ALS(fFALS;全症例の約2%)は、変異Cu/Zn SOD−1の誤った折り畳みによって引き起こされる(Kabashi Eら、Ann.Neurol.2007;62:553−559)。fALSに関連する100を超えるSODの突然変異が存在する(Barnham KJら、Nature Rev.Drug Discov.2004;3:205−214)。第1のステップはSODの「単量体化」であり、次いでSODモノマーが凝集し、それはそれらの間に異常なS−S結合を形成し(Kabashi E.ら、Ann.Neurol.2007;62:553−559)、毒性のある集合体が生成される(それらが誤って折り畳まれるか、ROSの供給源となるか、またはその両方による(Barnham KJら、Nature Rev.Drug Discov.2004;3:205−214))。G93A−SOD1モデルでの研究は、fALS関連SOD1突然変異をNADPHオキシダーゼ依存性のROS産生における酸化還元センサー機能の喪失に関連づけ、制御されないROSの生成によって媒介されるミクログリアの神経毒性炎症反応をもたらすことが示された(Liu Yら、JBC.2009;284:3691−3699)。散発性ALS(sALS)は、より一般的である(症例の90%)。ALSのもう一つの顕著な特徴は、RNA結合タンパク質TDP−43の神経細胞の細胞質内および核内凝集である(Dennis JS.ら、Neuroscience 2009;158:745−750)。
PUFAの過酸化と反応性カルボニル化合物は、MSにおいて重要な役割を果たしている。活動性脱髄MS病変における、主に反応性アストロサイトとミエリンを含んだマクロファージにおけるタンパク質、脂質およびヌクレオチドに対する広範な酸化的損傷が報告されており、HNEなどの反応性カルボニル生成物の実質的な存在を含む(van Horssen J.ら、Free Rad.Biol.Med.2008;45:1729−1737)。また、LDLが、血液脳関門の損傷の結果として初期のMS病変の実質に入ることができることも確認され、したがって、MS斑におけるマロンジアルデヒドや4−HNEなどの反応性カルボニルの別の供給源を表す(Newcombe J.ら、Neuropathol.and Applied Neurobiol.1994;20:152−162)。
いくつかの実施形態では、同位体修飾された多価不飽和脂肪酸または模倣物は、化学的に、または1つもしくは複数の同位体、例えば13Cおよび/もしくは重水素を用いた補強によって安定化されている、天然に存在するPUFAと構造的な類似性を有する化合物を指す。一般に、重水素が補強に使用される場合、メチレン基上の1つまたは両方の水素が補強され得る。
11,11−ジジュウテロ−シス,シス−9,12−オクタデカジエン酸(11,11−ジジュウテロ−(9Z,12Z)−9,12−オクタデカジエン酸;D2−LA);および11,11,14,14−テトラジュウテロ−シス,シス,シス−9,12,15−オクタデカトリエン酸(11,11,14,14−テトラジュウテロ−(9Z,12Z,15Z)−9,12,15−オクタデカトリエン酸;D4−ALA)である。いくつかの実施形態では、前記位置は、重水素化に加えて、炭素−13によって、それぞれ天然に存在する存在量レベルを超える同位体存在量のレベルでさらに補強され得る。PUFA分子におけるすべての他の炭素−水素結合は、場合により天然存在量レベル以上で重水素および/または炭素−13を含有することができる。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に開示された化合物は、併用して投与される。例えば、いくつかの実施形態では、2つ、3つ、4つ、および/または5つ以上の安定化化合物が一緒に投与される。いくつかの実施形態では、安定化化合物は、ほぼ同様な量で投与される。他の実施形態では、安定化化合物は、異なる量で投与される。例えば、混合物中の2種以上の化合物のいずれか1つは、混合物の約1%〜約99%、混合物の約5%〜約95%、混合物の約10%〜約90%、混合物の約15%〜約85%、混合物の約20%〜約80%、混合物の約25%〜約75%、混合物の約30%〜約70%、、混合物の約35%〜約65%、混合物の約40%〜約60%、混合物の約40%〜約60%、混合物の約45%〜約55%、および/または混合物の約50%に相当し得る。他の実施形態では、混合物中の2種以上の化合物のいずれか1つは、混合物の約5%、約10%、約15%、約20%、約25%、約30%、約35%、約40%、約45%、約50%、約65%、約60%、約65%、約70%、約75%、約80%、約85%、約90%、約95%、または100%に相当し得る。
式中、R1およびR2は、独立して、−C1−C4アルキル、−C1−C4ハロアルキル、−CN、−F、−Cl、−Brおよび−Iから選択され;R3は、−C1−C4アルキル、−C1−C4ハロアルキル、−CN、−F、−Cl、および−Iから選択され、そして、R20は、独立して、−C1−C20アルキル、−C1−C20アルケニル、−C1−C20アルキニル、および少なくとも1つの2重結合と少なくとも1つの3重結合を有する−C1−C20から選択される。
などの化合物:
式中、mは−C1−C20アルキル、−C1−C20アルケニル、−C1−C20アルキニル、または少なくとも1つの2重結合および少なくとも1つの3重結合を含む−C1−C20であり、対イオンは、薬学的に許容され得るアニオンである。
トリグリセリドは、植物油および動物性脂肪の主成分であることがよく知られている。また、トリグリセリドは、グリセロールと3つの脂肪酸から誘導されるエステル化合物であることが知られている。トリグリセリドは、エステル結合を加水分解し、脂肪酸とグリセロールを放出するリパーゼなどの酵素によって代謝される。確かに、この代謝は、脂肪酸を放出し、それは、その後、脂肪酸輸送蛋白質を介して細胞によって取り込まれ得る。種々の疾患を治療するのに有用であるPUFAおよびPUFA模倣物は、患者への投与のために、トリグリセリド、ジグリセリド、および/またはモノグリセリドなどの脂肪に配合することができると考えられる。
いくつかの実施形態では、化合物は、約0.01mg/kg〜約1000mg/kg、約0.1mg/kg〜約100mg/kg、および/または約1mg/kg〜約10mg/kgで投与される。他の実施形態では、化合物は、約0.01mg/kg、約0.1mg/kg、約1.0mg/kg、約5.0mg/kg、約10mg/kg、約25mg/kg、約50mg/kg、約75mg/kg、約100mg/kg、約150mg/kg、約200mg/kg、約300mg/kg、約400mg/kg、約500mg/kg、および/または約1000mg/kgで投与される。
1Hと13Cスペクトルの特徴的エリアは、すべての値がppm単位である。(パネルA)11位のリノール酸の重水素化は、1Hと13CのNMRスペクトルのピークの消失によって確認される。δH2.764におけるピークの消失は、H原子(1H NMR)の不存在に起因するものと予想される。δC25.5におけるピークの消失は、核オーバーハウザー効果の組み合わせ、およびこの特定炭素原子の、リノール酸の重水素形における2つの重水素原子による5重線への分裂によるものである。(パネルB)1H NMRスペクトルは、部位特異的重水素化α−リノレン酸のC11およびC14位における水素原子が、一致し(δH2.801)、このように、いずれかの部位(11,11−H2,14,14−D2または11,11−D2,14,14−H2)における重水素化がこのピークの積分において50%の減少につながり、一方、両方の部位(11,11,14,14−D4)の重水素化は、δH2.801でのピークの完全な消失につながることを示している。しかし、13C NMR実験は、C11位またはC14位に対して観察されたピークは、小さいが検出可能な差によって分離されるので、3つの重水素化形態を明らかに区別することができる。したがって、C11またはC14のどちらかの位置での重水素化は、δC25.68またはδC25.60のそれぞれのピーク消失につながり、一方、両方の部位での重水素化は、2つの対応するピークの消失につながる。
Q−レス酵母(coqの変異体)は、脂肪酸のインビボでの自動酸化を評価するための理想的なシステムを提供する。コエンザイムQ(ユビキノンまたはQ)は、小さな脂溶性抗酸化剤としてだけでなく、ミトコンドリア内膜の呼吸鎖における電子シャトルとして機能する。10個のS.cerevisiae遺伝子(COQ1〜COQ10)は、コエンザイムQの生合成および機能、そして呼吸不全の結果の消去にも必要である(Tran UC,Clarke CF.Mitochondrion 2007;7S,S62)。coq酵母変異体は、PUFAの自動酸化生成物に非常に感受性であることが示された(Do TQら、PNAS USA 1996;93:7534−7539;Poon WW,Do TQ,Marbois BN,Clarke CF.Mol.Aspects Med.1997;18,s121)。S.cerevisiaeは、PUFAを産生しないが(Paltauf F,Daum G.Meth.Enzymol.1992;209:514−522)、それらは、外的に提供されるとき、PUFAを利用することができ、それらの内容物を操作させることができる(Paltauf F,Daum G.Meth.Enzymol.1992;209:514−522)。Q−レス(coq2、coq3、およびcoq5)酵母変異体の1%未満は、リノレン酸の4時間処理後、生存可能である(Do TQら、PNAS USA 1996;93:7534−7539;Poon WW,Do TQ,Marbois BN,Clarke CF.Mol.Aspects Med.1997;18,s121)。対照的に、この処理に供された野生型(親の遺伝的背景は、W303−1B株である)細胞の70%は生存可能のままである。Q−レス酵母はまた、容易に自動酸化する他のPUFA(例えばアラキドン酸など)には過敏であるが、モノ不飽和オレイン酸による処理に対して、野生型親株と同じように振る舞う(Do TQら、PNAS USA 1996;93:7534−7539)。cor1またはatp2変異体酵母(それぞれ、bc1複合体またはATP合成酵素のどちらかを欠いている)は、PUFA処理に対して野生型の耐性を示すため、Q−レス酵母変異体の過敏性は、呼吸不全の二次的影響ではない(Do TQら、PNAS USA 1996;93:7534−7539;Poon WW,Do TQ,Marbois BN,Clarke CF.Mol.Aspects Med.1997;18,s121)。
酵母はPUFAを合成しないが、しかし、それらは外因的に供給されるリノール酸とリノレン酸の取り込みを行う(Avery SVら、Applied Environ.Microbiol.1996;62,3960;Howlett NGら、Applied Environ.Microbiol.1997;63,2971)。従って、酵母はまた、外的に供給されたD4−リノレン酸を取り込みそうである。しかし、リノレン酸およびD4−リノレン酸への異なる感受性は、自動酸化よりもむしろ細胞内への組込みの違いに起因し得る可能性がある。このケースに該当するかどうかを試験するために、この脂肪酸の取り込みの程度が監視された。まず、C18:1、C18:3,D4−C18:3、およびC17:0(内部標準として使用される)の脂肪酸メチルエステル(FAME)の分離の条件が決定された。図5に示されるGC−MSクロマトグラムは、これらの脂肪酸メチルエステル標準の分離と検出感度の両方を確立する。
LAおよびD2−LAの酸化過程における酸素消費の動力学を、ガラス毛管マイクロ体積計を用いて調べた(図7)。酸化速度ROXは、[O2]トレースの傾きとして測定された。開始速度RINは、基準阻害剤としてのHPMC(「6−ヒドロキシ−2,2,5,7,8−ペンタメチルベンゾクロマン」)による阻害剤方法により測定した。RINを、阻害された酸化の誘導期tIND:RIN=2・[HPMC]/tINDから算出した。0.71MのLAの酸化速度(図7)は、6.1×10−6M/sであることが判明した。プロセスが0.23mMの連鎖破壊抗酸化剤HPMCにより阻害されたとき、誘導期間tINDの持続時間は、約48分であり、RIN値は、約0.16×10−6M/sであった。これらのデータから算出した速度論的連鎖長は、ν=ROX/RIN=38±3であった。このデータに基づいて、LAの計算された酸化力は、0.0215±0.008M−0.5s−0.5(n=5)であった(Gosgrave J.Pら、Lipids,1987,22,299−304)。D2−LAについては、ROXの0.18×10−6M/秒への減少が観察された(図7)。LAとは対照的に、HPMCの添加は、ROXの減少や任意の検出可能な誘導期間の出現をもたらすことはなかった(データは示されていない)。後者は、RINの直接的な決定を排除する。LAのそれと匹敵するD2−LA酸化に対するRIN値については、D2−LA酸化が、連鎖プロセスではなかったということになる(ν=0.18×10−6/0.16×10−6、およそ1.1)。LAとD2−LAに対するROXの比較から、推定動力学的同位体効果(「KIE」)は、約6.1×10−6/0.18×10−6、およそ35であった。同様なKIEは、Triton X−100水性ミセル中でのLAと11,11−d2−LAの酸化過程で測定された(データは示さていない)。比較目的のため、理論的なKIEは、25℃で6.9である。Carpenter,「Determination of Organic Reaction Mechanisms」(John Wiley&Sons,1984),p.89を参照されたい。
ありそうなインビボ条件をシミュレーションするために、D2−LAとLAとの混合物の酸化の動力学について検討した(図8)。実験において、LA+11,11−d2−LAの濃度は、0.775Mであり;AMVNの濃度は、0.0217Mであり;そして、反応は37℃で行われた。その結果、1.10±0.08×10−7M/秒のRINを得た。また、混合物の酸化速度は、非相加的であり、個々の化合物についてのROXの加算値よりもはるかに低いことが分かった。驚くべきことに、D2−LAは、本質的に自動酸化に対して非重水素化LAを「保護」する。定量的に同様の効果が、非重水素化リノール酸メチルと11,11−D2−LAの混合物の酸化の過程で観察された(データは示されない)。これらの結果は、D2−LAによる非重水素化LAの部分的置換でさえPUFA過酸化を実質的に遅らせる可能性を示唆している。
実施例13に記載の結果が、Q−レスcoq3酵母株およびLAとD2−LAの異なる比率を用いてインビボで再現された(図9)。野生型、酵母Q−レスcoq3、あるいは呼吸不全cor1ヌル変異体を、200μΜのLAおよびD2−LAの存在下、図9に示されるように、PUFAの異なる割合でインキュベーションした。0.2OD/mlで始まる系列希釈液(1:5)をYPD固体平板培地上にスポットした。また、ゼロ時間未処理の対照を利用し、その結果を図9の左上に示す。増殖は30℃においてであった。結果は、D2−LAの約10〜15%が、LAの毒性を取り消すのに十分な、最小限の量であったことを示している。モノ−重水素化PUFA、11,11−D,H−LAとの同様のインキュベーション処理は、処理3時間後の細胞生存率において、検出可能な減少をもたらさなかった(データは示されていない)。これらの結果は、D2−LAおよび11,11−D,H−LAの両方が脂質過酸化に対して耐性であったことを示唆している。
実施例14に記載の実験プロトコルはまた、Q−レスcoq3酵母株(図10)およびALAのD4−ALAに対する異なる割合を用いてインビボで再現された。野生型、酵母Q−レスcoq3、あるいは呼吸不全cor1ヌル変異体を、200μΜのALAおよびD4−Lnn(リノレン酸)の存在下、図10に示されるように、PUFAの異なる割合でインキュベーションした。0.2OD/mlで始まる系列希釈液(1:5)をYPD固体平板培地上にスポットした。増殖は30℃においてであった。結果はD2−Lnnの約15〜20%が、ALAの毒性を取り消すのに十分な、最小限の量であったことを示している。さらに、結果は、酵母細胞によって取り込まれたPUFAの含量は、添加された割合を大まかに反映し、酵母細胞が提供されたPUFAを区別しないことを示唆している。
微小血管内皮(MVEC)、網膜色素上皮(RPE)および網膜神経細胞(網膜神経節細胞)を含むいくつかの細胞型を、細胞培養における生存率について試験した。細胞を、水素化(対照)または重水素化D2−リノール酸(ω−6;LA)およびD4−リノレン酸(ω−3;ALA)(20μM;ω−6対ω−3の比率:1:1または2:1)のいずれかを含有する培地中で、72時間維持した。細胞へのPUFAの取り込みを、GCによって監視した(図11)。MVECへのPUFAの取り込みを示す表1によれば、PUFAは、細胞によって容易に取り込まれることが示された。
より長期の投与パラダイム(すなわち、3週間の食餌の置き換え)による、H−PUFAおよびD−PUFAを補充したマウスの血清の化学的分析(UC Davisで実施した)では、H−PUFA/D−PUFA生理食塩水処理マウスについて腎機能、肝機能、血液脂質等の主要バイオマーカーにおいて差は明らかにならなかった。この例では、D−PUFAは、D2−リノール酸:D4−リノレン酸の2:1混合物である。
顕微鏡的変化は、最も具体的な組織分布的な形態学的診断によってコード化され、体系化医療名称(SNOMED)と国立毒性プログラムの毒性データ管理システム(TDMS)の用語マニュアルが、ガイドラインとして使用された。データは、Labcat(登録商標)病理モジュール4.30に記録された。4段階の採点システム(最小、軽度、中等度、および顕著)が、等級付け可能な変化を定めるのに用いられた。
WTマウスは、1ケージあたり12匹(雌から分離した雄)を収容し、6%総脂肪を含むAIN93食餌をペレットとして90日間、自由摂取(通常は5〜6g/日)させた。その総脂肪の約10%は、D2−LA/D4−ALA(第1群)、D2−LA/ALA(第2群)、またはLA/ALA(対照群)の1:1混合物から構成された。動物を屠殺し、臓器を回収し、保存剤を使用せずに分析前に低温で保存した。脂質画分を分離し、前処理し、対照としてLA、D2−LA、ALAおよびD4−ALAを使用して、標準プロトコルに従ってLC−MSにより分析した。
一次胚海馬神経細胞は、神経機能のモデルで有用であると広く認識されている。簡単に述べると、海馬神経細胞の初代培養物を、神経保護の活性について化合物を試験するために使用することができる。海馬の培養物は、通常18日齢から19日齢の胎仔ラットから調製することができる。この年齢で、約E15のラットで始まる錐体神経細胞の生成は、本質的に完全になる。この段階での脳組織は、分離するのが比較的容易であり、髄膜を容易に除去することができ、グリア細胞の数は、それでもやはり比較的適度となるであろう(Park L C,Calingasan NY,Uchida K,Zhang H,Gibson G E.(2000))。代謝障害は、酸化ストレスにおける脳細胞タイプの選択的な変化および培養における細胞死を誘発することが知られている。J Neurochem 74(1):114−124。本明細書に開示された化合物の活性を評価するために、試験化合物を、海馬神経細胞におけるβ−アミロイド誘発性酸化ストレスに対して細胞を保護するその能力について評価することができる。例えば、培養された海馬神経細胞を、胎仔のラットから得、β−アミロイド誘発性酸化ストレスを受ける間、試験化合物(D2−LA、D4−ALA、およびD2−LAとD4−ALAの両方の1:1の組み合わせの0.01mg、0.1mg、1.0mg、10.0mg、および100mg)と共にインキュベーションする。非重水素化LAとALAの同じような重量および組み合わせで処理され、β−アミロイド誘発性酸化ストレスにさらされた対照細胞もまた、試験される。細胞の2群を比較すると、D2−LAとD4−ALAは、β−アミロイド形成を阻害するのに有効であることが期待される。
グルタミン酸は、他の脊髄神経細胞におけるよりも、培養運動神経細胞において、はるかに大きい反応性酸素種(ROS)の生成を誘導すると考えられる。Raoら、The Journal of Neuroscience(2003),23(7),2627−2633を参照されたい。また、ROSは、運動神経細胞から移行し、隣接するアストロサイトにおける酸化やグルタミン酸の取り込みの破壊を誘導することができると考えられている。同文獻参照。さらに、タンパク質の酸化は、運動神経細胞を取り囲む近隣の領域において増加したことが、ALSのトランスジェニックマウスモデルにおいて実証されている。同文獻参照。
本発明はその具体的な実施形態を参照して説明したが、様々な変更を行うことができ、均等物が本発明の真の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく置き換えることができることを、当業者は理解すべきである。これは、本明細書に記載された利点と機能のすべてを提供するものではない実施形態を含む。さらに、多くの修正が、特定の状況、材料、組成物、プロセス、プロセス工程または複数の工程を本発明の目的、精神および範囲に適合させるためになされることができる。全てのそのような修正は、本明細書に添付の特許請求の範囲に含まれるものである。従って、本発明の範囲は、添付の特許請求の範囲を参照することによってのみ定義される。
Claims (19)
- (a)アルツハイマー病、軽度認知障害、もしくは前頭側頭型認知症、または(b)筋萎縮性側索硬化症または多発性硬化症の患者における神経筋疾患の進行を治療または予防する際に経口使用するための組成物であって、
下記式(3)を有する、重水素化された多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルを含み、
前記重水素化された多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、投与後に患者の体内に取り込まれ、
前記重水素化された多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、患者に投与される多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの総量の少なくとも約10%を含む、
組成物。 - 前記重水素化された多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルが患者に投与される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された多価不飽和の脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルが、少なくとも1個の13C原子を含み、ここで、前記の少なくとも1個の13C原子が、13C原子の天然の存在量レベルより顕著に上のレベルで存在する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、患者に投与される脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの総量の約10%〜50%を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、患者に投与される脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの総量の約10%〜30%を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、患者に投与される脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの総量の約20%以上を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 患者の細胞または組織が、天然に存在する多価不飽和脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの自動酸化を防止するために、前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルの十分な濃度を維持する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、ω−3脂肪酸もしくは脂肪酸エステル、またはω−6脂肪酸もしくは脂肪酸エステルである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、11,11−D2−リノレン酸、14,14,D2−リノレン酸、11,11,14,14−D4−リノレン酸、11、11−D2−リノール酸、14,14−D2−リノール酸、11,11,14,14−D4−リノール酸、11−D−リノレン酸、14−D−リノレン酸、11,14−D2−リノレン酸、11−D−リノール酸、14−D−リノール酸、および11,14−D2−リノ−ル酸からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルは、プロ−ビス−アリル位でさらに重水素化される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記脂肪酸エステルはエチルエステルである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が抗酸化剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗酸化剤が、コエンザイムQ、イデベノン、ミトキノン、ミトキノール、ビタミンC、またはビタミンEである、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルがリノール酸である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルがリノレン酸である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルがアラキドン酸である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルがエイコサペンタエン酸である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記重水素化された脂肪酸または脂肪酸エステルがドコサヘキサエン酸である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- Y1−Ynの1つまたは複数がHである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
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