JP6023237B2 - 血管または血管グラフトからの血管アクセスデバイスの離脱を検知するためのシステム - Google Patents
血管または血管グラフトからの血管アクセスデバイスの離脱を検知するためのシステム Download PDFInfo
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- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3653—Interfaces between patient blood circulation and extra-corporal blood circuit
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
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- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3622—Extra-corporeal blood circuits with a cassette forming partially or totally the blood circuit
- A61M1/36225—Extra-corporeal blood circuits with a cassette forming partially or totally the blood circuit with blood pumping means or components thereof
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- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
- G01N27/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a liquid
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Description
図1に示された典型的な電気回路は、対象となる流体の電気伝導率または抵抗を測定するために使用されうる。1つの実施形態では、流体は電解質溶液または透析用流体であってよく、回路は、究極的には、血管内投与のための流体の適合性を保証するために流体の導電率の測定値を提供することができる。流体中に溶解された溶質の濃度の監視に加えて、電気回路は、回路に接続された電極の間の流体の連続性における何らかの中断も監視することができる。例えば、該回路は、気泡の存在について、または混入している物質の存在について、静脈内の流体ラインを監視するために使用可能である。別の実施形態では、流体は血液であってよく、(例えば導管内の)血流路の電気抵抗測定値の変化は、血流路と測定用電極との間に不連続部が存在するかどうかを示すために使用されてもよい。例えば、血流路は、血管、動静脈瘻またはグラフトのセグメント内に留置ニードルまたはカテーテルを含んだ血液のカラムを、2つの電極の間に含んでなる場合がある。血管アクセスの離脱は血流路内への空気の導入をもたらし、その結果電極間の血液カラムの抵抗率の変化を引き起こすことができる。電気回路は、血流路のインピーダンスと透析用流体のインピーダンスとの間の差に合わせて調節するために、(その適用に応じて)容易に修正可能である。
Δα=ΔVsense/(V+−V−)=(Ry−Rref−Rth)/(Ry+Rref+Rth)=(ρ−1)/(ρ+1)
であって、上記式中、Ry=Rx+2RS+Rthであり、Rth=マルチプレクサ2および分圧回路8からのソース直列抵抗であり、ρ=Ry/(Rref+Rth)である。(ソース直列抵抗Rthは、マルチプレクサ2の抵抗および分圧回路8のテブナン等価抵抗の和として導き出すことができる。例えば、R1=10オーム、R2=2Kオームについては、Rth=R1‖(R1+R2)=9.95オームである)。したがって、Ryが短絡回路である場合、ρ=0およびΔα=−1である。このとき、センスノードの電圧変化ΔVsenseは、VAにおけるドライブノードとは反対の振幅を有するVBの電圧変化と等しい。Ryが開放回路である場合、ρ=∞およびΔα=1である。このとき、センスノードの電圧変化ΔVsenseは、ドライブノードVAの電圧変化と等しい。従って、この電圧変化が測定されれば、先述の方程式を未知の抵抗Rxについて解くことが可能である:
Rx=ρ(Rref+Rth)−2Rs−Rth、前記式中、ρ=(1+Δα)/(1−Δα)
図1に示されるように、高周波ノイズを除去するために、ローパスフィルタ9が抵抗器RfおよびキャパシタCfによって形成されてもよい。1つの典型的な配置構成では、RFは1KΩの値を有することが可能であり、CFは0.001uFの値を有することが可能である。その後、緩衝増幅器10およびアナログ・デジタル変換器(ADC)11が、コンピュータまたはデジタルシグナルプロセッサ(図示せず)について感知された電圧を測定することができる。
Δα=ΔVSense/(V+−V−)=[(V2−V1)+(V3−V4)]/2(V+−V−)
を計算することができる。その結果、波形の両エッジを使用して
ΔVsense=[(V2−V1)+(V3−V4)]/2
を測定することが可能であり、そのため回路への非対称的反応は相殺される可能性が高い。別例として、波形のおよそ中間点での平均電圧が使用されてもよく;その結果は、例えば、Δα=ΔVSense/(V+−V−)=[(V7−V6)+(V7−V8)]/2(V+−V−)、そしてΔVSense=[(V7−V6)+(V7−V8)]/2である。さらに、ADC11の入力信号Vinの示差測定値だけが使用されてもよい。したがって、緩衝増幅器10およびADC11のいかなるオフセットエラーも相殺することができる。さらに、Δαは、同じ信号経路を使用した測定値に基づいたレシオメトリックな量である。したがって、ADC11のいかなる利得誤差も相殺することができる。
Sρ=(1/ρ)・δρ/δΔα=2/[((1+Δα)(1−Δα)]=2/[1−(Δα)2]
であることを示すことができる。Ry=Rrefの時、ρ=1、Δα=0およびSρ=2である。したがって、このポイントの周囲でのΔαの変化0.001(ADCフルスケールの0.1%)については、計算される抵抗Ryは0.002または0.2%だけ変化する。表1に示されるように、感度はρが1から外れるにつれて増大する。
(血管離脱検知器)
上述したもののような導電度測定回路の適切な改変形態を用いて、血液の導電度および導電度の変化を検知することが可能である。より具体的には、ある量の血液中に空気が入った場合、該血液の導電度に生じる変化を検知することが可能である。この状況は、例えば、血管内アクセス部位が体外血液回路において逸脱に至ったときに生じる可能性がある。
− 導電度セルまたは導管1への容量結合は、端子VTAおよびVTBにおける電極のめっきおよび腐食を引き起こすおそれのある直流電流を阻止すること;
− 電圧レベルおよび電流レベルは患者の安全性のために非常に低くかつ分断されること;
− 電流は一時的にのみ流れ、同時に測定が行われること、が挙げられる。測定と測定との間は電流は流れない。
(電極の配置)
流体送達装置から患者の血管または血管グラフトに至る流体カラムの連続性は、上述の電子回路を使用して監視することが可能である。送達される流体には、血液または任意の電解質溶液、例えば透析用流体が挙げられる。以下の説明は血液透析システムに関係するものとなるが、本発明の同じ動作原理は、血管アクセスを介して患者に流体を送達するように構成されたあらゆるデバイスに適用することができる。図4によって例証された実施形態では、血液透析機200の流体流回路100の内部のある量の血液またはその他の流体の導電度は、該流体量の両端の、血液またはその他の流体と直接接触する電極を使用して、電子工学的に監視することが可能である。図1に示されるもののような電気回路を使用すると、一方の電極はVTA端子に接続可能であり、他方の電極は回路のVTB端子に接続可能である。回路によって電極に加わる電圧は、患者へのいかなる害も防止するように、十分に小さく(例えば約4ボルト以下)、十分に短時間で、かつ十分に分断された直流電圧とすることができる。この例では、流体流回路100は、動脈アクセスニードル102、動脈カテーテルチューブ104、動脈カテーテルチューブコネクタ106、動脈血回路チューブ108、動脈血回路チューブ108と血液透析機200との間の移行部110、血液ポンプ入口ライン112、血液ポンプ114、血液ポンプ出口ライン116、透析器118、透析器出口ライン120、エアトラップ122、血液透析機200と静脈血回路チューブ126との間の移行部124、静脈カテーテルチューブコネクタ128、静脈カテーテルチューブ130、静脈アクセスニードル132、および、患者の血管または瘻134の、動脈のアクセスニードル102と静脈アクセスニードル132との間に位置する部分の腔内体積、を備えて示されている。留意すべきことは、本明細書中に記載された発明が、動脈アクセスニードルが患者の1つの血管内にある一方、静脈アクセスニードルが動脈アクセス部位からのある程度の距離だけ離れた別個の血管内にある状況も包含しているということである。更に、上記の回路は、図4に示される静脈還流ラインを持たない流体送達システムにおける血管アクセスの完全性を監視するために使用されてもよい。その場合、例えば、位置Bの電極は、血管または血管グラフトにアクセスしている第2のニードルまたはカニューレと行き止まりラインで連通している流体に接触する電極と対になることが考えられる。別例では、血管セグメント内の中空の留置カニューレまたは中実のトロカールに導電性ワイヤを装備可能であり、該ワイヤがその後監視システムにおける第2の電極としての役割を果たすことが考えられる。アクセスされている血管セグメントは、外科的に構築された動静脈瘻であってもよいし、ゴアテックス(Gortex)血管グラフトのような人工導管も含まれうる。用語「動脈(の)」は、本明細書中では、血流回路の、血液を患者から離れて血液透析機200に向かって導く部分を表すために使用される。用語「静脈(の)」は、血流回路の、血液を血液透析機200から離れて患者に向かって戻るように導く部分を表すために使用される。用語「アクセスニードル」は、患者の血管セグメントまたは瘻に侵入するニードルまたはカテーテルデバイスを表すために使用される。様々な実施形態において、アクセスニードルは対応するカテーテルチューブ104,130に恒久的に取り付けられてもよいし、可逆的に接続されてもよい。
(コネクタ電極)
図5Aおよび5Bに示されるように、1つの実施形態では、血液透析システムの血液回路用の血液ラインコネクタは、コネクタのルーメン内の任意の液体と接触可能な電極を組込むことができる。1つの態様では、電極は、任意の適切なコネクタ、例えばコネクタ300のチューブ接続部または基端302に設けられた環状の導電性キャップ310からなることができる。該電極は、例えばステンレス鋼のような、耐久性かつ非腐蝕性の材料から構築されることが好ましい。コネクタ300の先端側連結端304は、例えば、動脈または静脈カテーテルの対応するルアータイプコネクタとの密封係合をなすように構築可能である。キャップ310の内側環状表面312(一部または全体)は、コネクタのルーメン314の中に存在する任意の液体と接触可能である。図5Bに示されるように、コネクタと該コネクタに取り付けられる任意の可撓チューブとの間の流体密封接続を維持するために、Oリング316または適切な密封材がキャップ電極310とコネクタの基端302との間に設けられてもよい。
(ワイヤアセンブリ)
1つの実施形態では、コネクタ106,128(1つは血流回路の動脈側、1つは静脈側)の1対の電極を出入りする電気的信号を運ぶワイヤは、血液チューブ108,126とは別個かつ離れて透析機200へ向かって戻るように進むことが可能であり、透析機では該ワイヤは最終的に図1に示された導電性回路のような導電率検知回路を終端として接続する。導電性回路は次に、アクセス離脱と一致する流体導電率の変化が生じたかどうかを判断するために、適切に構成された信号を透析機上のプロセッサに提供する。変化が生じていれば、例えば、プロセッサは警告状態を引き起こすことも可能であるし、血液ポンプ114のシャットダウンを始動して、血液チューブ108または126のうち少なくともいずれかの機械的な閉塞を引き起こすことも可能である。
(離脱検知回路の操作)
図13は、上述かつ図1に示された離脱検知回路を利用した試験結果を示す。この場合、米国特許出願公開第2009/0114582号明細書および同第2010/0056975号明細書(これらの内容は参照により本願に組み込まれる)に開示されたものに類似の血液透析血液回路および装置が使用された。図11に示された体外回路210は、血液ポンプ114、透析器118、エアトラップ122、静脈血回路チューブ126および動脈血回路チューブ108を含んでなる。体外回路210は図12に示されたものに類似の血液透析装置220に嵌め合わされる。試験された血流回路は、図11に示された血液ポンプカセット114に配置構成された1対の膜ベースの血液ポンプ、透析器118、静脈還流エアトラップ122、動脈血チューブセット108、静脈血チューブセット126、動脈および静脈コネクタ106,128、ならびに図4に示されるような血管アクセスニードル102,132に接続されたカテーテルチューブセット104,130を備えたものであった。ニードル102,132は血液凝固阻止が施されたウシ血液の入った容器内に置かれた。血液チューブセット108,126は長さおよそ1.8メートル(およそ6フィート)であり、カテーテルチューブセット104および130は長さおよそ0.6メートル(およそ2フィート)以下であった。ニードルは、瘻または血管からのニードルの離脱をシミュレートするために、血液が流れる間に容器から手作業で交互に出し入れされた。図13の期間A、CおよびFは、ニードルが容器中の血液に沈められていた時間に相当する。これらの期間に図1の離脱検知回路によって測定された電気抵抗は、平均120,000〜130,000オームであった。図13の期間BおよびEは、静脈還流ニードル132(血液ポンプから陽圧下)が容器内の血液表面から数センチメートル上に引き上げられ、血液が静脈還流量ニードルを出て下方の血液の容器に入ったために空気と混じり合った血液の流れが形成されている時間に相当する。これらの期間に測定された電気抵抗は平均140,000〜150,000オームであった。期間Dは、ニードルのうち一方が容器から完全に取り出され、完全にオープンな電気回路が生じている時間に相当する。この期間に測定された電気抵抗は、平均約160,000〜180,000オームであった。したがって、コントローラは、中断されていない血流と中断された血流との間の、監視された電気回路の抵抗の差を識別するように容易にプログラム可能である。これらの結果は、動脈ニードル102と静脈ニードル132との間の血液の連続性の中断は、2つの電極が体外血液回路の血液処理構成要素114,118,122よりも動脈アクセス部位および静脈アクセス部位に比較的接近して設けられた場合、該2つの電極の間で測定される電気抵抗の検知可能な変化を確実に生じうることを示した。更に、(空気中を通る血流中のように)血流の連続性の部分的な中断でも、測定される電気抵抗の変化がより小さいにもかかわらず、確実に検知することができる。
Claims (15)
- 血管または血管グラフトからの血管アクセスデバイスの離脱を検知するためのシステムであって、
血管または血管グラフトの第1の部位の中へ、第1の導管を通して流体を提供し、かつ、血管または血管グラフトの第2の部位から第2の導管を通して流体を受けるための流体送達デバイスと、
第1の導管は、第1のカテーテルを第1の部位で第1のチューブセグメントに接続する第1のコネクタを含み、第2の導管は、第2のカテーテルを第2のチューブセグメントに接続する第2のコネクタを含んでおり、
第1の導管のルーメンと接触している第1の電極と、
第2の導管のルーメンと接触している第2の電極と、
第1および第2の電極に接続され、第1および第2の電極の間の流体の電気抵抗を測定するために第1および第2の電極に制御信号を送達するように構成されている電子回路であって、
第1および第2の電極にそれぞれ接続された第1の端子VTAおよび第2の端子VTBと、
既知の参照抵抗RRefと、第1の端子と第2の端子との間に接続された流体の未知の抵抗Rxとによって形成された分圧回路に電気的に接続されている交換網であって、第1の参照電圧V+および第2の参照電圧V−を分圧回路に接続するために、第1のスイッチ構成と第2のスイッチ構成との間で切り替わるように配置構成されている交換網と、
分圧回路に接続された第1の参照電圧V+および第2の参照電圧V−のそれぞれに対して、分圧回路の中間点で電圧Vsenseを測定するための電圧測定回路と、を備えており、さらに、
既知の参照抵抗RRefと、第1および第2のスイッチ構成のそれぞれに対して測定された電圧Vsenseとに基づいて、未知の抵抗Rxの値を決定するように構成されている、電子回路と、
未知の抵抗R x を表わす信号を電子回路から受信するように構成されているコントローラであって、第1の電極と第2の電極との間における流体のカラムの未知の抵抗R x の値を監視し、かつ、未知の抵抗R x の値の検知された変化に基づいて血管アクセスデバイスの離脱を検知するように構成されているコントローラと、
を備えていることを特徴とする、システム。 - 未知の抵抗Rxは、第1の端子VTAに接続された第1のキャパシタC1および第2の端子VTBに接続された第2のキャパシタC2によって、分圧回路内へ結合されているにことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 流体送達デバイスは、ポンプおよび血液透析血流回路を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 第1および第2のカテーテルは第1および第2のチューブセグメントよりも短いことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 第1のコネクタは第1の電極を備え、第2のコネクタは第2の電極を備えていることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 第1の導管は、流体を移送するための第1のルーメンと、第1の電極を電子回路に接続するワイヤを移送するための第2のルーメンとを有する二重ルーメン可撓チューブを含んでなることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- コントローラは、未知の抵抗R x の値が予め決められた閾値を超えたときに警告信号を引き起こすようにプログラムされていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 警告信号はチューブオクルーダ装置への電気的な命令を含んでなることと、チューブオクルーダ装置は導管を閉鎖するように配置および構成された機械式オクルーダを備えていることとを特徴とする、請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のシステムであって、電子回路は、
第1端において第1の端子VTAに接続され、かつ、第2端において既知の参照抵抗Rrefの第1端に接続された第1のキャパシタC1と、
第1端において第2の端子VTBに接続された第2のキャパシタC2と、を備えており、
交換網は、
第1のスイッチ構成において、第1の参照電圧V+を既知の参照抵抗Rrefの第2端に接続し、かつ、第2の参照電圧V−を第2のキャパシタC2の第2端に接続し、
第2のスイッチ構成において、第2の参照電圧V−を第2のキャパシタC2の第2端に接続し、かつ、第2の参照電圧V−を既知の参照抵抗Rrefの第2端に接続する、
ように構成されており、
電圧測定回路は、第1のキャパシタC1と既知の参照抵抗Rrefとの間の接続時に、電圧Vsenseを測定するように構成されることを特徴とする、システム。 - 既知の参照抵抗Rrefは血管内注入に適した電解質溶液の伝導度測定を可能にするように選択されることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 電解質溶液は透析用溶液からなることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載のシステム。
- 既知の参照抵抗Rrefは、第1および第2の電極の間のある量の血液の抵抗の測定を可能にするように選択されることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 第1の参照電圧V+は第2の参照電圧V−よりも大きいことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 既知の参照抵抗器Rrefは、第1の電極と第2の電極との間の流体の電気抵抗の範囲の端点の幾何平均と等しいことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 交換網は1対のマルチプレクサを含み、電圧測定回路は、増幅器およびアナログ・デジタル変換器を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
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US20110105877A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
US20190160220A1 (en) | 2019-05-30 |
CN104841030B (zh) | 2017-10-31 |
CN104841030A (zh) | 2015-08-19 |
EP3072545A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
MX353433B (es) | 2018-01-11 |
CA2779296A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
US11197951B2 (en) | 2021-12-14 |
CN102821798A (zh) | 2012-12-12 |
WO2011053810A3 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
JP6321110B2 (ja) | 2018-05-09 |
MX2012005088A (es) | 2012-10-03 |
EP3072545B1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
EP2493526B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
EP2493526A2 (en) | 2012-09-05 |
WO2011053810A2 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
JP2015091547A (ja) | 2015-05-14 |
JP2017035512A (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
US20150042366A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
US10201650B2 (en) | 2019-02-12 |
CA2779296C (en) | 2018-02-13 |
JP2013509271A (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
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