JP5590796B2 - 電気化学および単一ファラデー電極による電気化学発光 - Google Patents
電気化学および単一ファラデー電極による電気化学発光 Download PDFInfo
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Description
(a)必要により試料を前処理する工程;
(b)ファラデー作用電極を、必要により前処理された試料と電解質とを含む溶液に接触させる工程;
(c)容量性対向電極を溶液と接触させる工程;
(d)ファラデー作用電極でファラデー電荷移動を行うに十分な電気エネルギーを、ファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極との間に供給する工程;および
(e)(i)光、(ii)電流、(iii)電圧および(iv)電荷の少なくとも1つを測定し、試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定する工程。
ファラデー作用電極を電解質溶液と接触させる工程;
容量性対向電極を電解質溶液と接触させる工程;および
ファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極との間に電気エネルギーを印加する工程;
ここでファラデー作用電極を横切って移動するファラデー電荷移動は、容量性対向電極を横切って移動するファラデー電荷移動の少なくとも約10倍であり、その結果対向電極で極めて少量の電気化学副産物を発生する。
以下の記述は付属する図面に関し、相反した図示がない場合は異なった図面中の同じ番号は類似の要素を表す。以下の記述中の説明は、特許請求された発明の原理と一致した全ての説明ではない。むしろ、それらはこれらの原理と一致するシステムおよび方法のある例にすぎない。上記の一般的記述および以下の詳細な記述の双方は、例として説明するためのみであり、特許請求された本発明を制約するものでないことを理解されたい。
本明細書に用いる以下の語句および文節は、それらが使用される文脈がそれ以外を示す場合以外は概して以下に示す意味を有することを意図する。これらの定義は読者の便宜のために本セクションに置かれる。本出願の他のセクションに見出され得る用語、語句および文節は、また、それらが用いられる文脈が他を示す場合を除いて、意図する意味も記載する。
本明細書に用いる用語「脂肪族」はThe American Heritage(登録商標)Dictionary of English Language、第4版、著作権2000に定義され、炭素原子が開放鎖中に結合している有機化合物を包含する。開放鎖は1〜20炭素原子、または1〜13炭素原子、または1〜6炭素原子を含む。脂肪族基が不飽和の場合、1〜10、または1〜6、または1〜3点の不飽和であり得る。脂肪族基中の炭素原子数は「C」の下付き文字で示すことができる(たとえば「C3脂肪族」は3個の炭素原子を有する脂肪族基を表す)。同様に、範囲を下付き文字で表すことができる。たとえば「C1-10脂肪族」は1〜10個の炭素原子を含む脂肪族基を包含する。脂肪族基の例にはメチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、n−ブチル、sec−ブチル、tert−ブチル、ペンチル、2−ペンチル、イソペンチル、ネオペンチル、ヘキシル、2−ヘキシル、3−ヘキシル、3−メチルペンチル、エテン、プロペン、エチン、ブテン、プロピン、ブチン等が含まれるが、それらに限定されない。特定の数の炭素を有する脂肪族基が添字を付けたCの表記法を用いて命名される場合、その数の炭素を有する全ての同族体も包含するものとする。脂肪族基を必要あれば本明細書で定義する少なくとも1個の親水性官能基で置換することができる。さらに、ECL部分およびECL共反応物として有用な脂肪族基も別な官能基を有し、1個(すなわち一座配位子)または複数個(すなわち二座またはポリ配位子)の結合点を有し得る。このような脂肪族基は公知であり、Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence、Bard編集、Marcel Decker(2004)、Knight、A.およびGreenway、G.、Analyst119:879〜890、1994に記載されている。
(1)任意の選ばれた試薬の感染および/または複製適性形態をコードできる核酸(宿主染色体または発現ベクター中の合成または天然起源、かつ連続性またはフラグメント化);
(2)核酸が
(i)ベクターまたは宿主染色体中にある場合、
(ii)インビボまたはインビトロで発現できる場合、または
(iii)ベクターまたは染色体中にあり、インビボまたはインビトロで発現できる場合、列記した任意の毒素の機能形態をコードする核酸(合成または天然起源);
(3)細胞調節現象の位置にある核酸−蛋白質複合体;
(i)ウイルス複製への前駆体であるウイルス核酸−蛋白質複合体;
(ii)RNAの構造を修飾し、蛋白質転写現象を調節するRNA−蛋白質複合体;または
(iii)ホルモンまたは2次細胞信号分子によって調節される核酸−蛋白質複合体;
(4)遺伝的に修飾されたウイルス、バクテリア、真菌類および毒素。
用語「ECL部分」とは、電気エネルギー源に曝すことにより電磁波を繰り返し発生するように誘導し得る任意の化合物である、電気化学発光部分を指す。代表的なECL部分はElectrogenerated Chemiluminescence、Bard編集、MarcelDekker(2004);Kinght、AおよびGreenway、G.、Analyst 119:879−890、1994;および米国特許第5,221,605号、5,591,581号、5,858,676号および6,808,939号に記載されている。ECL部分を含むプライマーの調製は、たとえば米国特許第6,174,709号に記載されるように公知である。あるECL部分が発光する電磁波は可視スペクトルであり、他のものは赤外または紫外光、X線、マイクロ波等の他のタイプの電磁波を発光し得る。本発明に関連する用語「電気化学発光」、「電気化学発光による」、「電気化学発光(electrochemiluminesce)」、「発光」、「発光性」および「発光する」とは、発光が光である必要はなく、電磁波の他の形態である発光も含む。
M(P)m(L1)n(L2)o(L3)p(L4)q(L5)r(L6)s
ここでMは金属であり;PはMの多座配位子であり;L1、L2、L3、L4、L5およびL6はMの配位子であり、それぞれが相互に同一であるか異なり;mは1に等しいかより大きい整数であり;n、o、p、q、rおよびsはゼロに等しいかより大きい整数であり;P、L1、L2、L3、L4、L5およびL6はECL部分が電磁波を発生するように誘導され得、Mの配位子により提供されるMに対する結合の総数がMの配位数と等しい組成および数である。たとえば、Mはルテニウムであってよい。またはMはオスミウムであってよい。
本明細書で用いる「ECL共反応物」は、それ自体で、またはその電気化学還元酸化生成物(単数または複数)を通じてECL反応過程にある役割を果たす化合物に関係する。簡単のため、本明細書で用いるECL共反応物は酸塩基反応を考慮せずに記載され、上記化合物の全ての酸−塩基形態も予想して特許請求される。
用語「半電池」とは、電解セルまたはボルタセルの半分を指し、酸化または還元のいずれかが生じる。
N0=q/(nF)
式中、qは電極を通過する電荷であり、nは作用電極で1モルの生成物を得るために使用した電子の数であり、Fはファラデー定数である。電量測定法を使用する場合、電極のキャパシタンスを考慮する必要がある。
本発明はファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極とを含む電気化学セルを利用する方法および装置を対象とする。容量性対向電極はたとえば漏れ電流密度、時定数、および作用電極の時定数に対する時定数の比率で特徴付けられる。ある実施形態では、電気化学装置は作用電極で一定のファラデー電流が得られる一方、対向電極で酸化または還元生成物がほとんど生じない、またはまったく生じないような方法で操作される。ある実施形態では、電気化学装置は作用電極で一定のファラデー電流が得られる一方、対向電極で酸化または還元生成物の量を減少させるような方法で操作される。
ある実施形態では、装置は(a)被分析物に対する標識結合パートナー、および(b)被分析物の標識アナログの少なくとも1つを含む分析実施物質を含み得る。ある実施形態では分析実施物質は乾燥組成物であり得る。ある実施形態では、分析実施物質はECL部分を含む。これらの実施形態において、装置は必要によりECL共反応物を有してよい。
本発明はたとえば上記の装置の実施形態の使用も考慮している。これらの使用法には試料中の1つ以上の被分析物の存在または量を決定する方法と、対向電極で極めて少量の電気化学副産物を生成する一方、少なくとも1つの電気化学生成物を得る方法とが含まれる。
(a)必要あれば試料を前処理する工程と;
(b)ファラデー作用電極を必要により前処理した試料と電解質とを含む溶液に接触させる工程と;
(c)容量性対向電極を溶液に接触させる工程と;
(d)ファラデー作用電極でファラデー電荷移動を行わせるに十分な電気エネルギーをファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極との間に供給する工程と;
(e)(i)光、(ii)電流、(iii)電圧および(iv)電荷の少なくとも1つを測定して試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定する工程とを含む。
永久再使用可能フローセル、または使い捨ての交換可能セルによるフローセル系設計を用いる固相結合分析のための支持体としての磁化可能ビーズを用いて結合分析を行うことができる。磁化可能ビーズに結合したECL部分を含む複合体を、たとえばサンドイッチ磁石、チャネル磁石および/または電磁石等の磁石を利用してフローセル中の電極上に集めることができる。集められたビーズ上の標識を、電極に電位を印加してECLを発光するように誘導し、標識の量を測定することができる。ECL分析法はまた、ECL−誘導電位を印加する前にRCL共反応物を導入する工程を含むこともできる。
対向電極と作用電極が十分に近く、1つの電極からの反応生成物が同時に生成した場合、それが拡散して他の電極における反応を妨害する場合、一時的分離が有用であり得る。たとえば、水溶液中の塩素イオンからの塩素ガスのインサイチュでの発生が、ファラデー対向電極でヒドロキシイオンの生成による次亜塩素酸塩の生成により弱められる。時間分離により、所望の生成物(たとえば塩素ガス)が使用され得るか、または緩和反応が生じる前に電極から除去され得る(たとえば拡散または変換により)。
ある実施形態では、本発明はファラデー作用電極と、容量性対向電極と、電解質溶液を受容できる容器とを含む電気化学セルを含む装置を対象とする。
(a)必要あれば試料を前処理する工程;
(b)必要により前処理された試料と、電解質とを含む溶液にファラデー作用電極とを接触させる工程;
(c)容量性対向電極を溶液に接触させる工程;
(d)ファラデー作用電極でファラデー電荷移動を行うに十分な電気エネルギーをファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極との間に供給する工程;および
(e)試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定するために少なくとも(i)光、(ii)電流、(iii)電圧および(iv)電荷を測定する工程。
(a)ECL部分の存在で電気化学発光誘導電気波形を作用電極に印加することにより光を発するように溶液中でECL部分を誘導し;
(b)ECL部分により発した発光を測定することにより、
ECL部分で発した電気化学発光を測定することにより第1結合パートナーwお測定する。
ファラデー作用電極を電解質溶液と接触させる工程と;
容量性対向電極を電解質溶液に接触させる工程と;
ファラデー作用電極と容量性対向電極との間に電気エネルギーを印加する工程と
を含み、ファラデー作用電極を横切って移動するファラデー電荷が、容量性対向電極を横切って移動するファラデー電荷の少なくとも10倍である。
μm=マイクロメーターまたはミクロン
A=アンペア
bpy=ビピリジル
cm=センチメーター
e.g.=たとえば
F=ファラッド
M=モル
min=分
mm=ミリメーター
mM=ミリモル
mV=ミリボルト
nA=ナノアンペア
nF=ナノファラッド
nm=ナノメーター
pA=ピコアンペア
PMT=光電子倍増管
s=秒
TPA=トリ−n−プロピルアミン
UME=ウルトラマイクロ電極
V=ボルト
容量性対向電極を有する電気化学セルの作用電極におけるファラデー電流の測定
ガラスUME(102)中に封入した直径25μmのPt線(101)がファラデー電極となり、容量性電極として機能する、SiO2の薄い絶縁フィルムを有する単結晶Siウエハ(100)上のSiO2フィルム(厚さ500nm)に置かれた脱イオン水(MilliQ)の直径数mmの水滴と接触させた。SiO2/Si試料を化学蒸着によってSEMATECH(Austin、TX)で調製し、それ以上の処理を行わなかった。図1に模式的に示すように、バイアス下で水滴をSiO2表面に沿って動かす実験で、水の漏れを防ぐために直径2mmのガラス管(103)を25μmのPtの先端にパラフィンで取り付けた。水滴(104)が管の先端に形成され、SiO2表面と接触するように、管を若干水でオーバーフローさせ、酸化物表面の新鮮な部分と連続的に接触させるために液滴を水平に動かした。Pt電極に注入された全ファラデー電荷は以下の式で与えられる:
Qf=∫idt−Qc,Pt=∫idt−Cdt,PtAPtΔE=Cdl,SiASiΔE−Cdl,PtAPtΔE (1)
式中、Qfは注入された全ファラデー電荷であり、iは全電流であり、Qc,PtはPt電極における容量性電荷であり、Cdt,PtはPt電極の積分キャパシタンスであり、Cdl,SiはSi電極の積分キャパシタンスであり、APtおよびASiはそれぞれPtおよびSi電極の面積であり、ΔEは印加したバイアスである。
容量性対向電極を有する電気化学セルにおける移動作用電極におけるファラデー電流の測定
実施例1のセットアップを用い、一定バイアス下で水滴(104)と関連するPt UME(101)をSiO2表面を横切って動かした。移動の前に、先端に−1Vのバイアスを印加し、表面を完全に充電した。次に、バイアスを切らずに約0.5〜4cmの距離にわたり約1cm/sの速度で、移動ステージ(105)を手動で押すことにより、先端を横へ動かし、電流が図3に示すように増加した。nAレベルで電流は定常状態に達し、その状態を新鮮な表面に連続的に曝すことにより維持した。運動を止めるまで電流は低下せず、この位置での充電は飽和に達した(図3)。横方向の先端の運動中、SiO2と水との接触面積は実質的に一定であった。定常状態電流は、新鮮な表面とどれだけ速く接触するかに依った。インチウォームモーターで制御された先端移動速度25μm/sにおいて、定常状態電流は約3pAであった(このような厚い酸化物層では漏れ電流は検出されなかった(ノイズベース<1pA))。SiO2による平行キャパシターが誘電材料であると仮定すると、1秒間に25μmの水の運動はキャパシタンス約5pFに対応する新しい接触面積を生成した。換言すれば、1Vのバイアス下でPt電極における電位降下と溶液の抵抗とを無視すれば、実際に観察された3pAの電流と比較して最大電流約5pAが得られることになる。先端の運動がこのように遅いことで、水滴がその以前のスポットから完全に移動するのに数分を要した。おそらく、SiO2の2つの界面上の蓄積された電荷(溶液中のイオンおよびSi中の電子電荷)は移動しなかったか、または水滴に追随するには余りにも遅く移動したと考えられる。観測された挙動は、系に加えられたバイアスの極性に依らなかった。0.1M Na2SO4等の支援電解質を導入した場合、溶液の抵抗の減少のために系はより速く充電された。しかしながら、基本的な特徴は同じであった。
誘電性対向電極を有する電気化学セルにおけるECLの測定
250μmのPt線を直角に曲げ、エポキシセメントで被覆し、光電子倍増管(PMT、R4220p、Hamamatsu、Bridgewater、NJ)に向き合う約0.02mm2の面積を研磨して露出させた。面積約40cm2で厚さ約50nmSiO2フィルムで被覆したSi片を、0.1Mトリ−n−プロピルアミン(TPA)および0.10M Tris/0.10M LiClO4緩衝液(pH=8)中の0.5mM Ru(bpy)3 2+[トリス(2、2’−ビピリジン)ルテニウム(II)]水溶液中で対向電極として使用した。Ptを作用電極、対向電極としてSiバックコンタクトにより、Autolabポテンショスタット(Model PGSTAT 100、EcoChemie、Utrecht、オランダ)を、印加電位を制御するために使用した。ポテンショスタット上の参照電極インプットを対向電極に接続した。ECL発光および電流を測定中に同時に記録した。1.4V(30秒)〜−0.5V(20秒)をPT/溶液/SiO2/Si系に印加した。ECLイメージを得るための別な実験で、0.25μmのPt UME先端を同じ溶液で、倒立顕微鏡(Nikon、Model TE300、Melville、NY)のステージ上に搭載した9cm2のSi/SiO2表面上で使用した。さらに別な実験オプションについてはBard, A.J.編集、Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence、Marcel Dekker、New York、2004、およびMiaoら、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、2002,124,14478およびその中の引用文献参照。
Claims (19)
- ファラデー作用電極と、
異なる容量を有する第1および第2の容量性対向電極と、
ECL部分および被分析物に対する標識結合パートナーもしくは被分析物の標識アナログを含む分析実施物質とを含む電気化学セルからなる装置であって、
前記電気化学セルは、同一のセル内に該ファラデー作用電極と該容量性対向電極とを備える装置。 - 前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極が酸化物層を有する半導体材料を含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。
- 前記ファラデー作用電極が超ミクロ電極であることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の装置。
- 前記ECL部分がオスミウムおよびルテニウムから選ばれた金属イオンを含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の装置。
- ECL共反応物をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記ECL共反応物が第三級アミンを含むことを特徴とする請求項5記載の装置。
- 前記ECL共反応物が親水性官能基を含む第三級アミンを含むことを特徴とする請求項5記載の装置。
- 前記ファラデー作用電極と前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極とに流体接続するフィルターをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 支持体に連結した前記被分析物のための結合パートナーをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記支持体が磁化可能ビーズであることを特徴とする請求項9記載の装置。
- 前記ファラデー作用電極の表面に磁化可能ビーズを集めるための磁石をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項10記載の装置。
- 前記磁石が、前記ファラデー作用電極の下の位置から可逆的に移動することを特徴とする請求項11記載の装置。
- 前記ファラデー作用電極上の発光を検出するために、該電極に、および/または該電極の近くに配置される光検出器をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 液体の移動を可能とするべく、前記ファラデー作用電極を横切るようにまたは該電極上に配置されるポンプをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記ファラデー作用電極と前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極とがフローセル中に位置し、
前記ファラデー作用電極の表面から離れる少なくとも1つの酸化生成物および少なくとも1つの還元生成物の動きを、前記フローセルを通る電解質の流れで促進することを特徴とする請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の装置。 - (a)必要により試料をろ過する前処理、および/または試料と試薬とを混合する前処理をする工程;
(b)ファラデー作用電極を、必要により前処理された前記試料とECL部分と電解質とを含む溶液に接触させる工程;
(c)異なる容量の第1および第2の容量性対向電極を前記溶液と接触させる工程;
(d)前記ファラデー作用電極でファラデー電荷移動を行うに十分な電気エネルギーを、該ファラデー作用電極と前記第1または第2の容量性対向電極との間に供給する工程;および
(e)(i)光、(ii)電流、(iii)電圧および(iv)電荷の少なくとも1つを測定し、前記試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定する工程
を含むことを特徴とする、試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定する方法。 - 前記ファラデー作用電極を横切って移動する前記ファラデー電荷が、前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極を横切って移動する前記ファラデー電荷の少なくとも10倍であり、その結果、前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極で極めて少量の電気化学副生物を生成し、
印加電気エネルギーが極性を交互に変えて変化し、前記ファラデー作用電極において少なくとも1つの酸化生成物と少なくとも1つの還元生成物とを生成することを特徴とする、
対向電極できわめて少量の電気化学副生物を生成する一方、作用電極で少なくとも1つの電気化学生成物を生成する請求項16に記載の試料中の被分析物の存在または量を決定する方法。 - 前記分析実施物質を取り囲む蒸気バリアをさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
- 前記第1および第2の容量性対向電極に電解質溶液を接触させる機構をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜15および請求項18のいずれか1項に記載の装置。
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US8840774B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 |
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US8211279B2 (en) | 2012-07-03 |
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US8702958B2 (en) | 2014-04-22 |
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US20070034529A1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
KR101311815B1 (ko) | 2013-10-22 |
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