JP5564151B1 - 半導体装置の製造方法及びフリップチップ実装用接着剤 - Google Patents
半導体装置の製造方法及びフリップチップ実装用接着剤 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/482—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of lead-in layers inseparably applied to the semiconductor body
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Abstract
Description
フリップチップ実装においては、接合部分の接続信頼性を確保するための方法として、半導体チップの突起電極と基板の電極部とを接合した後に、半導体チップと基板との隙間に液状封止接着剤(アンダーフィル)を注入し、硬化させることが一般的な方法として採られている。しかしながら、アンダーフィルを用いたフリップチップ実装は、製造コストが高い、アンダーフィル充填に時間がかかる、電極間の距離及び半導体チップと基板との距離を狭めるのに限界がある等の問題を抱えている。
以下、本発明を詳述する。
突起電極を接合する際の条件を調整することで接着剤の硬化を抑えることも考えられるが、突起電極を接合するためには半田溶融点以上の温度(240〜280℃程度)で保持する必要があるため、条件の調整のみで接着剤の硬化を抑えるのには限界がある。
従って、接着剤として、突起電極を接合させる際の熱履歴を経ても硬化が極力抑えられる接着剤、即ち、硬化速度(反応速度)の比較的遅い接着剤を用いる必要がある。しかしながら、従来、接着剤の反応速度の評価方法は、客観性又は定量性に欠けるものであった。
本発明者は、半導体装置の製造方法に用いられる接着剤に対して、小澤法を適用することを検討した。その結果、本発明者は、示差走査熱量測定及び小澤法により、接着剤を一定温度で一定時間保持した場合の反応率をより客観的かつ定量的に評価できること、このような方法よって求めた活性化エネルギーΔE、260℃2秒後における反応率及び260℃4秒後における反応率が所定範囲を満たす接着剤を用いることで、精度の高い突起電極の接合とボイドの抑制とを両立できることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
上記位置合わせする工程1では、一般的に、フリップチップボンダ等の実装用装置を用いて、半導体チップの突起電極、基板の電極部、並びに、半導体チップ及び基板上に設けられたアライメントマークの位置をカメラに認識させることで、X、Y方向及び回転方向(θ方向)に自動的に位置あわせを行う。
また、予めウエハにフィルム状の接着剤を常圧ラミネート、真空ラミネート等により貼付したり、ペースト状の接着剤をスピンコート法等により塗布又は印刷して塗膜を形成したりした後、ブレードダイシング、レーザーダイシング等により半導体チップに個片化する方法を用いることもできる。常圧ラミネートでは空気が巻き込まれる場合があるが、ボイドを除去する工程3と同様の加圧オーブン(例えば、PCO−083TA(NTTアトバンステクノロジ社製))等を用いて接着剤を加圧雰囲気下で加熱して、ボイドを除去してもよい。
示差走査熱量測定及び小澤法によって求めた活性化エネルギーΔE、260℃2秒後における反応率及び260℃4秒後における反応率が上記範囲を満たす接着剤は、硬化速度(反応速度)が比較的遅く反応速度の温度依存性が小さいため、接着剤を仮接着させる工程2において突起電極を接合させる際の熱履歴を経ても硬化が極力抑えられ、かつ、硬化のバラつきが少ない接着剤であるといえる。このような接着剤を用いて、接着剤を仮接着させる工程2において突起電極を確実に接合させ、その後、ボイドを除去する工程3を行うことで、精度の高い突起電極の接合とボイドの抑制とを両立することができる。
まず、試料について昇温速度の異なる示差走査熱量測定を3回以上行い、温度Tの逆数と、昇温速度Bの対数(logB)とをプロットする。得られた直線の傾きから、下記式(1)にもとづいて、活性化エネルギーΔEを算出する。次いで、活性化エネルギーΔEから、下記式(2)の定温劣化式にもとづいて、260℃2秒又は260℃4秒保持した場合の反応率を算出する。(小澤丈夫,熱測定1,2(1974)、及び、T.Ozawa,Bull.Chem.Soc.Japan 38,1881(1965)参照。)
上記活性化エネルギーΔEの下限は特に限定されないが、好ましい下限は50kJ/molである。上記活性化エネルギーΔEが50kJ/mol未満であると、比較的低温でも接着剤の硬化が進行しやすくなり、接着剤の貯蔵安定性が低下することがある。
上記260℃2秒後における反応率の下限は特に限定されないが、好ましい下限は3%である。上記260℃4秒後における反応率の下限は特に限定されないが、好ましい下限は10%である。上記260℃2秒後における反応率が3%未満であるか、又は、上記260℃4秒後における反応率が10%未満であると、接着剤の硬化に時間がかかり、半導体装置を短時間で製造できないことがある。
上記接着剤がペースト状である場合には、半導体チップ1個ごとに上記接着剤を供給する必要がある。これに対して、上記接着剤がフィルム状である場合には、基板又はウエハ上に上記接着剤を一括供給し、ダイシングによって接着剤付き半導体チップを一括で多量に生産できることから、大幅なプロセス短縮が期待される。
また、一般的にフィルム状の接着剤は溶融粘度が高いため、フィルム状の接着剤を用いて精度の高い突起電極の接合とボイドの抑制とを両立することは困難であるが、本発明の半導体装置の製造方法では、示差走査熱量測定及び小澤法によって求めた活性化エネルギーΔE、260℃2秒後における反応率及び260℃4秒後における反応率が上記範囲を満たす接着剤を用いることで、上記接着剤がフィルム状であっても精度の高い突起電極の接合とボイドの抑制とを両立することができる。
活性化エネルギーΔEは反応系に固有のものであることから、例えば、組み合わせる熱硬化性樹脂、熱硬化剤、硬化促進剤等の種類を選択することによって、接着剤の活性化エネルギーΔEを上記範囲に調整することができる。
一方、反応速度は反応系の濃度にも依存することから、例えば、各成分の含有量、特に硬化促進剤の添加量を調整することによって、接着剤の反応率を上記範囲に調整することができる。具体的には、硬化促進剤の添加量が多いほど反応速度が上がり、少ないほど反応速度が落ちる傾向がある。ただし、適切な硬化促進剤の添加量は個々の反応系によって異なることから、接着剤の反応率を上記範囲に調整するために、各成分の含有量を適宜調整する必要がある。
上記常温で液状のエポキシ樹脂のうち、市販品として、例えば、EPICLON 840、840−S、850、850−S、EXA−850CRP(以上、DIC社製)等のビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、EPICLON 830、830−S、EXA−830CRP(以上、DIC社製)等のビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂、EPICLON HP−4032、HP−4032D(以上、DIC社製)等のナフタレン型エポキシ樹脂、EPICLON EXA−7015(DIC社製)、EX−252(ナガセケムテックス社製)等の水添ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、EX−201(ナガセケムテックス社製)等のレゾルシノール型エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。
上記高分子量化合物は特に限定されず、例えば、ユリア樹脂、メラミン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、レゾルシノール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、アクリル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリベンズイミダゾール樹脂、ジアリルフタレート樹脂、キシレン樹脂、アルキル−ベンゼン樹脂、エポキシアクリレート樹脂、珪素樹脂、ウレタン樹脂等の公知の高分子量化合物が挙げられる。なかでも、エポキシ基を有する高分子量化合物が好ましい。
上記接着剤における上記無機フィラーの含有量の下限は特に限定されないが、接着剤の硬化物の強度及び接合信頼性を確保する観点から、好ましい下限は10重量%である。
なお、常温から半田溶融点までの温度域における最低溶融粘度は、レオメーターを用いて測定することができる。
上記接着剤を仮接着させる工程2もまた、一般的に、フリップチップボンダ等の実装用装置を用いて行われる。
加圧雰囲気下とは、常圧(大気圧)より高い圧力雰囲気下を意味する。上記ボイドを除去する工程3では、ボイドを単に成長させないだけではなく、積極的に除去できるものと考えられることから、本発明の半導体装置の製造方法では、仮に接着剤に空気が巻き込まれた場合であってもボイドを除去することができる。
上記加圧オーブンの圧力の好ましい下限は0.2MPa、好ましい上限は10MPaである。圧力が0.2MPa未満であると、ボイドを充分に除去できないことがある。圧力が10MPaを超えると、接着剤自体の変形が生じ、半導体装置の信頼性に悪影響を及ぼすことがある。圧力のより好ましい下限は0.3MPa、より好ましい上限は1MPaである。
また、ボイドをより確実に除去するためには、上記接着剤を加圧雰囲気下で加熱する際の加熱時間は、10分以上であることが好ましい。
上記接着剤を完全に硬化させる方法として、例えば、ボイドを除去する工程3を行った後、加圧雰囲気下でそのまま温度を上げて接着剤を完全に硬化させる方法、常圧下で接着剤を加熱して完全に硬化させる方法等が挙げられる。上記接着剤を完全に硬化させる際の加熱温度は特に限定されないが、150〜200℃程度が好ましい。
(1)接着剤の製造
表1に記載の各材料を、表2記載の配合組成に従って溶媒としてのMEKに添加し、ホモディスパーを用いて攪拌混合することにより接着剤溶液を製造した。得られた接着剤溶液を、アプリケーターを用いて離型PETフィルム上に乾燥後の厚みが30μmとなるように塗工し、乾燥することにより、フィルム状の接着剤を製造した。使用時まで、得られた接着剤層の表面を離型PETフィルム(保護フィルム)で保護した。
得られた接着剤について、昇温速度1、2、5、10℃/minの4条件で示差走査熱量測定を行い、温度Tの逆数と、昇温速度Bの対数(logB)とをプロットした。得られた直線の傾きから、上記式(1)にもとづいて、活性化エネルギーΔEを算出した。次いで、活性化エネルギーΔEから、上記式(2)の定温劣化式にもとづいて、260℃2秒又は260℃4秒保持した場合の反応率を算出した。
なお、DSC6220(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製)及び反応速度解析ソフト(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製)を使用した。
(3−1)位置合わせする工程1、及び、接着剤を仮接着させる工程2
半田からなる先端部を有する突起電極が形成された半導体チップ(WALTS MB50−0101JY、半田溶融点235℃、厚さ100μm、ウォルツ社製)と、Ni/Au電極を有する基板(WALTS−KIT MB50−0101JY、ウォルツ社製)とを用意した。接着剤の片面の保護フィルムを剥がし、真空ラミネーター(ATM−812M、タカトリ社製)を用いて、ステージ温度80℃、真空度80Paで半導体チップ上に貼付した。
フリップチップボンダ(FC−3000S、東レエンジニアリング社製)を用いて、半導体チップを、接着剤を介して基板上に位置合わせし(工程1)、ボンディングステージ温度120℃の条件下で、160℃接触で260℃まで昇温し、0.8MPaで2秒間荷重をかけ、半導体チップの突起電極と基板の電極部とを溶融接合させるとともに、接着剤を仮接着させた(工程2)。
得られた仮接着体を、加圧オーブン(PCO−083TA、NTTアドバンステクノロジ社製)に投入し、以下の加圧、加熱条件により接着剤を加圧雰囲気下で加熱してボイドを除去するとともに(工程3)、接着剤を完全に硬化させて、半導体装置を得た。
<加圧、加熱条件>
STEP1:25℃から80℃まで10分で一定昇温、0.5MPa
STEP2:80℃で60分保持、0.5MPa
STEP3:80℃から170℃まで一定昇温、0.5MPa
STEP4:170℃で10分保持、0.5MPa
STEP5:170℃から25℃まで30分で降温、0.5MPa
STEP6:室温まで60分で一定降温、0.5MPa
実施例及び比較例で得られた半導体装置について、以下の評価を行った。結果を表2に示した。
超音波探査映像装置(C−SAM D9500、日本バーンズ社製)を用いて、ボイドを除去する工程3の前後の半導体装置のボイドを観察し、ボイドの有無を評価した。半導体チップ面積に対するボイド発生部分の面積が1%未満であった場合を○、1%以上5%未満であった場合を△、5%以上であった場合を×とした。
研磨機を用いて半導体装置を断面研磨し、マイクロスコープを用いて電極接合部の電極接合状態を観察した。上下電極間に接着剤の噛み込みが無く、電極接合状態が良好であった場合を○、上下電極間にわずかに接着剤の噛み込みがあるものの、上下電極が接合していた場合を△、上下電極間に接着剤の噛み込みがあり、上下電極が全く接合していなかった場合を×とした。
半導体装置について−55℃〜125℃(30分/サイクル)の冷熱サイクル試験を行い、100サイクルごとに導通抵抗値を測定した。導通抵抗値が、冷熱サイクル試験前の初期導通抵抗値に比べ5%以上変化した時点をNG判定とし、5%未満の導通抵抗値が保たれていたサイクル数を評価した。サイクル数が1000サイクル以上であった場合を○、300サイクル以上1000サイクル未満であった場合を△、300サイクル未満であった場合を×とした。
Claims (6)
- 半田からなる先端部を有する突起電極が形成された半導体チップを、接着剤を介して基板上に位置合わせする工程1と、
前記半導体チップを半田溶融点以上の温度に加熱して、前記半導体チップの突起電極と前記基板の電極部とを溶融接合させるとともに、前記接着剤を仮接着させる工程2と、
前記接着剤を加圧雰囲気下で加熱してボイドを除去する工程3とを有し、
前記接着剤は、示差走査熱量測定及び小澤法によって求めた活性化エネルギーΔEが100kJ/mol以下、260℃2秒後における反応率が20%以下、且つ260℃4秒後における反応率が40%以下である
ことを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。 - 接着剤は、少なくとも熱硬化性樹脂と熱硬化剤とを含有し、前記熱硬化性樹脂は、エポキシ樹脂であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 接着剤は、更に、硬化促進剤を含有することを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 接着剤は、更に、無機フィラーを含有し、前記無機フィラーの含有量が60重量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1、2又は3記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 接着剤は、フィルム状接着剤であることを特徴とする請求項1、2、3又は4記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 請求項1、2、3、4又は5記載の半導体装置の製造方法に用いられ、示差走査熱量測定及び小澤法によって求めた活性化エネルギーΔEが100kJ/mol以下、260℃2秒後における反応率が20%以下、且つ260℃4秒後における反応率が40%以下であることを特徴とするフリップチップ実装用接着剤。
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WO2015004830A1 (ja) * | 2013-07-08 | 2015-01-15 | ソニー株式会社 | 硬化条件の決定方法、回路デバイスの製造方法及び回路デバイス |
KR20240064745A (ko) * | 2016-05-11 | 2024-05-13 | 가부시끼가이샤 레조낙 | 밀봉용 액상 수지 조성물 및 전자 부품 장치 |
JP6920723B2 (ja) * | 2017-07-14 | 2021-08-18 | ナミックス株式会社 | 加圧実装用ncf |
KR102455212B1 (ko) * | 2017-12-18 | 2022-10-17 | 쇼와덴코머티리얼즈가부시끼가이샤 | 반도체 장치, 반도체 장치의 제조 방법 및 접착제 |
KR102553619B1 (ko) * | 2018-01-30 | 2023-07-10 | 가부시끼가이샤 레조낙 | 접착제 조성물, 필름형 접착제, 접착 시트 및 반도체 장치의 제조 방법 |
CN111801781B (zh) * | 2018-03-01 | 2024-02-20 | 株式会社力森诺科 | 半导体用粘接剂及使用了其的半导体装置的制造方法 |
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TW202323357A (zh) * | 2021-09-14 | 2023-06-16 | 德商漢高智慧財產控股公司 | 光學透明的uv與熱固化環氧樹脂組合物 |
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CA2870001A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
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TWI594344B (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
KR102020084B1 (ko) | 2019-09-09 |
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