JP5524367B2 - 眼組織治療用眼科手術システム - Google Patents
眼組織治療用眼科手術システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP5524367B2 JP5524367B2 JP2013007879A JP2013007879A JP5524367B2 JP 5524367 B2 JP5524367 B2 JP 5524367B2 JP 2013007879 A JP2013007879 A JP 2013007879A JP 2013007879 A JP2013007879 A JP 2013007879A JP 5524367 B2 JP5524367 B2 JP 5524367B2
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Description
これは、2006年だけで世界的に約1,330万の症例まで増大すると予測される。この市場は、植え込み用の眼内レンズ、手術手技を容易にする粘弾性ポリマー、超音波水晶体乳化吸引チップ、管類、種々の小刀や鉗子を含む使い捨て器具類を含む種々の要素で構成されている。現代の白内障手術は、典型的には、超音波水晶体乳化吸引法と呼ばれる技術を用いて行なわれ、かかる技術においては、前方被膜切開術又は最近では破嚢と呼ばれている前方水晶体嚢に開口を作る手技の実施後に、冷却目的のための関連の水流方式の超音波チップを用いて水晶体の比較的硬い核を彫り刻む。これらステップ並びに破砕を行なわないで吸引法により残っている軟らかい水晶体皮質の取り出しに続き、小さな切開創を通して合成の折り畳み可能な眼内レンズ(IOL)を眼内に挿入する。この技術では、大抵の症例では95%を超える非常に高い解剖学的及び視覚的成功率と迅速な視覚的リハビリテーションが得られる。
水晶体嚢上の正確な場所に非常に小さくて且つ幾何学的に正確な開口部を形成できる手術方式が存在し、この場合、水晶体嚢に設けられる開口部は、従来の純粋に手作業による技術を用いては形成することが不可能ではないまでも非常に困難である。かかる開口部により、従来型眼科手技に高い精度又は改造を施すことができると共に新たな手技の実現が可能である。例えば、本明細書において説明する技術を用いると、前方及び(又は)後方水晶体取り出し、注入可能又は小さな折り畳み可能なIOLの植え込み及び順応性IOLの形成に合った配合物又は構造体の注入を容易にすることができる。
1)最高1μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高1MHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<1ps
2)最高10μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高100kHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<1ps
3)最高1,000μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高1kHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<3ps
加うるに、レーザは、近赤外範囲である800〜1,100nmを含む種々の範囲の波長を使用できる。一特徴では、近赤外波長は、組織吸収及び散乱が減少するので選択される。加うるに、レーザは、10ps又は1ps未満のパルス持続時間で単独で又は100μJ以下のパルスエネルギーと組み合わせて1kHzを超える高い繰返し率及び10kHzを超える高い繰返し率で近赤外線の低エネルギー超短パルスを提供するよう構成されているのがよい。
a)数psだけ離された各スポット中の一連の2〜3個のパルスを用いる。各パルスは、先のパルスにより生じたプラズマ28により吸収され、かくして、プラズマ28を図6Aに示すようにビームに沿って上方に伸長させる。この方式では、レーザエネルギーは、2倍又は3倍高い、即ち、20〜30μJであることが必要である。連続したパルス相互間の遅延は、プラズマ生成時間(0.1psオーダ)よりも長いことが必要であるが、プラズマ再結合時間(ナノ秒のオーダ)を超えてはならない。
b)互いに異なる予備合焦又は多焦点光学素子により多数の同軸ビームを用いて互いに僅かに異なる焦点で軸方向に連続したパルスを生じさせる。これは、多焦点光学素子(レンズ、ミラー、回折光学部品等)を用いることにより達成できる。例えば、多セグメント化レンズ30を用いると、例えば同軸(図7A〜図7C参照)又は軸外れ(図7D参照)セグメントを用いてビームを同一軸線に沿って多数の点(例えば、3つの別々の点)に合焦させて様々な焦点距離(例えば、F1,F2,F3)を生じさせることができる。多焦点素子30は、同軸素子、又は軸外れセグメント化素子、又は回折素子であるのがよい。同軸素子は、軸対称焦点を有するのがよいが、各セグメントのビーム直径の差に起因して互いに異なるサイズを有することになる。軸外れ素子は、対称性の低い焦点を有する場合があるが、全ての素子は、同一サイズの焦点を生じさせることができる。
c)(1)球面ではない(非球面)光学部品、若しくは(2)Fナンバーの高いレンズの球面収差の利用、又は(3)回折光学素子(ホログラム)を用いることにより細長い合焦光柱(まさにとびとびの多くの焦点とは対照的である)を生じさせる。
d)多数の光ファイバを用いて細長いイオン化ゾーンを生じさせる。例えば、異なる長さの光ファイバ32のアレイを1組のレンズ34により図8に示すように組織の内部の互いに異なる深さのところの多数の焦点に画像化することができる。
前方及び後方被膜切開術の場合、走査パターンは、円形及び螺旋であるのがよく、垂直方向ステップは、破断ゾーンの長さとほぼ同じである。眼水晶体3のセグメント化の場合、パターンは、直線状、平面状、半径方向、半径方向セグメント、円形、螺旋状、曲線状及びこれらの組み合わせであるのがよく、かかるパターンとしては、2次元及び(又は)3次元のパターン付けが挙げられる。走査は、連続直線若しくは曲線、又は1つ若しくは2つ以上のオーバーラップし若しくは間隔を置いたスポット及び(又は)線分であるのがよい。幾つかの走査パターン36が、図9A及び図9Bに示されており、走査パターン38の組み合わせが、図10A〜図10Cに示されている。多焦点合焦及び(又は)パターン付けシステムによるビーム走査が、首尾よい水晶体セグメント化にとって特に有利である。というのは、水晶体厚さは、ビームくびれの軸方向距離よりも非常に大きいからである。加うるに、これらの2D及び3Dパターン並びに他の2D及び3DパターンをOCTと組み合わせて用いると、追加の画像化、解剖学的構造若しくは組成(即ち、組織密度)又は眼の水晶体、皮質、網膜及び他の部分を含む眼に関する他の寸法上の情報を得ることができる。
図1のレーザ送出システムを種々の仕方で変形させることができる。例えば、レーザ源は、外科用顕微鏡に設けられてもよく、顕微鏡の光学系は、外科医によりレーザ光を恐らくは提供されたコンソールの使用により適用するために用いられる。変形例として、レーザ及び送出システムは、外科用顕微鏡とは別体であり、切断のために照準ビームを位置合わせする光学系を有する。かかるシステムは、手術の開始時にレーザを有するコンソールに取り付けられた関節運動アームを用いて揺動して定位置に位置することができ、次に、揺動して離れて外科用顕微鏡が定位置に揺動することができるようにする。
本明細書において説明する方法及びシステムを単独で又はアプラナティック(不遊)レンズ(例えば米国特許第6,254,595号明細書に記載されており、かかる米国特許を参照により引用し、その記載内容を本明細書の一部とする)若しくは本明細書において説明しているレーザ法を助けるために角膜の形状を構成する他の装置と組み合わせて使用できる。リング、鉗子又は他の固定手段を用いて手技が眼の通常の固定時間を超えた場合に眼を固定するのがよい。眼の固定装置が用いられるかどうかとは無関係に、本明細書において説明するパターン付け及びセグメント化方法を自然な眼の固定時間内で実施できる持続時間に更に細分するのがよい。
非常に密な切断パターンが必要とされ又は所望される場合、水晶体中の熱の過剰の蓄積は、周りの組織に損傷を与える場合がある。最大加熱を推定するため、水晶体のバルクをサイズが1mmの立方体片に切断すると仮定する。パルス1つあたり直径が15μm、長さが200μmの体積を破砕するE1=10μJパルスで組織を離断する場合、パルスは、各々15μmで加えられる。かくして、1×1mmの平面は、66×66=4,356個のパルスを必要とするであろう。2つの側壁は、2×66×5=660個のパルスを必要とし、かくして、全部でN=5,016個のパルスが、組織の1立方mmあたり必要となろう。切断中に蓄えられたレーザエネルギーは全て、最終的には、熱に変換されるので、温度の上昇は、DT=(E1・N)/pcV=50.16mJ/(4.19mJ/K)=12Kとなろう。これにより、最大温度T=37+12℃=49℃となろう。この熱は、熱拡散により約1分以内に消散するであろう。水晶体の周辺領域は、セグメント化されないので(水晶体嚢への損傷を回避するため)、水晶体の境界部のところの平均温度は、実際にはこれよりも低いであろう。例えば、水晶体体積の半分だけが破砕される場合、水晶体の境界部のところでの平均温度上昇は、6℃(T=43℃)を超えず、網膜上では、0.1℃以下であろう。かかる温度上昇は、細胞及び組織により十分許容できる。しかしながら、これらの非常に高い温度は、危険である場合があり、回避されるべきである。
また、上述した軸方向焦点ボリュームではなく、横方向焦点ボリューム15を作ることが可能である。アナモルフィック光学方式を用いると、球面対称要素(図16参照)にはよく見られるように、単一の点ではなく「線」である焦点ゾーン39を作ることができる。光学設計の分野では標準的なことであるが、「アナモルフィック」という用語は、各子午線における互いに異なる等価な焦点距離を有する任意のシステムを説明する用語である。注目されるべきこととして、どの焦点も別々の焦点深度を有する。しかしながら、厳密に合焦されたビームに関し、例えば、超短パルス(tpulse<10psとして定義される)で生物学的材料を分断するのに十分な電界強度を達成するのに必要なビームに関し、焦点の深さは、それに比例して短い。
「追跡及び治療」方式は、IOLの挿入に先立って、残屑、例えば白内障及び細胞物質を除去する自動化方式を提供するために光学眼手術の画像化特性と治療特性を一体化した方式である。超高速レーザを用いて、水晶体嚢を必ずしも離断させることなく、最小サイズの灌注/吸引プローブを用いて除去するのに十分小さな小片に破砕する。例えば、小さくて自己閉鎖性の切開創を用いる方式を用いると、ゲル又はエラストマーIOLで充填可能な嚢を提供することができる。大きな切開創を必要とする伝統的な硬いIOLSとは異なり、嚢全体を充填するのにゲルまたは液体を用いることができ、かくして、体自体の順応プロセスを良好に利用する。したがって、この方式は、白内障の問題に取り組むだけでなく、老視の問題にも取り組む。
Claims (17)
- 眼組織治療用眼科手術システムであって、
複数のレーザーパルスを含む光ビーム(11)を発生させる光源(10,LS)と、
レンズ中心又は水晶体の少なくとも一方の三次元像データを形成し、該三次元像データに基づいて眼組織の標的部分を特定することができる撮像装置と、
前記光ビームを前記眼組織上に合焦させ、該光ビームをパターンで逸らせる送出システム(16,L1,G1,G2)と、
前記光源及び前記送出システムを制御して前記光ビームを前記眼組織内の標的部分の合焦点に合焦させ、眼組織内の識別された標的部分で前記パターンをなして走査を行い、水晶体内の前方水晶体嚢を切開する、コントローラ(12,CPU)とを有する、システム。 - 前記送出システムが、前記光ビームを前記パターンで逸らせ、前記眼内の合焦点の深さを変化させるために、前記コントローラによって制御される少なくとも一つの移動光学素子を有し、
前記コントローラが、第1回目に、焦点が前記眼組織内の第1の深さのところに位置した状態で、2回目には、前記焦点が前記第1の焦点とは異なる前記眼組織内の第2の深さの位置した状態で、前記眼組織を横切って前記パターンをなして走査する、請求項1記載のシステム。 - 前記コントローラが、第2の深さの合焦点を走査する前に、第1の深さの合焦点の走査を行わせる、請求項2記載のシステム。
- 前記光ビーム(11)が、800nm及び1100nmの間の波長である、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記光ビーム(11)が、1KHz及び100KHzの間のパルス繰返し率である、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記光ビーム(11)が、100mJを超えないパルスエネルギーのパルスを有する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記合焦点を走査して、レンズ中心をパターン化した小片にセグメント化する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記送出システム(16,L1,G1,G2)を制御して、一つ又は複数の走査パターンによって走査し、前記レンズをパターン化した小片にセグメント化する、請求項7記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ又は複数の走査パターンが、オーバーラップした線セグメントを有する、請求項8記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ又は複数の走査パターンが、一つ又は複数の二次元走査パターンまたは一つ又は複数の三次元走査パターンを含む、請求項8記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ又は複数の走査パターンが、直線状、平面状、半径方向、円形、螺旋状、曲線状のパターンのうちの少なくとも一つ、あるいは二つ以上の重なった線セグメントを含む、請求項8記載のシステム。
- 前記合焦点の一つ又は複数の走査パターンによる走査が、レンズ中心の異なった深さにレーザ−パルスを連続して照射することを含み、
前記レーザーパルスが、最初に、レンズ中心の最大深さに照射し、次にレンズ中心部のより浅い深さに照射する、請求項8記載のシステム。 - 前記パターン化した破片が、吸引針で除去することができる程度の寸法である、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記撮像装置が、レンズ中心の少なくとも一部または水晶体の境界の三次元像データを測定するための光干渉断層法(OCT)装置を有し、
前記コントローラが、前記光干渉断層法(OCT)装置によって得られた三次元像データに基づいてレンズ中心を前記パターン化された小片に基づいてセグメント化し、前記光干渉断層法(OCT)装置によって得られた三次元像データに基づいて前方水晶体嚢を切開する、請求項7記載のシステム。 - 前記撮像装置が、
水晶体の境界の三次元像データを測定するための光干渉断層法(OCT)装置を有し、
前記コントローラが、前記光干渉断層法(OCT)装置によって得られた三次元像データに基づいて前方水晶体嚢を切開する、請求項1記載のシステム。
前記多焦点距離光学素子は、複数個のセグメントを有し、前記第1の焦点距離と前記第2の焦点距離は、互いに側方にずらされている、請求項1記載のシステム。 - 前記送出システムが、光ビームのz軸に沿った合焦点の位置を調整する一つまたは複数のレンズ(L1)、またはz軸を横切る合焦点の位置を調整する一つまたは複数の横断走査装置(G1,G2)を包含する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記一つまたは複数の横断走査装置が,一対のガルバノミラー(G1,G2)を有する請求項16記載のシステム。
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