JP5291346B2 - 白内障手術システム - Google Patents
白内障手術システム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5291346B2 JP5291346B2 JP2007550571A JP2007550571A JP5291346B2 JP 5291346 B2 JP5291346 B2 JP 5291346B2 JP 2007550571 A JP2007550571 A JP 2007550571A JP 2007550571 A JP2007550571 A JP 2007550571A JP 5291346 B2 JP5291346 B2 JP 5291346B2
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- lens
- pattern
- cataract
- eye
- laser
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Description
1)最高1μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高1MHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<1ps
2)最高10μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高100kHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<1ps
3)最高1,000μJまでのパルスエネルギー、最高1kHzまでの繰返し率、パルス持続時間<3ps
加うるに、レーザは、近赤外範囲である800〜1,100nmを含む種々の範囲の波長を使用できる。一特徴では、近赤外波長は、組織吸収及び散乱が減少するので選択される。加うるに、レーザは、10ps又は1ps未満のパルス持続時間で単独で又は100μJ以下のパルスエネルギーと組み合わせて1kHzを超える高い繰返し率及び10kHzを超える高い繰返し率で近赤外線の低エネルギー超短パルスを提供するよう構成されているのがよい。
a)数psだけ離された各スポット中の一連の2〜3個のパルスを用いる。各パルスは、先のパルスにより生じたプラズマ28により吸収され、かくして、プラズマ28を図6Aに示すようにビームに沿って上方に伸長させる。この方式では、レーザエネルギーは、2倍又は3倍高い、即ち、20〜30μJであることが必要である。連続したパルス相互間の遅延は、プラズマ生成時間(0.1psオーダ)よりも長いことが必要であるが、プラズマ再結合時間(ナノ秒のオーダ)を超えてはならない。
b)互いに異なる予備合焦又は多焦点光学素子により多数の同軸ビームを用いて互いに僅かに異なる焦点で軸方向に連続したパルスを生じさせる。これは、多焦点光学素子(レンズ、ミラー、回折光学部品等)を用いることにより達成できる。例えば、多セグメント化レンズ30を用いると、例えば同軸(図7A〜図7C参照)又は軸外れ(図7D参照)セグメントを用いてビームを同一軸線に沿って多数の点(例えば、3つの別々の点)に合焦させて様々な焦点距離(例えば、F1,F2,F3)を生じさせることができる。多焦点素子30は、同軸素子、又は軸外れセグメント化素子、又は回折素子であるのがよい。同軸素子は、軸対称焦点を有するのがよいが、各セグメントのビーム直径の差に起因して互いに異なるサイズを有することになる。軸外れ素子は、対称性の低い焦点を有する場合があるが、全ての素子は、同一サイズの焦点を生じさせることができる。
c)(1)球面ではない(非球面)光学部品、若しくは(2)Fナンバーの高いレンズの球面収差の利用、又は(3)回折光学素子(ホログラム)を用いることにより細長い合焦光柱(まさにとびとびの多くの焦点とは対照的である)を生じさせる。
d)多数の光ファイバを用いて細長いイオン化ゾーンを生じさせる。例えば、異なる長さの光ファイバ32のアレイを1組のレンズ34により図8に示すように組織の内部の互いに異なる深さのところの多数の焦点に画像化することができる。
前方及び後方被膜切開術の場合、走査パターンは、円形及び螺旋であるのがよく、垂直方向ステップは、破断ゾーンの長さとほぼ同じである。眼水晶体3のセグメント化の場合、パターンは、直線状、平面状、半径方向、半径方向セグメント、円形、螺旋状、曲線状及びこれらの組み合わせであるのがよく、かかるパターンとしては、2次元及び(又は)3次元のパターン付けが挙げられる。走査は、連続直線若しくは曲線、又は1つ若しくは2つ以上のオーバーラップし若しくは間隔を置いたスポット及び(又は)線分であるのがよい。幾つかの走査パターン36が、図9A及び図9Bに示されており、走査パターン38の組み合わせが、図10A〜図10Cに示されている。多焦点合焦及び(又は)パターン付けシステムによるビーム走査が、首尾よい水晶体セグメント化にとって特に有利である。というのは、水晶体厚さは、ビームくびれの軸方向距離よりも非常に大きいからである。加うるに、これらの2D及び3Dパターン並びに他の2D及び3DパターンをOCTと組み合わせて用いると、追加の画像化、解剖学的構造若しくは組成(即ち、組織密度)又は眼の水晶体、皮質、網膜及び他の部分を含む眼に関する他の寸法上の情報を得ることができる。
図1のレーザ送出システムを種々の仕方で変形させることができる。例えば、レーザ源は、外科用顕微鏡に設けられてもよく、顕微鏡の光学系は、外科医によりレーザ光を恐らくは提供されたコンソールの使用により適用するために用いられる。変形例として、レーザ及び送出システムは、外科用顕微鏡とは別体であり、切断のために照準ビームを位置合わせする光学系を有する。かかるシステムは、手術の開始時にレーザを有するコンソールに取り付けられた関節運動アームを用いて揺動して定位置に位置することができ、次に、揺動して離れて外科用顕微鏡が定位置に揺動することができるようにする。
本明細書において説明する方法及びシステムを単独で又はアプラナティック(不遊)レンズ(例えば米国特許第6,254,595号明細書に記載されており、かかる米国特許を参照により引用し、その記載内容を本明細書の一部とする)若しくは本明細書において説明しているレーザ法を助けるために角膜の形状を構成する他の装置と組み合わせて使用できる。リング、鉗子又は他の固定手段を用いて手技が眼の通常の固定時間を超えた場合に眼を固定するのがよい。眼の固定装置が用いられるかどうかとは無関係に、本明細書において説明するパターン付け及びセグメント化方法を自然な眼の固定時間内で実施できる持続時間に更に細分するのがよい。
非常に密な切断パターンが必要とされ又は所望される場合、水晶体中の熱の過剰の蓄積は、周りの組織に損傷を与える場合がある。最大加熱を推定するため、水晶体のバルクをサイズが1mmの立方体片に切断すると仮定する。パルス1つあたり直径が15μm、長さが200μmの体積を破砕するE1=10μJパルスで組織を離断する場合、パルスは、各々15μmで加えられる。かくして、1×1mmの平面は、66×66=4,356個のパルスを必要とするであろう。2つの側壁は、2×66×5=660個のパルスを必要とし、かくして、全部でN=5,016個のパルスが、組織の1立方mmあたり必要となろう。切断中に蓄えられたレーザエネルギーは全て、最終的には、熱に変換されるので、温度の上昇は、DT=(E1・N)/pcV=50.16mJ/(4.19mJ/K)=12Kとなろう。これにより、最大温度T=37+12℃=49℃となろう。この熱は、熱拡散により約1分以内に消散するであろう。水晶体の周辺領域は、セグメント化されないので(水晶体嚢への損傷を回避するため)、水晶体の境界部のところの平均温度は、実際にはこれよりも低いであろう。例えば、水晶体体積の半分だけが破砕される場合、水晶体の境界部のところでの平均温度上昇は、6℃(T=43℃)を超えず、網膜上では、0.1℃以下であろう。かかる温度上昇は、細胞及び組織により十分許容できる。しかしながら、これらの非常に高い温度は、危険である場合があり、回避されるべきである。
また、上述した軸方向焦点ボリュームではなく、横方向焦点ボリューム15を作ることが可能である。アナモルフィック光学方式を用いると、球面対称要素(図16参照)にはよく見られるように、単一の点ではなく「線」である焦点ゾーン39を作ることができる。光学設計の分野では標準的なことであるが、「アナモルフィック」という用語は、各子午線における互いに異なる等価な焦点距離を有する任意のシステムを説明する用語である。注目されるべきこととして、どの焦点も別々の焦点深度を有する。しかしながら、厳密に合焦されたビームに関し、例えば、超短パルス(tpulse<10psとして定義される)で生物学的材料を分断するのに十分な電界強度を達成するのに必要なビームに関し、焦点の深さは、それに比例して短い。
「追跡及び治療」方式は、IOLの挿入に先立って、残屑、例えば白内障及び細胞物質を除去する自動化方式を提供するために光学眼手術の画像化特性と治療特性を一体化した方式である。超高速レーザを用いて、水晶体嚢を必ずしも離断させることなく、最小サイズの灌注/吸引プローブを用いて除去するのに十分小さな小片に破砕する。例えば、小さくて自己閉鎖性の切開創を用いる方式を用いると、ゲル又はエラストマーIOLで充填可能な嚢を提供することができる。大きな切開創を必要とする伝統的な硬いIOLSとは異なり、嚢全体を充填するのにゲルまたは液体を用いることができ、かくして、体自体の順応プロセスを良好に利用する。したがって、この方式は、白内障の問題に取り組むだけでなく、老視の問題にも取り組む。
Claims (40)
- 眼の白内障手術システムであって、
a.白内障水晶体の一つ以上の眼組織構造内及び該白内障水晶体を包囲する水晶体嚢内で近赤外線治療ビームの合焦ゾーンに絶縁破壊を生じさせる前記近赤外線治療ビームを発生させるパルスレーザ光源と、
b.前記白内障水晶体及び前記水晶体嚢を含む前記眼組織構造の立体から出された近赤外線光を検出し、前記眼組織構造の体積を含む前記眼組織構造の光学的特性に基づく信号を発生する画像化部と、
c.前記近赤外線治療ビームの合焦ゾーンを、前記白内障水晶体及び前記水晶体嚢の三次元的標的位置に位置決めする光走査部と、
d.前記パルスレーザ光源と、前記画像化部と、前記走査部とを作動的に連結される一つ以上のコントローラとを有し、該コントローラは、
i.前記画像化部からの信号に基づいて三次元像を形成する
ii.前記白内障水晶体及び前記水晶体嚢の一つ以上の組織構造の境界を特定する
iii.前記境界に基づく前記白内障水晶体及び前記水晶体嚢内の一つ以上の治療領域を特定する
iv.前記光走査部を作動させて前記近赤外線治療ビームの合焦ゾーンを制御し、組織破壊のパターンを作り、前記水晶体嚢内の前方水晶体嚢を切開し、白内障手術中の次の除去のために前記白内障水晶体の治療領域の一つ以上をパターン化されたセグメントにセグメント化する
ように構成された白内障手術システム。 - さらに、眼に作動的に結合され、光を、一つ以上の前記眼組織構造に及び一つ以上の前記眼組織構造から光を伝達するコンタクトレンズを有する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスレーザ光源は、800nm及び1100nmの間の波長の治療ビームを発生する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスレーザ光源は、1KHz及び100KHzの間のパルス繰返し率の治療ビームを発生する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスレーザ光源は、100KHzを超えないパルス繰返し率の治療ビームを発生する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パルスレーザ光源は、100×10-15sec及び10-12secの間のパルス持続時間を有する治療ビームを発生する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、さらに、前記パターンの一つ以上のパラメータに関するユーザーインターフェースからインプットする、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、直線状、平面状、半径方向、円形、螺旋状、曲線状のパターンのうちの少なくとも一つ、あるいは二つ以上の交差パターンを含む、請求項7記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、さらに、前記治療ビームの一つ以上のパラメータに関するユーザーインターフェースからインプットする、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ以上のパラメータは、パルスエネルギー、パルス繰り返し率、持続時間、及び波長からなるグループから選択される、請求項9記載のシステム。
- 前記光走査部は、ガルバノメータアクチュエータ、スピニングウエッジ(spinning wedge)、回転ポリゴンミラー、中継レンズ、及び中継ミラーからなるグループから選択された一つ以上の走査要素を包含する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記画像化部は、光干渉断層法(OCT)干渉計、及び共焦点顕微鏡からなるから選択された装置を包含する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記装置は、前記パルスレーザの波長領域から分離した波長領域で作動する光学干渉断層法(OCT)干渉計である、請求項12記載のシステム。
- 前記光学干渉断層法(OCT)干渉計は、中心波長が800nm及び1100nmの間で作用する、請求項13記載のシステム。
- 前記光走査部は、前記近赤外線治療ビームをテレセントリックに走査させる、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、前記一つ以上の組織構造の少なくとも一つの境界に倣う、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記画像化部からの信号の少なくとも一部に基づいて一つ以上の眼組織構造を位置決めする、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ以上の眼組織構造が、前記白内障水晶体、角膜、前記水晶体嚢からなるグループから選択された解剖要素と組み合わせられている、請求項17記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記一つ以上の眼組織構造の境界を特定するように形成され、該特定が、水晶体後面、水晶体前面、水晶体中心境界、及び白内障境界からなるグループから選択される、請求項18記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記一つ以上の眼組織構造を測定するように形成され、該測定は、水晶体厚さ、水晶体中心位置、レンズ表面位置、前房深さ、白内障中心位置、白内障中心厚さ、及び白内障光学濃度からなるグループから選択される、請求項19記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、水晶体後面位置、水晶体前面位置、水晶体厚さ、水晶体中心位置、前房深さ、白内障中心形状、白内障中心位置、白内障中心厚さ、及び白内障光学濃度からなるグループから選択された、前記画像化部からの信号に少なくとも部分的に対応している、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、互いに隣接した位置決めされた一連の連続パルスを使用して一つ以上のラインを形成することによって水晶体の少なくとも一部をセグメント化する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、三次元パターンである、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記三次元パターンが、前記水晶体内の異なった深さに形成された一つ以上のパターンを含む、請求項23記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、交差する直線、交差する線の複数の組を含む交差網目状パターン、複数の交差しない平行線、一本以上の曲線、円形線、複数の同心円形線、一つ以上の渦巻き線からなるから選択される要素を含む、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、水晶体の一部を、吸引針で除去することができる程度に小さい寸法のパターン化された破片となるようにセグメント化させる、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記破片の最大寸法は、1mmである、請求項26記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、水晶体嚢を横断するカット面を形成する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記パターンが、複数の平面に沿って水晶体をセグメント化させる、請求項1記載のシステム。
- さらに、オペレーターに三次元像の視野を提供するデイスプレーを有する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記視野が、水晶体を含む眼組織構造の二次元断面視野である、請求項30記載のシステム。
- さらに、オペレーターが前記デイスプレーに表示された視野に関する入力を可能にする入力装置を有する、請求項30記載のシステム。
- 前記オペレーターの入力が、オペレーターのために前記デイスプレーに表示された視野に基づく組織構造の選択を含む、請求項32記載のシステム。
- 前記一つ以上の眼組織構造が、前記白内障水晶体、角膜、前記水晶体嚢からなるグループから選択された解剖要素に組み合わされる、請求項32記載のシステム。
- 前記オペレーターの入力が、前記一つ以上の眼組織構造の一つの境界であり、前記境界が、水晶体後面、水晶体前面、水晶体中心境界、及び白内障境界からなるグループから選択される、請求項33記載のシステム。
- 前記オペレーターの入力が、前記コントローラーに、前記一つ以上の眼組織構造の測定を命令し、前記測定が、水晶体厚さ、水晶体中心位置、水晶体表面位置、前方嚢深さ、白内障中心位置、白内障中心厚さ、及び白内障光学濃度からなるグループから選択される、請求項33記載のシステム。
- 前記コントローラが、前記画像化部からの信号に基づいて前記一つ以上の組織構造の一つ以上の境界を自動的に特定する、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記三次元像が、前記一つ以上の組織構造の一つ以上の二次元測定を含む、請求項1記載のシステム。
- 前記三次元像が、前記一つ以上の組織構造の一つ以上の一次元測定を含む、請求項1記載のシステム。
- パターンが、最初に水晶体内のより深いところに形成され、次に水晶体内のより浅いところに形成される、請求項24記載のシステム。
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PCT/US2006/000873 WO2006074469A2 (en) | 2005-01-10 | 2006-01-10 | Method and apparatus for patterned plasma-mediated laser trephination of the lens capsule and three dimensional phaco-segmentation |
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JP2011509162A (ja) * | 2008-01-09 | 2011-03-24 | アルコン レンゼックス, インコーポレーテッド | 組織の光破壊レーザ断片化 |
JP2012519552A (ja) * | 2009-03-04 | 2012-08-30 | アーレン サイエンティフィック インコーポレイテッド | レンズを形成および修正するためのシステムならびにそれによって形成されたレンズ |
TWI844819B (zh) * | 2021-01-26 | 2024-06-11 | 大陸商浙江博也生物科技有限公司 | 波長選擇系統以及用於監測和治療白內障的設備和系統 |
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