JP6271541B2 - パルスの光による角膜の架橋のためのシステム及び方法 - Google Patents
パルスの光による角膜の架橋のためのシステム及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6271541B2 JP6271541B2 JP2015523065A JP2015523065A JP6271541B2 JP 6271541 B2 JP6271541 B2 JP 6271541B2 JP 2015523065 A JP2015523065 A JP 2015523065A JP 2015523065 A JP2015523065 A JP 2015523065A JP 6271541 B2 JP6271541 B2 JP 6271541B2
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Description
本出願は、2012年9月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/699,226号、2012年7月16日に出願された同第61/671,798号の優先権を主張し、その出願内容全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
発明の分野
本発明は、特に角膜組織で生じた所望の形状変化を安定化するために架橋剤が適用されるときの、パルスの光による角膜の架橋のためのシステム及び方法に関する。
近視、円錐角膜、及び、遠視といった、様々な眼障害は、角膜の異常成形を伴う。伴角膜弁レーザ角膜形成術(LASIK)は、角膜を通過する光の焦点を眼底に位置する網膜へ適切に合わせられるように、角膜を再形成する多くの矯正処置の1つである。LASIK眼手術では、マイクロケラトームと呼ばれる器具が角膜の薄いフラップを切るために使用される。続いて、角膜の被覆が剥がされ、下部の角膜組織がエキシマレーザで所望の形状まで除去される。所望の形状への角膜の再形成後、角膜フラップが所定の位置に戻され、手術は完了する。
本開示の一態様は、眼に適用されたリボフラビンの活性化を制御する方法に関する。方法は、眼の角膜の選択された領域にリボフラビンを適用することと、パルスの光の照明によってリボフラビンを活性化させることにより選択された領域で架橋反応を開始することと、を含む。パルスの光の照明は、放射照度、照射量、及び、オン/オフデューティサイクルを有する。放射照度、照射量、及び、オン/オフデューティサイクルは、光化学的効率を制御するために、リボフラビン架橋反応のための光化学的でキネティックな経路の決定に応じて調整される。
本開示の態様は、図1に示されるような、角膜2内の角膜コラーゲンの分子架橋を開始するために架橋剤130を眼1の角膜2に送達するための、例示的な送達システム100の使用に関する。送達システム100は、架橋剤130を角膜2に適用するアプリケータ132を備える。送達システム100は、光源110、及び、光を角膜2に方向づける光学素子112を備える。送達システム100はまた、アプリケータ132及び光学素子112に結合された制御装置120を備える。アプリケータ132は、角膜2上の特定のパターンに従って、架橋剤130を適用するように適合された装置であり得る。アプリケータ132は、架橋剤130を、角膜の表面2A(例えば、上皮)又は眼1の他の場所に適用することができる。特に、アプリケータ132は、角膜2を介した中深度領域2Bへの架橋剤の移送又は浸透を容易にするために、角膜の表面2Aの剥離箇所又は切れ目に架橋剤130を適用することができる。
Rf→Rf* 1,Iabs (1)
Rf* 1→Rf,k1 (2)
Rf* 1→Rf* 3,k2 (3)
Rf3 *+SH→(RF●−+SH●+)→RfH●+S●,k3 (4)
2RfH●→Rf+RfH2,k4 (5)
RfH2+O2→Rfox+H2O2,k5 (6)
Rf3 *+O2→Rf+1O2,k6 (7)
SH+1O2→Sox,k6 (8)
RFH2を、リボフラビン溶液(EDTAあり及びなし、1%のEDTA、0.1%のリボフラビン)の照射によって調製し、浅い密閉石英キュベット内で(酸素を除去するために)アルゴンで飽和した。次いで、追加的なUV光の不存在下で、ブタ角膜フラップを、これらの溶液中に直接配置した。1〜2分後、この処置を、RFH2を含有する新鮮な溶液で数回繰り返した。次いで、角膜フラップを、蒸留水で洗浄し、パパイン緩衝液で消化し、フラップの蛍光を測定した。
材料及び方法
ブタの全眼球(SiouxPreme Packing Co.、アイオワ州、スーシティー;氷詰めされた食塩水に入れて出荷される)を室温(25度)に温めた。次いで、角膜を、鈍い外科用メス刃によって上皮除去し、0.9%の食塩水の0.1、0.25、又は0.5%のリボフラビン溶液を、架橋の前に20分間それぞれの角膜の頂部に適用した。全角膜を、365nm光源(UV LED NCSU033B[T]、Nichia Co.、日本、徳島)によって、決定された時間、選択された放射照度(3又は30mW/cm2)でトップハットビームにより照射し(3%二乗平均平方根)、放射照度を角膜の表面で電力センサ(model PD-300-UV; Ophir, Inc.,、イスラエル、エルサレム)により測定した。
切除されたサンプルの蛍光は、同じ厚さを有する非架橋サンプルに対する相対値であり、図4Bに示される。架橋後の角膜蛍光は(すべてのサンプルが同じUVA照射量、5.4J/cm2に暴露された)、低い放射照度及び低いリボフラビンの濃度で長い期間UVAに暴露されたサンプルに対して大きいことが示される。角膜蛍光はまた、角膜の最初の100μmのほうが次の100μmよりも大きい。最も高い角膜蛍光は、最初の100μmで、0.1%のリボフラビン溶液に浸漬され3mW/cm2.で照射されたサンプルに対して観察された。
到着の際に、ブタの眼の過剰な筋組織を除去し、(37度に設定された)培養器内で食塩水中に30分間配置した。次いで、眼を、上皮除去し、37度で20分間0.1%のリボフラビン溶液中に配置した。眼を溶液から除去し、生理的IOPを適用した。次いで、眼を、UVA源及びシャッタシステムの下に配置し、図5A〜5Cに示されるように、指示されたプロトコルに従って照射した。リボフラビン液滴を、UVA適用の間、1.5分毎に適用した。照射した後、角膜の厚さを、厚度計によって測定した。次いで、サンプルをフェムト秒レーザの下に配置し、〜200μmのフラップを切った。フラップを、二軸材料試験機(CS-BIO TESTER 5000, CellScale、カナダ、オンタリオ州ウォータールー)に位置決定し、破損まで引き伸ばした。次いで、サンプルを、蒸留水でリンスし、将来のパパイン消化及び蛍光分析のために凍結させた。
別の補完的実験では、ブタの全眼球(SiouxPreme Packing Co.、アイオワ州、スーシティー;氷詰めされた食塩水に入れて出荷される)を室温(25度)に温めた。次いで、角膜を、鈍い外科用メス刃によって上皮除去し、0.9%の食塩水の0.1のリボフラビン溶液を、培養器内で架橋の前に20分間それぞれの角膜の頂部に適用した。全角膜を、365nm光源(UV LED NCSU033B[T]、Nichia Co.、日本、徳島)によって、決定された時間、連続波の照明又はパルスの照明3秒オン/3秒オフのどちかによる30mW/cm2の選択された放射照度で、トップハットビームにより照射した(3%二乗平均平方根)。角膜フラップ(厚さ200μm)を、Intralase femtosecond laser(Abbott Medical Optics、カリフォルニア州、サンタアナ)を用いて眼から切除した。角膜フラップの平均厚さを、超音波Pachymeter(DGH Technology、ペンシルベニア州、エクストン)により眼からの切除前後の測定値間の差として算定した。
屠畜場からのブタ眼(SiouxPreme、アイオワ州、スーシティー)を、食塩水中でリンスした。眼を洗浄し、上皮を除去した。眼を、スタンド上の、水に圧縮酸素をバブリングする管を有した、水である程度充填された大きなビーカの中央に配置した。眼に対する湿った酸素化環境を生成するように、実験の間特定の時間に、酸素をオンにした。頂部で溶液を保持するためにゴムリングを使用することによって、37度に設定された培養器内で眼を0.1%のリボフラビン、dH2O溶液で20分間浸漬した。全角膜を、365nm光源(UV LED NCSU033B[T]、Nichia Co.、日本、徳島)によって、決定された時間、放射照度(30秒毎に1滴の溶液を添加させて30mW/cm2で3分間CW、又は1分毎に1滴の溶液を添加させて3mW/cm2で30分間CW、又は1分毎に1滴の溶液を添加させて30mW/cm2でシャッタシステム(Lambda SC Smart Shutter, Sutter Instrument、カリフォルニア州ノヴァト)を使用して−1.5秒オン/3秒オフ−パルスの光に対して9分間)で、トップハットビームにより照射した(3%二乗平均平方根)。放射照度を角膜の表面で電力センサ(model PD-300-UV; Ophir, Inc.,、イスラエル、エルサレム)により測定した。
Claims (10)
- 角膜における架橋の量を動的に制御するシステムであって、
架橋剤で処理された角膜の選択された領域で架橋反応を活性化させるように構成された光源であって、前記光源は、架橋反応を決定するパラメータに従ってパルスの光の照明を送達するように構成され、前記パラメータは、周波数、放射照度、照射量、又は、オン/オフデューティサイクルの少なくとも1つを含み、前記角膜の領域は、前記架橋反応が、目の状態を矯正する角膜における生物力学的な変化を生じるように選択される、光源と、
前記光源に結合され、前記光源に、前記角膜の選択された領域へ前記パルスの光の照射を適用させる制御装置と、
を有し、
前記制御装置は、さらに、前記光源用に提案されたパラメータのセットに基づいて、一重項分子状酸素を伴わない反応によって発生する算定された架橋反応の量を決定するように構成され、
少なくとも算定された架橋反応の量に従って前記光源の1つ以上のパラメータを調整し、前記制御装置に、前記光源が、少なくとも1つ以上の調整されたパラメータに従ってパルスの光の照射を前記角膜の選択された領域に適用するようにさせる
システム。 - 前記角膜における架橋反応をモニターするように構成されたモニターシステムを更に備え、
前記制御装置が、前記モニターシステムからの情報に応じて、前記周波数、前記放射照度、前記照射量、及び、前記オン/オフデューティサイクルの少なくとも1つを調整するように構成される、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記角膜の表面に酸素の濃度を提供するために構成された送達装置を更に備え、
前記送達装置が、前記モニターシステムからの情報に応じて、前記角膜の表面に送達される酸素の濃度を調整する、請求項2に記載のシステム。 - 前記送達装置が、
初めに、前記角膜における第1のO2含量を決定する第1の気体混合物を最初に提供し、
次いで、前記角膜における第2のO2含量を決定する第2の気体混合物を提供し、
前記第1の気体混合物及び前記第2の気体混合物が、異なる量のO2を提供し、
前記送達装置が、前記モニターシステムからの情報に応じて前記角膜における架橋の動的制御を提供する、請求項3に記載のシステム。 - 前記角膜の表面に酸素の濃度を提供するために構成された送達装置を更に備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- (i)前記放射照度が、1mW/cm2〜500mW/cm2の間で、かつ、前記オン/オフデューティサイクルが、100/1〜1/100の間にあり、又は、
(ii)前記放射照度が、1mW/cm2〜1000mW/cm2の間で、かつ、前記オン/オフデューティサイクルが、1000/1〜1/1000の間にある、
請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記制御装置は、さらに、前記算定された架橋反応の量を、前記架橋剤の提案された濃度又は前記架橋剤による処置のための提案された浸漬時間の、少なくとも一つに基づいて決定する、
請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記架橋剤は、リボフラビンを含み、
前記制御装置は、三重項励起状態のリボフラビン及び角膜の基質間の反応を決定することによって、一重項分子状酸素を伴わない反応から算定された架橋反応の量を決定する
請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記架橋剤は、リボフラビンを含み、
前記制御装置は、算定された架橋反応の量を少なくとも
Rf3 *+SH→RfH●+S●、かつ、
2RfH●→Rf+RfH2
という反応であって、Rfは基底状態のリボフラビンを表し、Rf3 *は三重項励起状態のリボフラビンを表し、RfH●はリボフラビンのラジカル形態を表し、RfH2はリボフラビンの還元形態を表し、SHは角膜の基質を表し、S●は角膜の基質のラジカルを表す、反応に従って決定する、
請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 前記制御装置は、基底状態に対するリボフラビンの還元形態に戻る速度を制御する前記光源用の1つ以上のパラメータを調整する、
請求項9に記載のシステム。
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