JP5355890B2 - グルココルチコイドおよびグルココルチコイド誘導体のリポソーム性組成物 - Google Patents
グルココルチコイドおよびグルココルチコイド誘導体のリポソーム性組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5355890B2 JP5355890B2 JP2007530850A JP2007530850A JP5355890B2 JP 5355890 B2 JP5355890 B2 JP 5355890B2 JP 2007530850 A JP2007530850 A JP 2007530850A JP 2007530850 A JP2007530850 A JP 2007530850A JP 5355890 B2 JP5355890 B2 JP 5355890B2
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- hemisuccinate
- derivative
- liposome
- pharmaceutical composition
- mps
- Prior art date
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Description
Schmidt J et al. Brain 126(8):1895-1904 (2003);
Fildes FJ et al. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 30(6):337-42 (1978);
Mishina EV et al Pharm Res 13(1):141-5 (1996);
Gonzalez-Rothi, Ricardo J et al. Pharmaceutical Research 13(11):1699-1703 (1996);
Almawi WY and Melemedjian OK, J Leukoc Biol 71: 9 - 15 (2002);
Coleman RE Biotherapy 4:37 - 44 (1992);
Folkman J, et al. Science 221:719 - 725 (1983);
Swain S.M., Endocrine therapies of cancer In, Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy, 2nd Ed., Eds., Chabner BA, and Longo DL, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1996, (pp 59-108);
Haskell CM. In, Cancer Treatment, 4th Edition, Edited by Haskell CM, and Berek JS. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1995 (pp 78-80, pp 105-106, pp 151-152).
Josbert M. Metselaar, Liposomal targeting of glucocorticoids. A novel treatment approach for inflammatory disorders. Chapter 6, pp 91-106, chapter 7, pp 107-122, 2003, Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ISBN 90-393-3285-1。
i) pKaが11以下であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱塩基GCまたはGC誘導体;
ii) pKaが3.5を超える値であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱酸GCまたはGC誘導体。
i) pKaが11以下であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱塩基GCまたはGC誘導体;
ii) pKaが3.5を超える値であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱酸GCまたはGC誘導体。
i) pKaが11以下であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱塩基GCまたはGC誘導体;
ii) pKaが3.5を超える値であり、pH 7におけるlogDが約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲、好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱酸GCまたはGC誘導体。
- pKa:3.0を超える、好ましくは3.5を超える、より好ましくは約3.5から約6.5の間の範囲のpKaを有している;
- 分配係数:pH 7.0のn-オクタノール/緩衝液(水相)システムにおいて、約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲の、およびより好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間のlogDを有する。
- pKa:11.0未満、より好ましくは約11.0から7.5の間のpKaを有している;
- 分配係数: n-オクタノール/緩衝液(水相)システムにおいて、約-2.5から約1.5の間の範囲の、およびより好ましくは約-1.5から約1.0の間のlogDを有する。
内分泌性疾患、一次または二次副腎皮質不全を含む;癌、非化膿性甲状腺炎に関連する先天性副腎過形成高カルシウム血症(Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Hypercalcemia)。
膠原病、例えば、以下の皮膚科学的疾病の特定の症例において、悪化の間、または維持療法としてのものを含む。
皮膚科学的疾病、例えば、天疱瘡水胞性皮膚炎、重篤な紅斑多発-ヘルペス状形成(Severe erythema multi-herpetiformis forme)(スティーブンス-重症脂漏性ジョンソン症候群)皮膚炎、剥脱性皮膚炎、重症乾癬、菌状息肉腫。
アレルギー性状態、例えば、以下の症状における通常の治療の適当な治験に対して非応答性の、重篤なまたは不能化するアレルギー性症状(severe or incapacitating allergic conditions)の制御を含む:気管支喘息、薬剤過敏症接触性皮膚炎反応、アトピー性皮膚炎、蕁麻疹浸透(Urticarial transfusion)、血清病反応、季節性または長期性、急性非伝染性アレルギー鼻炎喉頭浮腫(Seasonal or perennial, Acute noninfectious allergic rhinitis laryngeal edema)。
眼病、例えば、眼に関する重篤な急性または慢性アレルギー性および炎症性過程を含み、例えば:眼部帯状ヘルペス、交感性眼炎虹彩炎、虹彩毛様体炎前区脈絡網膜炎散在性後部ブドウ膜炎(iridocyclitis Anterior segment Chorioretinitis inflammation Diffuse posterior uveitis)、アレルギー性結膜炎および脈絡膜炎、アレルギー性角膜縁、視神経炎潰瘍、角膜炎。
呼吸器疾患、例えば、その他の劇症または播種性によって処理できるベリリウム症ではなく、その他の手段によって処理できない、症候性サルコイドーシスレフレル症候群、吸入性肺炎、任意に適した抗結核化学療法が同時に使用される結核を含む。
血液病、後天性(自己免疫)溶血性貧血、特発性血小板減少性紫斑病、続発性血小板減少症、赤芽球減少症(RBC貧血)、先天性(赤血球)再生不良性貧血。
腫瘍性疾患、例えば、:白血病およびリンパ腫、骨髄腫、乳がんおよび前立腺癌の管理を含む。
浮腫状状態、例えば、特発性型のまたはエリテマトーデスを原因とする、尿毒症をのぞく、ネフローゼ症候群において、利尿またはタンパク尿症の緩和の促進を含む。
神経系、例えば、多発性硬化症(MS)の急性悪化を含む。
材料
水素化ダイズホスファチジルコリン(hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine)(HSPC)は、Lipoid KG (Ludwigshafen, Germany)より得た。
リポソームの作製
モル比55:40:5であるHSPC/コレステロール/PEG-DSPE-2000の貯蔵液を、70℃でエタノールに溶解し、ゲル脂質の終濃度を62.5%(w/v)とした。次に、溶液を、全ての脂質が溶解し透明な溶液となるまで70℃でインキュベートした。貯蔵液を次に、200 mMの酢酸カルシウムの溶液に70℃で加え、10%脂質濃度(w/v)とし、それゆえエタノールの終濃度は16%(w/v)となった。混合物は、70℃で一定に撹拌し乳白色の分散液とし、この段階で、脂質は水和され多重膜リポソームの分散液が形成された。
HSPC:Chol:2000PEG-DSPE (モル比55:40:5)および極微量の[3H]コレステリルヘキサデシルエーテル(0.125 μCi/μmol PL)で構成される[3H] コレステリルエーテル-ラベル化立体安定性リポソーム(SSL)は、上述の通りに作製した。リポソームサイズは、Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)で決定し、87±15 nmであった。
メチルプレドニゾロンヘミスクシナートナトリウム塩(MPS、GC誘導体)の貯蔵液を5%ブドウ糖(pH 7.2)に溶解し、〜9 mg/mlの濃度とし、あらかじめ作製しておいた酢酸カルシウム勾配を確立した後のSSL分散液に加えた。MPS濃度は、〜9 mg/mlであり、リン脂質は、〜32 mMリン酸であった。
1. MPSの凝集の状態
MPSの凝集は、MPSが光吸収を欠く条件(励起および発光が、同じ波長、Ex= 600nm Em= 600nm)で分光蛍光分析器を用いて、励起ビームに対して90度に散乱する光の強度として測定される、濁度における変化から決定した。凝集の形成により、MPS溶液/分散液により散乱される光が大きく増加する。
あるGC誘導体(両親媒性弱酸)の分配係数(logD)は記述される通りに[Samuni, A.M. and Barenholz, Y., Free Radicals Biol. Med. 22:1165-1174 (1997)]、「振盪フラスコ(shake flask)」によって決定した。
表面張力はμtrouge S (Kibron Inc., Helsinki Finland)を用いて測定した。純水および空気を用いてセンサーのキャリブレーションおよびゼロ点補正を行った後、GC誘導体を含む溶液(300 μL)をウェルに入れた。測定は、26℃で行った。
小胞のリポソーム内水相でのMPSの沈殿を、記述されるとおりに、Cryo TEMを用いて視覚化した[Lasic, D.D., Frederik, P.M., Stuart, M.C.A., Barenholz, Y. and McIntosh, T.J., Gelation of liposome interior. A novel method for drug encapsulation. FEBS Lett. 312, 255-258 (1992); Lasic, D.D., et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1239, 145-156 (1995)]。
63℃および異なるpH値で、600 mOsmの酢酸カルシウム溶液に、MPSを加え終濃度5 mg/mlとし、次に混合溶液を40分間インキュベートし、溶液を遠心し、上清をHPLCにて分析した。
充填効率とは、MPS/リン脂質濃度の充填前後における比である。MPSの定量化は、1981年にAndersonおよびTaphouseによって記載される通りに[Anderson B.D. and Taphouse. V. J Pharm Sci, 70:181-6 (1981)]、HPLC装置にて行い、リン脂質の定量化は、修正バートレット法[Shmeeda, H., et al. In: Methods in Enzymology “Liposomes”, (Duzgunes, N., ed.), 367:272-292 (2003)]にて行った。
リポソームからのMPSの放出の決定
SSL-MPSから放出されるMPSのレベルの決定は、まず、セファロースがクロスリンクされたCL-4Bカラムによるゲル排除クロマトグラフィーを用いて、遊離MPSからリポソームを分離した。リポソームは、空隙容量にて溶出され、遊離MPSは、その後の画分に溶出された(図3A-3B)。
以下の表1は、Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs) [Software Solaris V4.67 ( 1994-2005 ACD/Labs) SciFinder SCHOLAR Version 2004.2 (著作権) American Chemical Society 2004]を用いて計算される、試験したGC誘導体のlogDおよびpKaを示している。
MPSの濁度(凝集を表す)を決定した。図1Aに示される結果は、両親媒性弱酸誘導体(プロドラッグ)が、pH 7.2において非凝集性の水溶性であり、酸性pHにおいて凝集し、それゆえ濁度が増加することが示されている。異常に低いpHにおいて観察される濁度の低下は、非常に大きな凝集体が形成され沈殿したためである。破線矢印は、HClによる滴定(H+のμmol、矢印の左側)からNaOHによる滴定(OH-のμmol、矢印の右側)への移行の点を示している。
酢酸カルシウム溶液の存在下のMPSの沈殿を、上述の通りに決定した。表2は、カルシウムイオンの存在下、すなわち様々なpHにおいて沈殿するMPSの濃度を示している。示される通り、沈殿は、pH 6.8においてすでに生じた。沈殿は、GCのpKa付近のpH(pH 4.5)において、非常に莫大な量まで増大した(MPSの97%)。
1.リポソーム充填効率
3つの独立した処理単位(データから確認される)を、薬剤のリポソーム(HSPC:Chol:2000PEG-DSPE (54:41:5 モル比))中への充填効率を決定するために使用した。表3に、その結果が要約される。
効率的な充填の最適な条件は、酢酸カルシウムが〜600 mOsmであることを含む。このMPS/リン脂質比を有したHSPC:Chol:2000PEG-DSPE (55:40:5 モル比)リポソームにおけるMPSの充填効率は、最初のプロドラッグ濃度を、5-10 mg/ml、好ましくは9 mg/mlとした場合に得られた。最初の製剤のプロドラッグの濃度は、〜6.5 mg/mlであり、この濃度を、以下の実験において使用した(以下にSSL-MPS製剤または簡単にSSL-MPSと名付けられる)。
14ヶ月にわたるSSL-MPS中のMPSの濃度(すなわち、劣化してない(intact)リポソーム性製剤)を上述の通りに決定した。図3Aから、14ヶ月後において、MPSの〜80%がリポソーム中に維持されていることがわかる。遊離MPSの一部は、加水分解されその活性型、メチルプレドニゾロン(MP)となった。図3Bは、4℃で14ヶ月保存した後のリポソーム性製剤のセファロース4Bサイズ排除クロマトグラフを示す。画分8から17のグラフの拡大(図3C)は、遊離MPSならびに遊離MPの存在を示している。
プロテオリピドタンパク質(PLP)を用いた実験動物モデルにおける急性EAEの誘導
6−7週齢のメスのSJLマウスに、プロテオリピドタンパク質(PLP) 139-151ペプチドおよび完全フロイントアジュバント(CFA)を含む乳剤であって、ペプチド150μgおよびMycobacterium tuberculosis 200μgを含む乳剤を皮下注射することで免疫化した。追加免疫するために、百日咳毒素(PT)150 ngを、初日および48時間後にマウスに腹腔内(i.p.)注射した。
Σそれぞれのマウスの最大スコア/群のマウスの数。
Σそれぞれのマウスの疾病期間/群のマウスの数。
Σ1日当りのそれぞれのマウスの合計スコア/群のマウスの数。
重篤な疾病負荷(severe disease burden)を示すマウスに対して(群のマウス10匹ごとのスコアを合計し、次式に従って、1日当りの平均スコアを計算することで決定:Σ1日当りのそれぞれのマウスの合計スコア/群のマウスの数)、異なる治療を適用した。具体的には、上記の通り免疫化した後、マウスに、50 mg/kg BWのSSL-MPS(10、14、18日目)で、または遊離MPS(10、14、18日目)で、または5%ブドウ糖(10、14、18日目)で処理した。それぞれの群において、発生率、MMS=平均最大スコア;MDD=平均疾病期間(日数);MDO=平均発症日数および平均スコアを決定した(表7)。さらに、それぞれの群において、平均臨床スコア(図6B)ならびに生存曲線(図6A)を決定した。
1.対照群および遊離MPS群において死亡する個体が確認された一方で、SSL-MPSで治療した群では全ての動物が生存した;
2.19日において(図6B)、SSL-MPSによる治療群は、0に近づき、対照的に遊離MPSで治療した群または対照群は、それぞれ〜3および〜4.8であった;
3.SSL-MPS治療群の疾病の平均スコア(表5)は、対照群のスコアの4倍低く、遊離MPS治療群の〜2倍低かった。
メスのSJLマウス(6−7週齢)を、上記の通り免疫化した。免疫化したマウスを群に分け、それぞれの群に対して、免疫化後8、11および14日に、以下の治療製剤で処理した:
第I群 - 50mg/kg BW SSL-MPS;
第II群 - 遊離MPS 50mg/kg BW;
第III群 - 5%ブドウ糖;
第IV群 - コパクソン(Coapxone) 250ug/0.1 cc;
第VI群 - ヒトベタフェロン(Betaferon human) 2000ui/0.1 cc。
MOG 35-55ペプチドを用いた慢性EAEの誘導は、記載されるとおりに行った[Offen D et al J Mol Neurosci. 15(3):167-76 (2000)]。一般に、メスのC57B1/6マウスに、脳炎誘発性乳剤(MOGプラスMT (mycobacterium tuberculosis)が濃縮されたCFA)を接種した(右わき腹に皮下注射)。百日咳毒素を、接種の日および48時間後に、腹腔内注射(250 ng/マウス)した。MOG乳剤による追加免疫を、最初の注射の1週間後に右わき腹に皮下注射して行った。
副腎皮質ステロイドは、様々な種類の癌に対して治療的効果があることが示されており、癌治療、特に、血液学的悪性腫瘍(白血病、リンパ腫、骨髄腫)およびホルモン応答性癌(乳癌および前立腺癌)の治療において、広く使用されている。しばしば、副腎皮質ステロイドは、化学療法を含む治療法の枠組みに合わせて使用される[Lorraine I. McKay and John A. Cidlowski. corticosteroids Cancer Medicine e.5 B.C. Decker Inc., SBN 1-55009-113-12000. by BC Decker Inc. First published 1981. Fifth Edition 2000. 01 02 0 QP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Printed in Canada。
第I群 - 5 mg/kg BW 遊離-MPS;
第II群- 25 mg/kg BW 遊離-MPS;
第III群- 5 mg/kg BW SSL-MPS;
第IV群- 50 mg/kg BW SSL-MPS。
Claims (22)
- リポソーム中に封入されたグルココルチコイド(GC)またはGC誘導体を含む医薬組成物であって、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、リポソーム中に6ヶ月間保持され、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、pKaが3を超える値であり、n−オクタノール/緩衝液(水相)システムによって算出されるpH7におけるlogDが−2.5から1.5の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱酸GCまたはGC誘導体であり、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体は、プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、メチルプレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート、アロプレグナノロンヘミスクシナート;ベクロメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート;ベタメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート;ボルデノンヘミスクシナート;プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、ナトリウム塩;プレドニゾロン21−ヘミスクシナート;ナンドロロンヘミスクシナート;19−ノルテストステロンヘミスクシナート;デオキシコルチコステロン21−ヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート:スペルミン;コルチコステロンヘミスクシナート;コルテキソロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(MPS)およびヒドロコルチゾンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(HYD)から成る群から選択され、ここでGC誘導体は、ベタメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート、プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、ナトリウム塩;プレドニゾロン21−ヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート:スペルミン;コルチコステロンヘミスクシナート;プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(MPS)およびヒドロコルチゾンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(HYD)から成る群から選択される医薬組成物。 - 請求項1に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記GC誘導体が、前記リポソームから体液中に放出されたときに活性型GCに転換されるプロドラッグである医薬組成物。
- 請求項1または請求項2に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記リポソームがリン脂質を含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項3に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記リポソームが、リン脂質、リポポリマーおよびコレステロールの組み合わせを含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項4に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記リポソームが、水素化ダイズホスファチジルコリン(hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine)(HSPC)、ポリエチレングリコールコーティングジステアロイルホスファチジルエタノールアミン(PEG−DSPE)およびコレステロールの組み合わせを含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項1から請求項5の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記リポソームが、立体的に安定なリポソーム(SSL)である医薬組成物。
- 請求項3から請求項6の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体と前記リン脂質とのモル比が、0.01から2.0の間である医薬組成物。
- 請求項7に記載の医薬組成物であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体と前記リン脂質とのモル比が、0.04から0.25の間である医薬組成物。
- 請求項1から8の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物であって、神経変性障害の治療のための医薬組成物。
- 請求項9に記載の医薬組成物であって、多発性硬化症の治療のための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1から8の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物であって、癌の治療のための医薬組成物。
- 医薬組成物の作製のためのGCまたはGC誘導体の使用であって、
前記医薬組成物は、リポソーム中に封入された前記GCまたはGC誘導体を含み、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、リポソーム中に6ヶ月間保持され、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、pKaが3を超える値であり、n−オクタノール/緩衝液(水相)システムによって算出されるpH7におけるlogDが−2.5から1.5の間の範囲である、両親媒性弱酸GCまたはGC誘導体であり、
前記GCまたはGC誘導体は、プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、メチルプレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート、アロプレグナノロンヘミスクシナート;ベクロメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート;ベタメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート;ボルデノンヘミスクシナート;プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、ナトリウム塩;プレドニゾロン21−ヘミスクシナート;ナンドロロンヘミスクシナート;19−ノルテストステロンヘミスクシナート;デオキシコルチコステロン21−ヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート:スペルミン;コルチコステロンヘミスクシナート;コルテキソロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(MPS)およびヒドロコルチゾンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(HYD)から成る群から選択され、ここでGC誘導体は、ベタメタゾン21−ヘミスクシナート、プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート、ナトリウム塩;プレドニゾロン21−ヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート;デキサメサゾンヘミスクシナート:スペルミン;コルチコステロンヘミスクシナート;プレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンヘミスクシナート;メチルプレドニゾロンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(MPS)およびヒドロコルチゾンナトリウムヘミスクシナート(HYD)から成る群から選択される使用。 - 請求項12に記載の使用であって、前記GC誘導体が、前記リポソームから体液中に放出されたときに活性型GCに転換されるプロドラッグである使用。
- 請求項12または請求項13に記載の使用であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、リン脂質を含むリポソームに封入される使用。
- 請求項14に記載の使用であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、リン脂質、リポポリマーおよびコレステロールの組み合わせを含むリポソームに封入される使用。
- 請求項15に記載の使用であって、前記リポソームが、水素化ダイズホスファチジルコリン(hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine)(HSPC)、ポリエチレングリコールコーティングジステアロイルホスファチジルエタノールアミン(PEG−DSPE)およびコレステロールの組み合わせを含む使用。
- 請求項12から請求項16の何れか1項に記載の使用であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体が、立体的に安定なリポソーム(SSL)に封入されている使用。
- 請求項14から請求項17の何れか1項に記載の使用であって、前記GCまたはGC誘導体と前記リン脂質とのモル比が、0.01から2.0の間である使用。
- 請求項14から請求項18の何れか1項に記載の使用であって、前記グルココルチコイド誘導体と前記リン脂質とのモル比が、0.04から0.25の間である使用。
- 請求項12から請求項19の何れか1項に記載の使用であって、神経変性障害の治療のための医薬組成物の作製のための使用。
- 請求項20に記載の使用であって、前記神経変性障害が、多発性硬化症である使用。
- 請求項12から請求項19の何れか1項に記載の使用であって、癌の治療のための医薬組成物の作製のための使用。
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PCT/IL2005/000963 WO2006027787A1 (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-11 | Liposomal compositions of glucocorticoid and glucocorticoid derivatives |
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US20080003276A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
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AU2005281351A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
CA2579695A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
CN101043875A (zh) | 2007-09-26 |
EP1793804A2 (en) | 2007-06-13 |
CA2579786A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US8932627B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 |
AU2005281351B2 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
CN101043875B (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
EP1791525A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
WO2006027786A8 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
WO2006027786A2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP2008512446A (ja) | 2008-04-24 |
AU2005281352B2 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
US20080058294A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
US7744920B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 |
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US20150093434A1 (en) | 2015-04-02 |
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