JP5223309B2 - 色素増感型太陽電池 - Google Patents
色素増感型太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5223309B2 JP5223309B2 JP2007300107A JP2007300107A JP5223309B2 JP 5223309 B2 JP5223309 B2 JP 5223309B2 JP 2007300107 A JP2007300107 A JP 2007300107A JP 2007300107 A JP2007300107 A JP 2007300107A JP 5223309 B2 JP5223309 B2 JP 5223309B2
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- dye
- layer
- metal
- silver
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 120
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- NDGRWYRVNANFNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazolidin-3-one Chemical class O=C1CCNN1 NDGRWYRVNANFNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BBFCIBZLAVOLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;bromide Chemical compound Br.C1=CC=NC=C1 BBFCIBZLAVOLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;iodide Chemical compound I.C1=CC=NC=C1 BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical group C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical group O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003236 pyrrolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007717 redox polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007261 regionalization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001022 rhodamine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- KIWUVOGUEXMXSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodanine Chemical class O=C1CSC(=S)N1 KIWUVOGUEXMXSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- HZXJVDYQRYYYOR-UHFFFAOYSA-K scandium(iii) trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Sc+3].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F HZXJVDYQRYYYOR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrachloride Chemical class Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 description 1
- ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver bromoiodide Chemical compound [Ag].IBr ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTXIVEZZTQLQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver nitric acid nitrate Chemical compound [N+](=O)(O)[O-].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Ag+] UTXIVEZZTQLQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NRHMKIHPTBHXPF-TUJRSCDTSA-M sodium cholate Chemical compound [Na+].C([C@H]1C[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC([O-])=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 NRHMKIHPTBHXPF-TUJRSCDTSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940079827 sodium hydrogen sulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium polysulfide Chemical compound [Na+].S HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940001482 sodium sulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DBKCLWTWMFVXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium sulfuric acid chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-].OS(O)(=O)=O DBKCLWTWMFVXQN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KICVIQZBYBXLQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC1=CC=C(O)C(S([O-])(=O)=O)=C1 KICVIQZBYBXLQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MWNQXXOSWHCCOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium;oxido carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]OC([O-])=O MWNQXXOSWHCCOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007962 solid dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003637 steroidlike Effects 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000006296 sulfonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N(*)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004962 sulfoxyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XPQYLUGYVZNMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum(5+);2,2,2-trifluoroethanolate Chemical compound [Ta+5].[O-]CC(F)(F)F.[O-]CC(F)(F)F.[O-]CC(F)(F)F.[O-]CC(F)(F)F.[O-]CC(F)(F)F XPQYLUGYVZNMLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- KEBMUYGRNKVZOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetra(propan-2-yl)silane Chemical compound CC(C)[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)C(C)C KEBMUYGRNKVZOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutyl silicate Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- REWDXIKKFOQRID-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylsilane Chemical compound CCCC[Si](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC REWDXIKKFOQRID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFCAKJKUYFLYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutyltin Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC AFCAKJKUYFLYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCZQFJFZMMALHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylsilane Chemical compound CC[Si](CC)(CC)CC VCZQFJFZMMALHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWWNQEOPUOCKGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethyltin Chemical compound CC[Sn](CC)(CC)CC RWWNQEOPUOCKGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ACOVYJCRYLWRLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethoxygermane Chemical compound CO[Ge](OC)(OC)OC ACOVYJCRYLWRLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXKWYPOMXBVZSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyltin Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)C VXKWYPOMXBVZSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JTGNPNLBCGBCMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraoctylstannane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Sn](CCCCCCCC)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC JTGNPNLBCGBCMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUEKXCXHTXJYAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapropan-2-yl silicate Chemical compound CC(C)O[Si](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C ZUEKXCXHTXJYAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003549 thiazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(II) chloride (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sn+2] AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributoxyalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] MYWQGROTKMBNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003866 trichloromethyl group Chemical group ClC(Cl)(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- OQHFCGMHBBJUAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(2-ethoxyethoxy)germane Chemical compound C(C)OCCO[Ge](OCC)(OCC)OCC OQHFCGMHBBJUAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(ethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](CC)(OCC)OCC DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCSUQOHFBBQHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)stannane Chemical compound CCO[Sn](C)(OCC)OCC VCSUQOHFBBQHQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUZKVHDUZDJKHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl arsorite Chemical compound CCO[As](OCC)OCC BUZKVHDUZDJKHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JGOJQVLHSPGMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl stiborite Chemical compound [Sb+3].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JGOJQVLHSPGMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004044 trifluoroacetyl group Chemical group FC(C(=O)*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000005951 trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000876 trifluoromethoxy group Chemical group FC(F)(F)O* 0.000 description 1
- OPSWAWSNPREEFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K triphenoxyalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-]C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C1=CC=CC=C1 OPSWAWSNPREEFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRXVCYGHAUGABY-UHFFFAOYSA-O tris(4-bromophenyl)azanium Chemical compound C1=CC(Br)=CC=C1[NH+](C=1C=CC(Br)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 ZRXVCYGHAUGABY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003176 water-insoluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
Description
本発明の透光性導電性基板は、基材上の銀細線に導電性金属がメッキされ、更に、少なくとも該導電性金属メッキ層上に導電性被覆層が形成されたことを特徴とする色素増感型太陽電池用の透光性導電性基板であって、メッキされた金属細線の線幅が5μm〜20μmであることが特徴である。この金属細線の線幅は、好ましくは6μm〜15μm、最も好ましくは7μm〜10μm程度である。また、本発明においては、前記金属細線と前記銀細線との線幅比が1.2〜2.0の範囲であることが特徴である。ここで線幅比とは、メッキ前の銀細線に対して、メッキ後の金属細線の基板に対して垂直方向から観察した線幅比を表し、〔(線幅比)=(金属細線幅)/(銀細線幅)〕の関係である。線幅比率が1.2以上の場合には、メッキ金属が十分に形成されるため十分な低抵抗膜を得ることが出来き、本発明の効果が特に高く好ましい。また、線幅比率が2以下の場合には、元の銀細線パターンを維持し、線の交点同士がきれいな角を作り高い開口率を維持できるため好ましい。中でも、線幅比率が1.3〜1.7、更には1.3〜1.5となる態様が前述の効果が高く特に好ましい。メッキ前後のパターンの線幅の測定については、測距機能を有したマイクロスコープなどを用いて簡便に測定することが出来る。
本発明においては、後述する感光性ハロゲン化銀及びバインダーを含有するハロゲン化銀乳剤含有層が支持体上に設けられるが、ハロゲン化銀乳剤含有層はこの他に硬膜剤、硬調化剤、活性剤などを含有することができる。
本発明で用いられるハロゲン化銀粒子の組成は、塩化銀、臭化銀、塩臭化銀、沃臭化銀、塩沃臭化銀、塩沃化銀など任意のハロゲン組成を有するものであってもよいが、階調を硬くし、露光安定性を向上させるためには塩臭化銀粒子が好ましく用いられる。臭素を含有させることによりハロゲン化銀粒子の保存安定性が向上するが、臭素含有率が高くなりすぎると現像性が低下しやすく、またハロゲン化銀塗布量が1.5g/m2未満と少ない場合は特に軟調化しやすいことから、臭素含有率は2から30モル%、更に好ましくは5から20モル%である。
本発明に係るハロゲン化銀乳剤含有層において、ハロゲン化銀粒子を均一に分散させ、且つハロゲン化銀粒子を支持体上に担持し、ハロゲン化銀乳剤含有層と支持体の接着性を確保する目的でバインダーを用いる。本発明に用いることができるバインダーには特に制限がなく、非水溶性ポリマー及び水溶性ポリマーのいずれも用いることができるが、現像性向上の観点からは水溶性ポリマーを用いることが好ましい。
本発明においては、透光性導電性基板の紫外線による劣化を避けるために紫外線吸収剤を使用することが好ましい。
本発明においては、エッジが明瞭な銀細線パターンを描くために感光材料は硬調である態様が好ましく、その方法として、塩化銀含有量を高くして粒径の分布を狭くする方法、あるいはヒドラジン化合物やテトラゾリウム化合物を硬調化剤として使用することが好ましい。ヒドラジン化合物は−NHNH−基を有する化合物であり、代表的なものを下記一般式(A)で示す。
式中、Tは各々置換されてもよいアリール基、ヘテロ環基を表す。Tで表されるアリール基はベンゼン環やナフタレン環を含むもので、この環は置換基を有してもよく、好ましい置換基として、直鎖、分岐のアルキル基(好ましくは炭素数1〜20のメチル基、エチル基、イソプロピル基、n−ドデシル基など)、アルコキシ基(好ましくは炭素数2〜21のメトキシ基、エトキシ基など)、脂肪族アシルアミノ基(好ましくは炭素数2〜21のアルキル基を持つ、アセチルアミノ基、ヘプチルアミノ基など)、芳香族アシルアミノ基などが挙げられ、これらの他に、例えば、上記のような置換または未置換の芳香族環が−CONH−、−O−、−SO2NH−、−NHCONH−、−CH2CH=N−などの連結基で結合しているものも含む。
(H−2):1−トリフロロメチルカルボニル−2−{4−〔2−(2,4−ジ−t−ペンチルフェノキシ)ブチルアミド〕フェニル}ヒドラジン
(H−3):1−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジル−4−アミノ−オキザリル)−2−{4−〔2−(2,4−ジ−t−ペンチルフェノキシ)ブチルアミド〕フェニル}ヒドラジン
(H−4):1−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジル−4−アミノ−オキザリル)−2−{4−〔2−(2,4−ジ−t−ペンチルフェノキシ)ブチルアミド〕フェニルスルホンアミド}ヒドラジン
(H−5):1−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジル−4−アミノ−オキザリル)−2−{4−〔3−(4−クロロフェニル−4−フェニル−3−チア)ブタンアミド〕ベンゼンスルホンアミド}ヒドラジン
(H−6):1−(2,2,6,6−テトラメチルピペリジル−4−アミノ−オキザリル)−2−(4−(3−チア−6,9,12,15−テトラオキサトリコサンアミド)ベンゼンスルホンアミド)フェニルヒドラジン
(H−7):1−(1−メチレンカルボニルピリジニウム)−2−(4−(3−チア−6,9,12,15−テトラオキサトリコサンアミド)ベンゼンスルホンアミド)フェニルヒドラジンクロライド。
本発明で用いられる光透過性基材は実質的に透明であることが好ましく、光の透過率が50%以上であることを意味し、80%以上であることが好ましく、95%以上であることが特に好ましい。材質としてはガラス板や、酸化チタンやアルミナなどのセラミックの研磨板、更に公知の種々のプラスチックシートを使用することが可能である。
本発明に係る感光材料においては、後述する現像、物理現像、メッキ処理により、導電性金属パターンを形成するために感光材料の露光を行う。露光に用いられる光源としては、例えば、可視光線、紫外線などの光、電子線、X線などの放射線などが挙げられるが、紫外線または近赤外線を用いることが好ましい。更に露光には波長分布を有する光源を利用してもよく、波長分布の狭い光源を用いてもよい。
本発明では、感光材料を露光した後、現像処理が行われる。現像処理は発色現像主薬を含有しない、いわゆる黒白現像処理であることが好ましい。
本発明では、後に説明する電解メッキ処理を効率よく行うため、物理現像処理によって現像銀同士の接触を促し、導電性を高めることが好ましい。物理現像処理とは現像処理中、あるいは処理後に予め感光材料中に含有されていない銀源を外部から供給し、導電性を高める処理のことを指す。物理現像は、潜像を有するハロゲン化銀乳剤を含有する感光材料を銀イオンあるいは銀錯イオンと還元剤を含有する処理液に浸漬することで、これを施すことができる。本発明においては、物理現像の現像開始点が潜像核だけでなく、現像銀が物理現像開始点となった場合についても物理現像と定義し、これを好ましく用いることができる。
本発明においては、メッキ処理により導電性金属パターンを形成してなることを特徴とするが、このメッキ処理には従来公知の種々のメッキ方法を用いることができ、例えば、電解メッキ及び無電解メッキを単独、あるいは組み合わせて実施することができる。
本発明においては、現像処理あるいは物理現像またはメッキ処理後に酸化処理を行うことが好ましい。酸化処理により、不要な金属成分をイオン化して溶解除去することが可能となり、透過率をより高めることが可能となる。
本発明においては、低抵抗化と高い開口率を付与するために格子状、あるいはアンテナ形状の細線パターンを露光により描画し、次いで現像処理などを行うことで、導電性金属パターンを形成することが好ましい。
本発明においては、上記基材上の銀細線に導電性金属がメッキされた金属細線を有し、更に、少なくとも導電性金属メッキ層上に導電性被覆層が形成されることが特徴である。この導電性被覆層に使用する導電性材料としては、公知種々の金属や金属酸化物等からなる無機系導電性材料、ポリマー系導電性材料、無機有機複合型の導電性材料、カーボン系材料、またはこれらを任意に混合した導電性材料など、あらゆるものを使用することができる。本発明の導電性被覆層は、半導体多孔質膜から電子注入される目的だけでなく、電解質層に含まれるヨウ素レドックスによる集電グリッドの腐食を防止する保護層の効果も併せ持つことが好ましい。
本発明に係る半導体多孔質膜層を形成する多孔質体は、金属酸化物に代表されるセラミック半導体微粒子から成ることが好ましい。半導体微粒子の組成は価電子帯(VB)と伝導帯(CB)のバンドギャップが3eV程度あれば特に限定しないが、ナノポーラス膜の形成し易さから金属酸化物であることが好ましい。代表的な金属酸化物としては、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化錫、酸化インジウム、酸化ニオブ、酸化タングステン、酸化ジルコニウム、チタン酸ストロンチウム、チタン酸バリウム、チタン酸カルシウムなどを上げることが出来、中でも酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛、酸化錫、酸化ニオブ、チタン酸ストロンチウムが伝導帯のエネルギーレベルや色素の吸着性を考慮すると好ましく、さらには酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛が好ましく、酸化チタンが最も好ましい。また、本発明においては、色素増感型太陽電池の性能向上を目的に、前記半導体微粒子を混合して成る構成でもよく、さらには半導体Aの表面に半導体Bを被覆して成るコアシェル微粒子ないしコンポジット微粒子を用いてもよい。
上記一般式において、Mは金属(例えば、Li、Be、B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Cd、In、Ir、Sn、Sb、Cs、Ba、La、Hf、Ta、W、Tl、Pb、Bi、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu等)を表し、R1はアルキル基、R2はアルコキシ基、R3はβ−ジケトン配位基、β−ケトカルボン酸エステル配位基、β−ケトカルボン酸配位基及びケトオキシ基(ケトオキシ配位基)から選ばれる基であり、金属Mの価数をmとした場合、x+y+z=mであり、x=0〜m、またはx=0〜m−1であり、y=0〜m、z=0〜mで、何れも0または正の整数である。
(1)半導体微粒子を含有する懸濁液を導電性基材上に塗布し、乾燥及び焼成を行って半導体層を形成する方法、
(2)コロイド溶液中に導電性基材を浸漬して電気泳動により半導体微粒子を導電性基材上に付着させる泳動電着法、
(3)コロイド溶液や分散液に発泡剤を混合して塗布した後、焼結して多孔質化する方法、
(4)ポリマーマイクロビーズを混合して塗布した後、このポリマーマイクロビーズを加熱処理や化学処理により除去して空隙を形成させ多孔質化する方法などを適用することができる。
本発明において、前述した図1の半導体多孔質膜層2の表面に吸着させる色素3としては、種々の可視光領域および/または赤外光領域に吸収を有し、金属酸化物半導体の伝導帯より高い最低空準位を有する色素が好ましく、公知の様々な色素を使用することができる。例えば、アゾ系色素、キノン系色素、キノンイミン系色素、キナクリドン系色素、スクアリリウム系色素、シアニン系色素、シアニジン系色素、メロシアニン系色素、トリフェニルメタン系色素、キサンテン系色素、ポルフィリン系色素、ペリレン系色素、インジゴ系色素、フタロシアニン系色素、ナフタロシアニン系色素、ローダミン系色素などが挙げられる。なお、金属錯体色素も好ましく使用され、その場合においては、Cu、Ni、Fe、Co、V、Sn、Si、Ti、Ge、Cr、Zn、Ru、Mg、Al、Pb、Mn、In、Mo、Y、Zr、Nb、Sb、La、W、Pt、Ta、Ir、Pd、Os、Ga、Tb、Eu、Rb、Bi、Se、As、Sc、Ag、Cd、Hf、Re、Au、Ac、Tc、Te、Rhなどの種々の金属を用いることができる。
電荷移動層は色素の酸化体に電子を補充する機能を有する電荷輸送材料を含有する層である。本発明で用いることのできる代表的な電荷輸送材料の例としては、酸化還元対イオンが溶解した溶剤や酸化還元対イオンを含有する常温溶融塩などの電解液、酸化還元対イオンの溶液をポリマーマトリクスや低分子ゲル化剤等に含浸したゲル状の擬固体化電解質、更には高分子固体電解質等が挙げられる。また、イオンが関わる電荷輸送材料の他に、固体中のキャリア移動が電気伝導に関わる材料として、電子輸送材料や正孔(ホール)輸送材料を挙げることもでき、これらは併用することも可能である。
本発明で使用できるカソード電極は、前述した導電性基材と同様に、それ自体が導電性を有する基材の単層構造、またはその表面に対極導電層を有する基材を利用することができる。後者の場合、対極導電層に用いる導電性材料、基材、更にその製造方法としては、前述した透光性導電性基板1の場合と同様で、公知の種々の材料及び方法を適用することができる。その中でも、I3-イオン等の酸化や他のレドックスイオンの還元反応を充分な速さで行わせる触媒能を持ったものを使用することが好ましく、具体的には白金電極、導電材料表面に白金メッキや白金蒸着を施したもの、ロジウム金属、ルテニウム金属、酸化ルテニウム、カーボン等が挙げられる。また、前述と同様にコスト面や可撓性を考慮すると、プラスチックシートを基材として使用し、導電性材料としてポリマー系材料を塗布して使用することも好ましい態様の1つである。
《透光性導電性基材の作製》
〔下引層形成〕
200μm厚の二軸延伸PEN支持体の片面に12W・min/m2のコロナ放電処理を施し、下引塗布液B−1を乾燥膜厚0.1μmになるように塗布し、その上に12W・min/m2のコロナ放電処理を施し、下引塗布液B−2を乾燥膜厚0.06μmになるように塗布した。その後、120℃で1.5分の熱処理を実施し、下引済みPENフィルム支持体(Base1)を得た。
スチレン20質量部、グリシジルメタクリレート40質量部、ブチルアクリレート40質量部の共重合体ラテックス液(固形分質量30%) 50g
SnO2ゾル(A) 440g
化合物(UL−1) 0.2g
水で仕上げる 1000ml
〈下引塗布液B−2〉
ゼラチン 10g
化合物(UL−1) 0.2g
化合物(UL−2) 0.2g
シリカ粒子(平均粒径3μm) 0.1g
硬膜剤(UL−3) 1g
水で仕上げる 1000ml
SnO2ゾル(A)の調製
65gのSnCl4・5H2Oを蒸留水2000mlに溶解して均一溶液とし、次いでこれを煮沸し、沈澱物を得た。生成した沈澱物をデカンテーションにより取り出し、蒸留水にて何度も水洗する。沈澱を水洗した蒸留水中に硝酸銀を滴下し、塩素イオンの反応がないことを確認後、洗浄した沈澱物に蒸留水を添加し全量を2000mlとする。これに30%アンモニア水40mlを加え加温することにより、均一なゾルを得た。更にアンモニア水を添加しながら、SnO2の固形分濃度が8.3質量%になるまで加熱濃縮し、SnO2ゾル(A)を得た。
反応容器内で下記溶液−Aを34℃に保ち、特開昭62−160128号公報記載の混合撹拌装置を用いて高速に撹拌しながら、硝酸(濃度6%)を用いてpHを2.95に調整した。引き続き、ダブルジェット法を用いて下記(溶液−B)と下記(溶液−C)を一定の流量で8分6秒間かけて添加した。添加終了後に、炭酸ナトリウム(濃度5%)を用いてpHを5.90に調整し、続いて下記(溶液−D)と(溶液−E)を添加した。
アルカリ処理不活性ゼラチン(平均分子量10万) 18.7g
塩化ナトリウム 0.31g
下記(溶液−I) 1.59ml
純水 1246ml。
硝酸銀 169.9g
硝酸(濃度6%) 5.89ml
純水にて317.1mlに仕上げる。
アルカリ処理不活性ゼラチン(平均分子量10万) 5.66g
塩化ナトリウム 58.8g
臭化カリウム 13.3g
下記(溶液−I) 0.85ml
下記(溶液−II) 2.72ml
純水にて317.1mlに仕上げる。
2−メチル−4ヒドロキシ−1,3,3a,7−テトラアザインデン 0.56g
純水 112.1ml。
アルカリ処理不活性ゼラチン(平均分子量10万) 3.96g
下記(溶液−I) 0.40ml
純水 128.5ml。
界面活性剤:ポリイソプロピレンポリエチレンオキシジコハク酸エステルナトリウム塩の10質量%メタノール溶液
(溶液−II)
六塩化ロジウム錯体の10質量%水溶液。
アルカリ処理不活性ゼラチン(平均分子量10万) 16.5g
純水 139.8ml。
上述のように下引層を施した支持体Base1上に、前述のように調製したハロゲン化銀微粒子乳剤EMP−1を、塗布銀量が銀換算で0.8g/m2となるように塗布を行った後、乾燥して、感光材料101を作製した。
上述のようにして製造した感光材料101に対して、ライン幅が8μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを介して、紫外線ランプを用いて露光を行った。次いで、下記現像液(DEV−1)を用いて35℃で30秒間現像処理を行った後、下記定着液(FIX−1)を用いて35℃で60秒間の定着処理を行い、それに続けて水洗処理を行った。更に下記物理現像液(PD−1)を用いて、30℃5分間の物理現像を行い、次いで水洗処理を行った。その後、試料を300mm×300mmサイズに切り揃えた後、メッキ液(EPL−1)を用いて25℃で電解銅メッキ処理を行った。電解銅メッキにおける電流制御は3Aで1分間、次いで1Aで8分間、計9分間かけて処理し、水洗および乾燥を行いメッキ被覆された集電グリッド基板を得た。
純水 500ml
メトール 2g
無水亜硫酸ナトリウム 80g
ハイドロキノン 4g
ホウ砂 4g
チオ硫酸ナトリウム 10g
臭化カリウム 0.5g
水を加えて全量を1Lとする。
純水 750ml
チオ硫酸ナトリウム 250g
無水亜硫酸ナトリウム 15g
氷酢酸 15ml
カリミョウバン 15g
水を加えて全量を1Lとする。
純水 800ml
クエン酸 31g
ハイドロキノン 7.8g
リン酸水素二ナトリウム 1.1g
アンモニア水(28%) 2.2ml
硝酸銀 1.5g
水を加えて全量を1Lとする。
硫酸銅(五水和物) 200g
硫酸 50g
塩化ナトリウム 0.1g
水を加えて全量を1Lとする。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、ライン幅が5μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを用い、また、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで1.5分間、次いで1Aで8.5分間、計10分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S102を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、ライン幅が11μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを用い、また、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで0.5分間、次いで1Aで8分間、計8.5分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S103を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで1分間、次いで1Aで9分間、計10分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S104を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、ライン幅が5μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを用い、また、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで1分間、次いで1Aで8分間、計9分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S105を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、ライン幅が11μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを用い、また、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで1分間、次いで1Aで10分間、計11分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S106を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101の作製において、ライン幅が5μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを用い、また、電解銅メッキにおける電流制御を3Aで1分間、次いで1Aで7.5分間、計8.5分間かけて実施した以外はS101と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S107を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S105の作製において、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)材に換えて、フッ素ドープ酸化スズ(FTO)材をターゲットに、高周波マグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用い、前記集電グリッド上および開口部に膜厚が0.3μmになるように導電性被覆層を形成させた以外はS105と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S108を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S105の作製において、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)材に換えて、PEDOT/PSSを乾燥膜厚が1μmになるようにワイヤーバーを用いて塗布し、120℃で乾燥させ、導電性被覆層を形成させた以外はS105と同様にして、透光性導電性基板S109を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S105の作製において、導電性被覆層を形成しない以外はS105と同様にしてS110を作製した。
200μm厚の二軸延伸PEN支持体の片面に、直接スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)材をターゲットに、高周波マグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用い、膜厚が0.15μmになるように導電性被覆層を形成させ、透光性導電性基板S111を作製した。
二軸延伸PEN支持体の片面に厚さ9μmの銅箔を、ウレタン系接着剤(Tg;20℃、平均分子量;3万)を用いたドライラミネーション加工により貼り合わせ、銅箔上にレジストを塗布してレジスト層を形成し、ライン幅が15μm、ライン同士の間隔が500μmの格子状のフォトマスクを介して、紫外線ランプを用いて露光を行った。次いで、銅箔をエッチングし、その後にレジスト除去を行った。
〔SC−101の作製〕
前記、透光性導電性基板S101上に、高周波マグネトロンスパッタリング装置を用い、短絡防止層として酸化チタンをターゲット材に10nmの半導体膜を形成させた。その上から、光吸収層用の酸化チタンペースト(SOLARONIX社製Ti−Nanoxide−TL)をスクリーン印刷法にて塗布し、自然乾燥の後、同様にして光反射層用の酸化チタンペースト(触媒化成工業社製HPW−400C)を印刷した。前記光吸収層用の酸化チタンペーストにより形成される半導体多孔質膜の膜厚は約12μm、光反射層は2μm膜厚となるように、スクリーン印刷法で重ね印刷することで調製した。自然乾燥させた後、120℃の乾燥ゾーンに30分かけて通し、形成した半導体多孔質膜を5mm×5mm(有効面積0.25cm2)になるように周囲を削りとり、更に120℃で60分間乾燥処理して、基板上に酸化チタンからなる半導体多孔質膜層を形成した。乾燥処理後、80℃程度まで冷却したところで、色素増感型太陽電池用のルテニウム錯体色素化合物A(N719)の3.0×10-3mol/L、アセトニトリル:t−ブタノール=1:1の溶液に24時間浸漬し、色素吸着後、前記のアセトニトリル:t−ブタノール溶液で過剰な色素を十分に洗い落とし、真空乾燥して色素を吸着させた半導体多孔質膜層を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101に換えて、S102〜S112を用いた以外は同様にして、それぞれSC−102〜SC−112を作製した。
透光性導電性基板S101〜S111において、電解銅メッキ処理前、及び処理後において、格子パターンを形成しているラインの線幅をマイクロスコープMS−804(モリテックス製)を用いて測定し、その比率を求め表1に示した。S112も同様にして、ニッケル(Ni)−スズ(Sn)合金を電解メッキした後の線幅を測定し表1に示した。
透光性導電性基板S101〜S112において、電解銅メッキ処理後、表面を導電性被覆層で被覆した透光性導電性基板における表面抵抗値を、抵抗率計(ロレスタGP(MCP−T610型):(株)ダイヤインスツルメンツ製)を用いて測定した。測定はシートの中心部で行い、その結果を表1に示した。
上記方法で作製した太陽電池セルについて、ソーラーシミュレーター(日本分光社製、低エネルギー分光感度測定装置CEP−25)により、AM1.5フィルタ、100mW/m2の強度の光を照射した時の特性を測定し、短絡電流Jsc(mA/cm2)および開放電圧値Voc(V)を、同じ構成および作製方法で3つ評価し平均値を表1に示した。またJsc、VocとFF(フィルファクター)から光電変換効率η(%)を求め同じく表1に示した。
〔SC−201の作製〕
SC−101の作製において、スクリーン印刷法で印刷した半導体多孔質膜を100mm×100mm(有効面積100cm2)になるように作製した以外は、SC−101と同様にしてSC−201を作製した。
SC−201の作製に用いたスクリーン印刷法で印刷した半導体多孔質膜を用いて形成した透光性導電性基板(S101)に換えて、同様に形成した透光性導電性基板(S102〜S112)を用いた以外は同様にして、それぞれSC−202〜SC−212を作製した。
上記方法で作製した太陽電池セルについて、ソーラーシミュレーター(日本分光社製、低エネルギー分光感度測定装置CEP−25)により、AM1.5フィルタ、100mW/m2の強度の光を照射した時の特性を測定し、短絡電流Jsc(mA/cm2)および開放電圧値Voc(V)を、同じ構成および作製方法で3つ評価し平均値を表2に示した。またJsc、VocとFF(フィルファクター)から光電変換効率η(%)を求め同じく表2に示した。
S101〜S112の耐腐食性試験
《ヨウ素による耐腐食実験》
上記方法で作製した透光性導電性基板のヨウ素電解質に対する耐腐食性を確認するため、色素増感型太陽電池に用いられるヨウ素電解質を用意した。体積比が1:4であるアセトニトリル:炭酸エチレンの混合溶媒に、ヨウ化リチウム0.10モル/リットル、1,2−ジメチル−3−プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイド0.60モル/リットル、ヨウ素0.05モル/リットル、4−t−ブチルピリジン0.50モル/リットルを溶解したレドックス電解液を調製し、50℃に恒温に保持した液に、上記作製した透光性導電性基板を48時間浸漬し、浸漬前後の表面抵抗値を測定した。表面抵抗値は抵抗率計(ロレスタGP(MCP−T610型):(株)ダイヤインスツルメンツ製)を用いて測定した。結果を表3に示す。
2 半導体多孔質膜層
3 色素
4 電荷移動層
5 カソード電極
6 対向基板
7 封止剤
11 光透過性基材
12 銀細線
13 導電性金属メッキ層
14 導電性被覆層
21 光吸収層
22 光反射層
Claims (5)
- 基材上の銀細線に導電性金属メッキ層を形成した金属細線を有し、少なくとも該金属細線上に導電性被覆層を有する透光性導電性基板を用いた色素増感型太陽電池であって、該金属細線の線幅が5μm〜20μmであり、且つ、前記金属細線と前記銀細線との線幅比が1.2〜2.0(線幅比=金属細線幅/銀細線幅)の範囲であることを特徴とする色素増感型太陽電池。
- 前記金属細線が形成された層の開口率が、93%〜98%の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の色素増感型太陽電池。
- 前記金属細線と銀細線との線幅比が、1.3〜1.7であることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の色素増感型太陽電池。
- 前記導電性被覆層が、金属酸化物からなることを特徴とする請求項1ないし3の何れか1項に記載の色素増感型太陽電池。
- 前記導電性被覆層が、導電性高分子からなることを特徴とする請求項1ないし3の何れか1項に記載の色素増感型太陽電池。
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