JP5048760B2 - Raid管理、再割振り、およびリストライピングのためのシステムおよび方法 - Google Patents
Raid管理、再割振り、およびリストライピングのためのシステムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
- G06F3/0614—Improving the reliability of storage systems
- G06F3/0619—Improving the reliability of storage systems in relation to data integrity, e.g. data losses, bit errors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
- G06F3/0604—Improving or facilitating administration, e.g. storage management
- G06F3/0607—Improving or facilitating administration, e.g. storage management by facilitating the process of upgrading existing storage systems, e.g. for improving compatibility between host and storage device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0602—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems specifically adapted to achieve a particular effect
- G06F3/0608—Saving storage space on storage systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
- G06F3/0629—Configuration or reconfiguration of storage systems
- G06F3/0632—Configuration or reconfiguration of storage systems by initialisation or re-initialisation of storage systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0628—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems making use of a particular technique
- G06F3/0646—Horizontal data movement in storage systems, i.e. moving data in between storage devices or systems
- G06F3/0647—Migration mechanisms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
- G06F3/0601—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems
- G06F3/0668—Interfaces specially adapted for storage systems adopting a particular infrastructure
- G06F3/0671—In-line storage system
- G06F3/0683—Plurality of storage devices
- G06F3/0689—Disk arrays, e.g. RAID, JBOD
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
- G06F2211/10—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/10
- G06F2211/1002—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/1076
- G06F2211/1004—Adaptive RAID, i.e. RAID system adapts to changing circumstances, e.g. RAID1 becomes RAID5 as disks fill up
Description
本開示を使用する記憶システムは、最初に、ディスク・アレイ上に様々な特性を有する1組のRAIDデバイスを構築することができる。RAIDデバイスは、本明細書で「ページ」と呼ぶ単位に論理的に分割することができ、ページのサイズは多数のブロックであり得る。典型的なページ・サイズは4096ブロックでよい。しかし、原理上は、1ブロック以上の任意のページ・サイズを使用することができる。しかしながら、ページ・サイズは一般に、2のべき乗のブロック数を含む。こうしたページを仮想ボリューム管理ソフトウェアにより管理することができる。最初に、各RAIDデバイスからのすべてのページをフリーとマークすることができる。必要に応じて、ページを仮想ボリュームに動的に割り振ることができる。即ち、所与のアドレスが最初に書き込まれると判定されたときにページを割り振ることができる。書き込まれる前に読み取られるアドレスには、デフォルト・データ値を与えることができる。仮想ボリューム管理ソフトウェアは、仮想ボリュームアドレスと、RAIDデバイス内のページとの間のマッピングを維持することができる。所与の仮想ボリュームを複数のRAIDデバイスからのページで構成することができ、これは異なる特性を更に有し得ることに留意されたい。
例示のために、5個のディスク102、104、106、108、110を含むディスク・アレイ100が図1Aに示されている。本明細書で開示される様々な実施形態に従って任意の数のディスクを使用することができ、例示的な5個のディスク・システムは、一実施形態を説明するために無作為に選ばれたものであることを理解されたい。最初に、2つのRAIDデバイス、例えばRAIDデバイスA 112およびRAIDデバイスB 114をディスク・アレイ上に構築することができる。残りの空間が存在するならば、それは未割振りおよび未使用でよい。この場合も、本明細書で開示される様々な実施形態に従って任意の数のRAIDデバイスを使用することができ、例示的な2個のRAIDデバイスは、一実施形態を説明するために無作為に選ばれたものであることを理解されたい。複数の仮想ボリュームを、RAIDデバイスに含まれるページから構築することができる。所与の仮想ボリュームの特性を変更することが望まれる場合、残りの空間内に追加のRAIDデバイスを構築することができ、前述のように、適切なページを移行することができる。
5個のディスク202、204、206、208、210を含むディスク・アレイ200を有する別の実施形態が図2Aに示されており、図2Aでは、2つの追加のディスク・ドライブ212、214が既存の構成に追加されている。本明細書で開示される様々な実施形態に従って任意の数のディスクを使用することができ、例示的な5個のディスク・システムは、一実施形態を説明するために無作為に選ばれたものであることを理解されたい。同様に、本明細書で開示される様々な実施形態に従って任意の数のディスクを追加することができ、例示的な2個の追加ディスクは、一実施形態を説明するために無作為に選ばれたものであることを理解されたい。ある実施形態では、システムを再構成し、RAIDデバイスをすべての7個のディスクにわたって分散させることが望ましいことがある。しかしながら、再構成されたRAIDデバイスを使用可能なすべてのディスクにわたって分散させる必要はないことを理解されたい。RAIDデバイスが複数のディスクにわたって分散する一実施形態では、システムの合計スループットは、より多くのハードウェアを並列に使用することにより向上させることができる。更に、RAIDデバイスのレイアウトの制約の結果として、追加のディスクの使用がより効率的となり得る。具体的には、RAID5は典型的に、弾性を実現するために、必要とする独立ディスクの数が最小限であり得る。一般に直面するRAID5の実装は、必要とするディスクが最小5個である。従って、RAIDデバイスA 216とRAIDデバイスB 218との両方から、例えばすべての7個のディスクにまたがる適切な置換手段へページを移行することが望ましいことがある。再構成のための可能なシーケンスが図2B〜図2Dに示されている。
一実施形態では、先に論じたように、リストライピングは以下のものを処理することができる。
・ドライブの追加: 追加のドライブがディスク・ドライブ・システムに追加されたとき、リストライピングは、最適以下の数のドライブを使用するRAIDデバイスを識別することができる。新しいRAIDデバイスを作成することができ、データを移動することができる。元のRAIDデバイスは除去することができる。
・ドライブの取外し: リストライピングは、ディスク・ドライブが取外しのためにマークされている場合、それを検出することができる。こうしたドライブ上に常駐するRAIDデバイスは取外しの候補となることができ、取外しは、ドライブの追加に関するものとほぼ同様に実施することができる。
・RAIDパラメータの変更: 性能を改善するために、RAIDレベル、ストライプ内のディスク数、範囲サイズなどのRAIDパラメータをユーザが変更することができる。リストライピングは、所望されるパラメータと初期パラメータとを比較し、最適ではないRAIDデバイスを移行および/または取外しのために選択することができる。
・均質な1組のディスク・ドライブ上に構築されるRAIDデバイスが好ましい。ディスク・ドライブは、この機能をサポートするために分類することができ、同じカテゴリに属するように同一である必要はない。
・所望される最終的構成のパラメータ(RAIDレベル、ストライプ・サイズ、ディスク領域など)と合致するRAIDデバイスが好ましい。
・物理的に異なるディスク・ドライブに冗長データを配置するRAIDデバイスが好ましい。一例は、別々の筐体内のディスク・ドライブ、別々の通信経路上のディスク・ドライブ、または独立した電源を有するディスク・ドライブを含むことができる。
・置換スコア: 存在する自由空間から構築することのできるRAIDデバイスの最大スコア。置換スコアは、RAIDデバイスのスコアよりも高い場合も、低い場合も、等しい場合もある。
・オーバーレイ・スコア: 現RAIDデバイスが取り外される場合のRAIDデバイスの最大スコア。オーバーレイ・スコアは、RAIDデバイスのスコアよりも高い場合も、低い場合も、等しい場合もある。ある実施形態では、ディスク・フル状態などにおいて、現RAIDデバイスにより既に割り振られている空間を使用してより良好なRAIDデバイスを作成できるかどうかを判定するために、オーバーレイ・スコアが望ましい。
・ディスク・タイプ: RAIDデバイスが誤ったタイプのディスクに常駐する場合、RAIDデバイスのスコアが低くされる。この状況は、ディスクが故障し、適切なタイプの予備が使用可能ではない場合に生じ得る。そのような場合、冗長性は「タイプ純度(type purity)」にわたって維持されることができ、別のディスク・タイプの予備が使用されることができる。
・使用されるディスク数: 一般には、より広範囲のRAIDデバイス(例えば、比較的多数のディスク・ドライブにまたがるRAIDデバイス)が好ましく、そのRAIDデバイスにはより高いスコアを与えられる。別の実施形態では、より独立性の高い障害領域を確立するために、最大幅が考慮され得る。
・使用可能なディスク数: これは、RAIDデバイスの置換スコアおよびオーバーレイ・スコアを求めるために使用される。一実施形態では、予備ディスクを除くディスクが、置換RAIDデバイスを割り振るための十分な空間があるかをチェックされる。他の実施形態では、予備ディスクが、スコアの決定において含られる。空間が存在する場合、置換スコアおよびオーバーレイ・スコアが増加される。
・ディスク断片化: RAIDデバイスの周りに空きディスク空間が存在する場合、RAIDデバイススコアは低くされる。これは、RAIDデバイスを移行することによりディスク断片化が低減され得ることを、リストライピングに対して示すものである。
・RAIDレベル: 所望されるRAIDレベルが初期RAIDレベルに合致するかどうか。これは、ストライプ内のディスクの数を含むことができる。
・RAID範囲サイズ(RAID Extent Size): 所望されるRAIDデバイスの範囲サイズ、即ち、ディスク当たりのブロックが、初期RAIDデバイスの範囲サイズと合致するかどうか。一実施形態では、RAID範囲サイズに基づく決定は、RAIDデバイスのスコアを低くすることができるだけである。
((クラス内ディスク−3×クラス外ディスク)×クラス内ディスク定数)
((フォルダ内ディスク−3×フォルダ外ディスク)×フォルダ内ディスク定数)
Claims (17)
- ディスク・ドライブ・システムにおけるRAIDのリストライピングの方法であって、
複数のRAIDデバイスのそれぞれについて計算された初期スコアと少なくとも1つの第2のスコアとの比較結果に基づいて、前記複数のRAIDデバイスから、移行のためのRAIDデバイスを選択するステップであって、
前記初期スコアは、現在の状態における前記RAIDデバイスに関連するものであり、スコアを求めるための1以上のファクタに基づいて計算されるものであり、
前記第2のスコアは、使用可能なディスク空間に位置する少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに関連するものであり、スコアを求めるための1以上のファクタに基づいて計算されるものである、
選択するステップと、
前記少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに基づいて、少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスを作成するステップと、
前記少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスへ、選択した前記RAIDデバイスに格納されたデータを移動するステップと、
選択した前記RAIDデバイスを取り除くステップと
を備える方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、少なくとも1つの前記第2のスコアが、置換スコアを含み、前記置換スコアは、存在する使用可能なディスク空間に位置する少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスと関連する、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、少なくとも1つの前記第2のスコアが、存在する使用可能なディスク空間と、前記RAIDデバイスにより占有されるディスク空間の少なくとも一部との組合せの中に位置した少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに関連するオーバーレイ・スコアを含む、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、スコアを求めるための1以上の前記ファクタが、RAIDレベル、RAIDストライプ・サイズ、RAID範囲サイズ、ディスク・カテゴリ、ディスク上の位置、ディスク筐体、ディスク筐体電源、およびディスクへの通信経路のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、方法。
- 請求項4に記載の方法であって、前記ファクタが、前記計算で使用される可変の重みを有する、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記初期スコアおよび少なくとも1つの前記第2のスコアのそれぞれが、スコアを求めるための同じファクタを使用して計算される、方法。
- 請求項4に記載の方法であって、複数のRAIDデバイスのそれぞれについて計算された初期スコアと少なくとも1つの第2のスコアとの比較結果に基づいて、移行のためのRAIDデバイスを選択する前記ステップが、少なくとも1つの前記第2のスコアが前記初期スコアよりも良好である場合に前記RAIDデバイスを選択するステップを含む、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、移行のためのRAIDデバイスを選択する前記ステップと、少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスを作成する前記ステップと、データを移動する前記ステップと、選択した前記RAIDデバイスを取り除く前記ステップとが、手動介入なしに自動的に行われる、方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法であって、前記ステップが、前記ディスク・ドライブ・システムへのサーバ・データ・アクセスを損失することなく、また、前記データの弾性を損なうことなく、実施される、方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法であって、前記ステップが、周期的、継続的、RAIDデバイス移行後ごと、ディスク・ドライブの追加時、およびディスク・ドライブの取外し前、のうちの少なくとも1つで実施される、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスへ、選択した前記RAIDデバイスに格納されたデータを移動する前記ステップが、少なくとも1つの一時的RAIDデバイスを作成するステップを更に含む、方法。
- 請求項11に記載の方法であって、選択した前記RAIDデバイスに格納されたデータを前記少なくとも1つの一時的RAIDデバイスへ移動し、次いで、前記一時的RAIDデバイスから前記少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスへ移動するステップを更に含む方法。
- ディスク・ドライブ・システムであって、
RAIDサブシステムと、
少なくとも1つのディスク記憶システム・コントローラを有するディスク・マネージャであって、自動的に、
複数のRAIDデバイスについて計算された初期スコアと少なくとも1つの第2のスコアとの比較結果に基づいて、前記複数のRAIDデバイスからRAIDデバイスを選択するように構成され、前記初期スコアは、現在の状態における前記RAIDデバイスに関連するものであり、スコアを求めるための1以上のファクタに基づいて計算されるものであり、かつ、前記第2のスコアは、使用可能なディスク空間に位置する少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに関連するものであり、スコアを求めるための1以上のファクタに基づいて計算されるものであり、かつ、
前記少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに基づいて、少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスを作成し、
選択した前記RAIDデバイスに格納された前記データの少なくとも一部を前記代替RAIDデバイスへ移動し、
選択した前記RAIDデバイスを取り除く
ように構成されたディスク・マネージャと
を備えるディスク・ドライブ・システム。 - 請求項13に記載のディスク・ドライブ・システムであって、少なくとも1つ前記第2ののスコアが、存在する使用可能なディスク空間と、前記RAIDデバイスにより占有されるディスク空間の少なくとも一部との組合せの中に位置した少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに関連するオーバーレイ・スコアを含む、ディスク・ドライブ・システム。
- 請求項14に記載のディスク・ドライブ・システムであって、前記少なくとも1つの代替RAIDデバイスが、前記少なくとも1つの仮想RAIDデバイスに基づく、ディスク・ドライブ・システム。
- 請求項13に記載のディスク・ドライブ・システムであって、RAID−0、RAID−1、RAID−5、およびRAID−10を含む複数のRAIDレベルのうちの少なくとも1つからの記憶空間を含む、ディスク・ドライブ・システム。
- 請求項16に記載のシステムであって、RAID−3、RAID−4、RAID−6、およびRAID−7を含むRAIDレベルを更に含む、システム。
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US80804506P | 2006-05-24 | 2006-05-24 | |
US60/808,045 | 2006-05-24 | ||
PCT/US2007/069669 WO2007140260A2 (en) | 2006-05-24 | 2007-05-24 | System and method for raid management, reallocation, and restriping |
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JP2012160144A Division JP5427927B2 (ja) | 2006-05-24 | 2012-07-19 | Raid管理、再割振り、およびリストライピングのためのシステムおよび方法 |
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