JP4842821B2 - ポリエチレングリコール修飾脂質化合物およびその使用 - Google Patents
ポリエチレングリコール修飾脂質化合物およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4842821B2 JP4842821B2 JP2006526496A JP2006526496A JP4842821B2 JP 4842821 B2 JP4842821 B2 JP 4842821B2 JP 2006526496 A JP2006526496 A JP 2006526496A JP 2006526496 A JP2006526496 A JP 2006526496A JP 4842821 B2 JP4842821 B2 JP 4842821B2
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Description
本特許出願は、2003年9月15日出願の米国特許出願第60/503,239号の恩典を主張し、2003年7月16日出願の米国仮特許出願第60/488,144号、2003年9月15日出願の第60/503,279号および2003年12月11日出願の第60/529,406号の恩典を主張する米国特許出願第10/893,121に関係し、それぞれの教示は、すべての目的において、それらの全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
遺伝子治療を臨床的に実用化するための、有効で安全な遺伝子送達システムが求められている。ウイルスベクターは比較的有効な遺伝子送達システムであるが、野生型への復帰の可能性および免疫応答の懸念などの、様々な制限を被る。その結果、非ウイルス遺伝子送達システムがますます注目を集めている(Worgall, et al., Human Gene Therapy 8:37-44 (1997); Peeters, et al., Human Gene Therapy 7:1693-1699 (1996); Yei, et al., Gene Therapy 1:192-200 (1994); Hope, et al., Molecular Membrane Biology 15:1-14 (1998))。プラスミドDNA-カチオン性リポソーム複合体が、現在最も一般的に使用されている非ウイルス遺伝子送達賦形剤である(Felgner, Scientific American 276:102-106 (1997); Chonn, et al., Current Opinion in Biotechnology 6:698-708 (1995))。しかし、複合体は、全身適用には不適である、大型の、画定度の低いシステムであり、さらに毒性の強い副作用を誘発することがある(Harrison, et al., Biotechniques 19:816-823 (1995); Huang, et al., Nature Biotechnology 15:620-621 (1997); Templeton, et al., Nature Biotechnology 15:647-652 (1997); Hofland, et al., Pharmaceutical Research 14:742-749 (1997))。
本発明は、一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質複合体(例えばPEG-PE複合体)より高い安定性を有する新規のポリエチレングリコール-ジアルキルオキシプロプル(PEG-DAA)複合体を提供する。本発明のPEG-修飾ジアルキルプロピル複合体は、リポソーム、SNALPまたはSPLPの血中寿命または寿命を増すことによって、リポソームならびに核酸-脂質粒子(例えばSNALPおよびSPLP)の特質を高める。事実驚くべき事に、本発明のPEG-DAA複合体は、他の一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質誘導体よりも安定していることが見出されている。それらの安定性が高まった結果、本発明のPEG-DAA複合体は、リポソームまたはSPLPの血中寿命または寿命を増し、また他のPEG-脂質複合体を用いた時のリポソーム二重層またはSPLPの脂肪酸アシル鎖の加水分解による漏洩を減らす。
上記の式Iでは、「R1およびR2」は独立に選択されかつ約10〜約20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり;PEGはポリエチレングリコールであり;そしてLはリンカー部分(例えば、非エステル含有リンカー部分またはエステル含有リンカー部分)である。好適なアルキル基としては、ラウリル(C12)、ミリスチル(C14)、パルミチル(C16)、ステアリル(C18)およびイコシル(C20)を挙げられるが、それらに限定されるわけではない。好ましい態様では;R1およびR2は、同一であり、すなわちそれらは共にミリスチル(C14)であるか、または共にパルミチル(C16)であるか、または共にステアリル(C18)である。好ましい態様では、アルキル基は、飽和している。
I. 序
本発明は、一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質複合体(PEG-PE複合体など)よりも高い安定性を有する新規のポリエチレングリコール-ジアルキルオキシプロプル(PEG-DAA)複合体を提供する。本発明のPEG-修飾ジアルキルプロピル複合体は、リポソームならびに核酸-脂質粒子(例えばSNALPおよびSPLP)の特質を、リポソーム、SNALPまたはSPLPの血中寿命または寿命を増すことによって増強する。事実驚くべき事に、リンカーを介してDAAに共役しているPEGを含むPEG-DAA複合体は、他の一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質誘導体よりも安定していることが見出されている。特に驚くべき事に、非エステル含有リンカー部分を使用すると、一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質複合体(例えばPEG-PE複合体)に比べ高い安定性を有するPEG-DAA複合体が得られることが見出されている。それらの安定性が向上した結果、本発明のPEG-DAA複合体は、リポソーム、SNALPまたはSPLPの血中寿命または寿命を増し、また他のPEG-脂質複合体を用いた際の、リポソーム二重層、SNALPまたはSPLPの脂肪酸アシル鎖の加水分解による漏洩を減じる。
「ジアルキルオキシプロピル」という用語は、2-アルキル鎖、R1およびR2を有し、これらが共に独立に2〜30個の炭素原子を有している化合物を指す。アルキル基は飽和してもよく、または様々な不飽和度を有してもよい。ジアルキルオキシプロピルは、次の一般式を有する:
式中、Rは、水素、アルキルおよびアシルからなる群より選択されるメンバーであり;R1は、水素およびアルキルからなる群より選択されるメンバーであり;または場合により、RおよびR1は、窒素に結合してアジド成分を形成し;R2は、水素、場合により置換されているアルキル、場合により置換されているアリールおよびアミノ酸の側鎖から選択される群のメンバーであり;R3は、水素、ハロゲン、ヒドロキシ、アルコキシ、メルカプト、ヒドラジノ、アミノおよびNR4R5からなる群より選択されるメンバーであり、このときR4およびR5は独立に水素またはアルキルであり;nは4〜80であり;mは2〜6であり;pは1〜4であり;qは0または1である。本発明の化合物には、他のポリアミドも使用できることは、当業者には明らかである。
本発明は、一般的に用いられているPEG-脂質複合体(PEG-PE複合体など)よりも高い安定性を有する新規のポリエチレングリコール-ジアルキルオキシプロプル(PEG-DAA)複合体を提供する。より具体的には、本発明は、次の構造を有する式Iの新規PEG-DAA複合体を提供する:
上記の式Iでは、R1およびR2は、独立に選択され、かつ約10〜約20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基である。アルキル基は、飽和でも、または不飽和でもよい。好適なアルキル基としては、ラウリル(C12)、ミリスチル(C14)、パルミチル(C16)、ステアリル(C18)およびイコシル(C20)が挙げられるが、それらに限定されるわけではない。一つの態様では、R1およびR2は、共に同一であり、すなわちR1およびR2は、共にミリスチル(C14)であるか、または共にステアリル(C18)である。別の好ましい態様では、R1およびR2は、異なっており、すなわちR1はミリスチル(C14)であり、かつR2はステアリル(C18)である。好ましい態様では、本発明のPEG-DAA複合体は対称性、すなわちR1およびR2は共に同一である。
一つの態様では、本発明は、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)-ジアルキルオキシプロピル(DAA)複合体、すなわちPEG-DAA複合体を含有する安定化核酸-脂質粒子(例えばSPLPおよびSNALP)ならびにその他脂質をベースとしたキャリアシステムを提供する。本発明の脂質-核酸粒子は、一般的には核酸、カチオン性脂質、非カチオン性脂質およびPEG-DAA複合体を含む。カチオン性脂質は、一般的には該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約2%〜約60%、好ましくは該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約5%〜約45%を構成する。ある好ましい態様では、カチオン性脂質は、該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約5%〜約15%を構成する。別の好ましい態様では、カチオン性脂質は、該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約40%〜約50%を構成する。非カチオン性脂質は、一般的には該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約5%〜約90%を、好ましくは該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約20%〜約85%を構成する。PEG-DAA複合体は、一般的には、該粒子内に存在する全脂質の1%〜約20%を、好ましくは該粒子内に存在する全脂質の2%〜約15%を、より好ましくは該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約4%〜約10%を構成する。本発明の核酸-脂質粒子は、コレステロールをさらぬ含むことができる。存在する場合、コレステロールは、一般的には、該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約10%〜約60%を構成し、好ましくは、コレステロールは該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約20%〜約45%を構成する。例えば実施例の項に記載のERPアッセイを用いて、核酸-脂質粒子の構成成分の割合が変更できることは、当業者に容易に明らかであろう。例えば、全身送達の場合、カチオン性脂質は、該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約5%〜約15%を構成でき、局所または局部送達の場合は、カチオン性脂質は該粒子内に存在する全脂質の約40%〜約50%を構成する。
上記構成成分に加えて、本発明のSPLPおよびSNALPは、核酸(例えば単鎖または二本鎖DNA、単鎖または二本鎖RNA、RNAi、siRNA等)を含む。好適核酸としては、プラスミド、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、リボザイム、ならびにその他のポリ-およびオリゴヌクレオチドが挙げられるが、それらに限定されるわけではない。好ましい態様では、核酸は、関心対象の生成物、例えば治療用生成物をコードする。
SNALPおよびSPLPの核酸成分は、一般的には干渉RNA(即ちsiRNA)を含み、干渉RNAは、例えば一つまたは複数の、単離された、短い干渉RNA(siRNA)二重鎖、より長い二本鎖RNA(dsRNA)、またはDNAプラスミドの中の転写カセットから転写されたsiRNAまたはdsRNAを含むいくつかの形態で提供できる。
上記説明したように、本発明のいくつかの態様では、SPLPおよびSNALPは、例えば腫瘍サプレッサー遺伝子、免疫調節遺伝子、細胞レセプターリガンド遺伝子、抗血管新生遺伝子および細胞毒性/自殺遺伝子のような治療用生成物をコードする核酸を封入する。
腫瘍サプレッサー遺伝子は、細胞、特に腫瘍細胞の増殖を抑制することができる遺伝子である。かくして、これら遺伝子の腫瘍細胞への送達は、癌治療において有用である。腫瘍サプレッサー遺伝子としては、p53(Lamb et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6: 1379-1385 (1986), Ewen et al., Science 255: 85-87 (1992), Ewen et al. (1991) Cell 66: 1155-1164, および Hu et al., EMBO J. 9:1147-1155 (1990))、RB1(Toguchida et al. (1993) Genomics 17:535-543)、WT1(Hastie, N. D., Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:408-413 (1993))、NF1(Trofatter et al., Cell 72:791-800 (1993), Cawthon et al., Cell 62:193-201 (1990))、VHL(Latif et al., Science 260:1317-1320 (1993))、APC(Gorden et al., Cell 66:589-600 (1991))、DAPキナーゼ(例えばDiess et al., (1995)Genes Dev. 9:15-30参照)、p16(例えばMarx(1994)Science 264(5167):1846参照)、ARF(例えばQuelle et al., (1995)Cell 83(6):993-1000参照)、ニューロフィブロミン(例えばHuynh et al., (1992) Neurosci. Lett. 143(1-2):233-236参照)、およびPTEN(例えばLi et al., (1997) Science 275(5308): 1943-1947参照)。
免疫調節遺伝子は、一つまたは複数の免疫応答を調節する遺伝子である。免疫調節遺伝子の例としては、成長因子(例えばTGF-α、TGF-β、EGF、FGF、IGF、NGF、PDGF、CGF、GM-CSF、G-CSF、SCF等)、インターロイキン(例えばIL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-6、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12, IL-15, IL-20等)、インターフェロン(例えばIFN-α、IFN-β、IFNG-γ等)、TNF(例えばTNF-α)およびFlt3-リガンドが挙げられる。
細胞レセプターリガンドとしては、細胞表面レセプター(例えばインスリンレセプター、EPOレセプター、G-タンパク質共役レセプター、チロシンキナーゼ活性を有するレセプター、サイトカインレセプター、成長因子レセプター等)に結合でき、レセプターが関与する生理学的経路(例えばグルコースレベル調節、血液細胞の発生、有糸分裂誘発等)を調節(例えば阻害する、活性化する等)するリガンドが挙げられる。細胞レセプターリガンドの例としては、サイトカイン、成長因子、インターロイキン、インターフェロン、エリスロポイエチン(EPO)、インスリン、単鎖インスリン(Lee et al. (2000) Nature 408:483-488)、グルカゴン、G-タンパク質共役レセプターリガンド等)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。これら細胞表面リガンドは、疾患に苦しむ患者の治療に有用である。例えば、単鎖インスリンをグルコース反応性肝細胞特異的L型ピルビン酸キナーゼ(LPK)プロモータの制御下に発現することで、ストレプトコジン(streptocozin)誘導糖尿病ラットおよび自己免疫性糖尿病マウスの糖尿病を、副作用なしに寛解誘導できた(Lee et al. (2000) Nature 408:483-488)。この単鎖インスリンは、インスリンのCペプチドの35アミノ酸残基を、短い折り返しを形作るヘプタペプチド(Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Lys-Arg)で置き換えることによって作られた。
抗血管新生遺伝子は、血管新生を抑制できる遺伝子である。これら遺伝子は、血管新生が疾患の病理発生に役割を果たしている癌の治療に特に有用である。抗血管新生遺伝子の例としては、エンドスタチン(endostatin)(例えば米国特許第6,174,861号参照)、アンギオスタチン(angiostatin)(例えば米国特許第5,639,725号参照)およびVEGF-R2(例えばDecaussin et al. (1999) J. Pathol. 188(4):369-737参照)が挙げられるが、それらに限定されるわけではない。
細胞毒性/自殺遺伝子は、細胞を直接または間接的に殺滅できる、アポトーシスを誘導できる、または細胞周期の中で細胞を捕まえることができる遺伝子である。このような遺伝子としては、抗毒素、単純ヘルペスウイルスチミジンキナーゼ(HSV-TK)、シトシンデアミナーゼ、キサンチン-グアニンホスホリボシルトランスフェラーゼ、p53、プリンヌクレオシドホスホリラーゼ、カルボキシルエステラーゼ、デオキシシチジンキナーゼ、ニトロレダクターゼ、チミジンホスホリラーゼ、およびチトクロームP450 2B1の遺伝子が挙げられるが、それらに限定されない。
本発明のSPLPおよびSNALP、すなわちPEG-DAA複合体を含有するSPLPおよびSNALPは、様々ある方法の任意のものを用いて作ることができる。一つの態様では、本発明は疎水性核酸-脂質中間複合体を介して調製される脂質-核酸粒子を提供する。複合体は、電荷が中和されていることが好ましい。これら複合体を、界面活性剤ベースまたは有機溶媒ベースのシステムの中で取り扱うと、その中に核酸が保護されている粒子を形成することができる。
(a) 核酸とカチオン性脂質を界面活性剤溶液の中に混入し、コーティングプラスミド-脂質複合体を形成する工程;
(b) 非カチオン性脂質とコーティング核酸-脂質複合体とを混合し、核酸-脂質複合体および非カチオン性脂質を含む界面活性剤溶液を形成する工程;および
(c) 工程(b)の界面活性剤溶液を透析して、核酸が脂質二重層内に封入され、粒子が血清安定であり、且つ約50〜約150 nmの大きさを有する、血清安定性核酸-脂質粒子の溶液を提供する工程。
(a) 有機溶媒中にカチオン性脂質と非カチオン性脂質とを含む混合液を調製する工程;
(b) 核酸の水性溶液と、工程 (a) の該混合液とを合わせて、透明な単相を得る工程;および
(c) 該有機溶媒を除去して、核酸が脂質二重層内に封入され、該粒子が血清安定であり、且つ約50〜約150 nmの粒度を有する、核酸-脂質粒子の懸濁液を得る工程。
(a) 核酸を、非カチオン性脂質と界面活性剤とを含む溶液と合わせて、核酸-脂質混合液を生成する工程;
(b) カチオン性脂質と核酸-脂質混合液とを合わせて核酸の負電荷の一部を中和し、電荷が中和された核酸と脂質の混合液を生成する工程;および
(c) 電荷中和混合液から界面活性剤を除去して、その中の核酸が分解から保護されている脂質-核酸粒子を得る工程。
(a) ある量のカチオン性脂質を核酸溶液と接触させる工程;このとき溶液は約15〜35%の水および約65〜85%の有機溶媒を含み、かつカチオン性脂質の量は、約0.85〜約2.0の+/-電荷比を生じ、疎水性の脂質-核酸複合体を提供するのに十分な量である;
(b) 疎水性の脂質-核酸複合体溶液と非カチオン性脂質とを接触させて、核酸-脂質混合液を提供する工程;および
(c) 脂質-核酸混合液から有機溶媒を除去して、その中の核酸が分解から保護されている脂質-核酸粒子を提供する工程。
上記のSPLP処方物に加えて、本発明のPEG-DAA複合体は、空のリポソーム、または、例えば本明細書に記載の治療用生成物を含めた、本明細書に記載の生物活性作用物質を一つまたは複数含有するリポソームの調製に用いることができる。リポソームはまた、一般的にはカチオン性脂質および非カチオン性脂質も含む。いくつかの態様では、リポソームは、さらにステロール(例えばコレステロール)も含む。
リポソームの調製には、例えばSzoka, et al., Ann, Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 9:467 (1980)、米国特許第4,186,183号、第4,217,344号、第4,235,871号、第4,261,975号、第4,485,054号、第4,501,728号、第4,774,085号、第4,837,028号、第4,946,787号、PCT国際公開公報第91/17424号、Deamer and Bangham、Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 443:629-634 (1976);Fraley, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:3348-3352 (1979); Hope, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 812:55-65 (1985); Mayer, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 858:161-168 (1986); Williams, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 85:242-246 (1988), the text Liposomes, Marc J. Ostro, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1983, Chapter 1、およびHope, et al., Chem. Phys. Lip., 40:89 (1986)に記載されているような各種方法を利用することができ、これらは全て、参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。好適な方法としては、超音波処理、押出し、高圧/ホモジェナイゼーション、マイクロフルイダイゼーション、界面活性剤透析、小さなリポソーム小胞のカルシウム誘発融合、およびエーテル注入法が挙げられるが、それらに限定されるわけではなく、その全ては当技術分野において周知である。
本発明の薬物送達組成物(例えばリポソーム、ミセル、脂質-核酸粒子、ビロゾーム等)は、治療薬または生物活性作用物質の全身または局所送達に有用であり、また診断アッセイにも有用である。
本発明のPEG-DAA複合体を用いて調製した薬物送達組成物、例えばリポソームは、腫瘍、炎症を起こした関節、障害等を含む様々な疾患状態の診断画像化を容易にするマーカーで標識できる。典型的には、これら標識は、放射性マーカーであるが、蛍光標識も用いることができる。ガンマ線を放出する放射性同位元素は、シンチレーションウエルカウンターで容易に測定でき、測定前に組織をホモジェナイゼーションする必要がなく、またガンマカメラを使って画像化できることから、特に有利である。
通常の薬物をリポソーム内に付加する方法としては、例えば封入技術、二重層内挿入および膜内外電位差付加法がある。
実施例1. PEG-ジアルキルオキシプロピル(PEG-DAA)の合成
以下の実施例では、3種類のPEG-脂質、PEG-A-DMA (7)、PEG-C-DMA (8)、およびPEG-S-DMA (9)の合成を説明する。これらは共通の前駆体、アミン脂質1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロピルアミン(5)を有する。この脂質は、14炭素単位(C14)の長さのアルキル鎖を持つ。本発明での使用に好適なその他PEG DAAは、同様のプロトコルを用いて合成することができる。例えば、PEG-A-DSAおよびPEG-C-DSAは、(5)のC18類似体を用いて合成することができる。C18類似体は、第一工程(化合物(1)の合成)のミリスチルブロミドを、等モル量のステアリルブロミドに単純に置き換えることによって合成することができる。
ベンゼン(250 ml)を95%水素化ナトリウム(11.4 g、450.0 mmol)に加え、フラスコを窒素でフラッシュして密封した。3-アリルオキシ-1,2-プロパンジオール(6.6 g、50.0 mmol)のベンゼン(75 ml)溶液をフラスコに加えた。シリンジを使って、97%の1-ブロモテトラデカン(36.7 ml、120.0 mmol)をフラスコに加え、一定の窒素流を加えながら、一晩反応液を還流した。一度室温に冷却してから、泡立ちが観察されなくなるまで、エタノールを用いて過剰の水素化ナトリウムをゆっくりクエンチングした。溶液を、ベンゼン(250 ml)と一緒に分液ロートに移し、蒸留水(3×200 ml)で洗浄した。硫酸マグネシウムを用いて有機層を乾燥させ、溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターで取り除き、無色の油状物を得た。TLC(5%エーテル-ヘキサン、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この得られた生成物を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(1〜5%エーテル-ヘキサン)によりさらに精製し、15.0 g(57.3%)の1,2-ジミリスチルオキシ-3-アリルオキシプロパン1を得た。
1.2-ジミリスチルオキシ-3-アリルオキシプロパン1(15.0 g、28.6 mmol)をエタノール(250 ml)に溶解した。トリフルオロ酢酸(20 ml)を加え、続いてテトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(4.5 g、3.9 mmol)を加えた。フラスコをスズ箔で覆い、窒素をフラッシュして、光と空気への曝露を減らしてから、次に80℃で一晩攪拌した。ロータリーエバポレーターでエタノールを除いた。TLC(100% CHCl3、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。得られたこの生成物を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(100% DCM)によりさらに精製し、11.5 g(83.1%)の1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロパン-3-オール2を得た。
97%無水メタンスルホン酸(8.4 g、48.0 mmol)の入ったフラスコを窒素でフラッシュし、無水ジクロロメタン(50 ml)に溶解した。無水ピリジン(3.9 ml、48.0 mmol)をゆっくり加え、白色の沈殿物が形成させた。1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロパン-3-オール 15(11.5 g、24.0 mmol)の無水ジクロロメタン(100 ml)溶液を加え、反応液を一晩、室温で攪拌し続けた。溶液を、ジクロロメタン(100 ml)と一緒に分液ロートに移し、蒸留水(3×100 ml)で洗浄した。合わせた水性洗浄水を、ジクロロメタン(100 ml)で逆抽出した。合わせた有機層を、硫酸マグネシウムを用いて乾燥させ、ジクロロメタンをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いて、無色の油状物を得た。TLC(100% CHCl3、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料がすべて反応し、生成物を形成したことを示した。この反応により、11.9 gの粗O-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)メタンスルホネート3を得た。
粗O-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)メタンスルホネート 3(14.2 g、25.3 mmol)およびフタルイミドカリウム(13.9 g、75.0 mmol)を窒素でフラッシュし、無水N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(250 ml)に溶解した。反応液を、70℃で、一晩、一定の窒素流を当てながら攪拌し続けた。N,N-ジメチルホルムアミドを、通常のアスピレータに代わって高真空ポンプ用いたロータリーエバポレーターで除いた。残留物をクロロホルム(300 ml)に溶解し、クロロホルムすすぎ液(50 ml)と一緒に分液ロートに移してから、蒸留水およびエタノール(蒸留水3×300 ml、エタノール50 ml)で洗浄した。合わせた水性洗浄水をクロロホルム(2×100 ml)で逆抽出した。合わせた有機層を、硫酸マグネシウムを用いて乾燥させ、クロロホルムをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(30%エーテル-ヘキサン、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この反応により、13.5 gの粗N-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)フタルイミド4を得た。
粗N-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)フタルアミド4(20.0 g、25.0 mmol)をエタノール(300 ml)に溶解した。一水和ヒドラジン(20 ml、412.3 mmol)を加え、反応液を一晩還流し続けた。エタノールをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除き、残留物をクロロホルム(200 ml)に再溶解した。沈殿物を濾取し、クロロホルムをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(10% MeOH-CHCl3、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して、生成物を形成したことを示した。こうして得られた生成物を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜5% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いて精製し、10.4 g(1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロパン-3-オール2から三工程を通して89.7%)の1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロピルアミン5を得た。
10%濃硫酸(20 ml)の水溶液(180 ml)を重クロム酸ナトリウム(3.0 g、10 mmol)に加えた。PEG2000メチルエーテル(20.0 g、10 mmol)をこの鮮オレンジ色の溶液に溶解し、反応液を室温で一晩攪拌し続けた。次に生成物をクロロホルム(3×250ml)で抽出すると、暗青色をした水層を残した。クロロホルム溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターで取り除くと、淡青色のワックスが得られた。TLC(13% MeOH-CHCl3、ヨードで発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。次に、この粗材料をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜15% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製した。次に、得られた生成物をエーテル中で結晶化し、白色の固体として5.6 g(27.1%)のメトキシPEG2000酢酸6を得た。
N-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)アミドPEG2000メチルエーテル(即ちPEG-A-DMA)を調製するために、メトキシPEG2000酢酸6(3.4 g、1.7 mmol)をベンゼン(40 ml)に溶解して、窒素でフラッシュした。塩化オキサリル(1.7 ml、2.5 g、20 mmol)を針のついたシリンジを使って、サブシール越しにゆっくり加えた。この反応液を2時間、攪拌し続けてから、ロータリーエバポレーターを使ってベンゼン溶媒を取り除いた。2,3-ミリスチルオキシプロピルアミン5(0.87 g、1.8 mmol)をフラスコに加え、続いて無水ジクロロメタン(40 ml)およびトリエチルアミン(1.5 ml、10 mmol)を加えた。反応液を48時間攪拌し続けた。蒸留水(250 ml)を加え、塩酸(1.5 ml)を使って溶液を酸性化して振とうし、有機層を集めた。生成物を、水層からクロロホルム(2×65 ml)を用いて抽出した。合わせた有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。クロロホルムをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除き、黄色の固体を得た。TLC(10% MeOH-CHCl3、硫酸銅およびヨードで発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。次に、この粗材料をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜7% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製した。次に、活性炭(2 g)およびエタノール(100 ml)を加え、混合液をロータリーエバポレーターで、55℃、30分間、回転させて脱色した。チャコールを濾取し、エタノールをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。生成物を凍結乾燥し、綿毛状の白色の粉末として1.7g(38.1%)のN-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)アミドPEG2000メチルエーテル7を得た。
N-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)カルバメートPEG2000メチルエーテル(即ち、PEG-C-DMA)の調製では、上記の工程1〜5を繰り返した。その後、PEG2000メチルエーテル(2.0g、1.0 mmol)を窒素でフラッシュし、無水ジクロロメタン(15 ml)に溶解した。ジホスゲン(300μl、2.5 mmol)を加えて、反応液を室温で3時間攪拌し続けた。ジクロロメタンをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除き、残留ジホスゲンを高真空ポンプを用いて取り除いた。フラスコを窒素でフラッシュしてから2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピルアミン5(0.7g、1.5 mmol)を加えた。これを無水ジクロロメタン(15 ml)に溶解し、トリエチルアミン(280μl)を加え、反応液を室温で一晩、攪拌し続けた。溶液をジクロロメタン(5ml)と一緒に分液ロートに移し、蒸留水(2×20 ml)で洗浄した。有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させ、ジクロロメタンをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(3% MeOH-CHCl3、モリブデン酸塩およびヨードで発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。得られたこの生成物をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(1.5〜10% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製し、1.2 g(46.5%)のN-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)カルバメートPEG2000メチルエーテル8を得た。
N-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)スクシンアミドPEG2000メチルエーテル(13)の調製では、上記の工程1〜5を繰り返した。残りの手順は次のとおりである
無水メシル(8.2 g、47.1 mmol)を無水クロロホルム(80 ml)に溶解した。ピリジン(3.8 ml、47.0 mmol)を溶液に加え、白色の沈殿物が形成する間、煙霧が観察された。PEG2000メチルエーテル(31.5 g、15.5 mmol)の無水クロロホルム(70 ml)溶液を加え、反応液を3時間攪拌し続けた。形成した白色の沈殿物を濾取し、濾液のクロロホルム溶媒はロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(5% MeOH-CHCl3、ヨードで発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この生成物をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜10% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製し、白色の固体として30.1g(92.8%)のPEG2000メシレート9を得た。
フタルイミドカリウム(11.1 g、59.7 mmol)を、無水N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(400 ml)に溶解した。PEG2000メシレート9(35.0 g、16.7 mmol)の無水N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(100 ml)溶液をフラスコに加え、反応液を75℃で一晩攪拌し続けた。N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド溶媒を、通常のアスピレータの代わりに高真空ポンプを用い、ロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。得られた生成物をジクロロメタン(250 ml)に溶解し、蒸留水(2×250 ml)およびブライン(250 ml)で洗浄した。合わせた有機層のジクロロメタン溶媒を、ロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(7% MeOH-CHCl3、UV光およびマリー試薬で視覚化した)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この得られた生成物は、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜10% MeOH-CH2Cl2)を用いてさらに精製した。生成物をエーテルから結晶化して19.4 g(54.1%)のPEG2000フタルイミド10を得た。
PEG2000フタルイミド10(10.3 g、4.8 mmol)を、エタノール(200 ml)に溶解した。一水和ヒドラジン(6.0 ml、123.7 mmol)をゆっくり加え、反応液を100℃で一晩還流し続けた。白色の沈殿物を濾取し、エタノール溶媒をロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。生じた生成物をクロロホルムに溶解し、クロロホルムに不溶性である、残った白色の固体を濾取し、再度クロロホルムをロータリーエバポレーターで取り除いた。TLC(10% MeOH-CHCl3、ヨード、モリブデン酸塩、およびマリー試薬で発色)は、すべての出発材料が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この生成物を次にエーテルから結晶化して、白色の粉末として9.0 g(93.0%)のPEG2000アミン11を得た。
PEG2000アミン11(9.0 g、4.4 mmol)および無水コハク酸(3.8 g、38.1 mmol)をピリジン(100 ml)に溶解し、反応液を一晩攪拌し続けた。ピリジン溶媒を、ロータリーエバポレーターを用いて60℃で取り除いた。残留物を蒸留水(100 ml)に溶解し、塩酸で酸性化し、ジクロロメタン(100 ml、2×70 ml)で抽出し、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。TLC(10% MeOH-CHCl3、ヨードで発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。この生成物をフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜10% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製し、5.2 g(55.9%)のPEG2000スクシンアミド12を得た。
PEG2000スクシンアミド(2.0 g、0.9 mmol)およびN-ヒドロキシスクシンアミド(0.2 g、2.0 mmol)を無水クロロホルム(10 ml)に溶解した。次に、1,3-ジシクロヘキシル-カルボジイミド(0.3 g、1.5 mmol)の無水クロロホルム(5 ml)溶液を加え、反応液を1時間攪拌し続けた。1,2-ジミリスチルオキシプロピルアミン5(0.48 g、1.0 mmol)の無水クロロホルム(5 ml)およびトリエチルアミン(0.6 ml、4 mmol)溶液を加え、反応液を1時間攪拌し続けた。TLC(12% MeOH-CHCl3、モリブデン酸塩で発色)は、出発材料の大部分が反応して生成物を形成したことを示した。溶液を、ジクロロメタンを用いてセライトで濾過し、塩酸で酸性化し、蒸留水(2×50 ml)およびブライン(50 ml)で洗浄した。水層をジクロロメタン(50 ml)で逆抽出し、合わせた有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた。生成物を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(0〜7% MeOH-CHCl3)を用いてさらに精製し、1.8 g(69.0%)のN-(2,3-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル)スクシンアミドPEG2000メチルエーテル13を得た。
本実施例は、PEG-ジアシルグリセロール複合体を含む、SPLPに封入された核酸の発現を、PEG-ジアルキルオキシプロピル複合体を含むSPLPと比較する実験を記載している。全てのSPLP処方物は、CMVプロモータ(pLO55)の制御下にあるルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミドを含む。
A: PBS(pH 7.4)。
B: L055 PEG-DSG SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
C: L055 PEG-DSPE SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
D: L055 PEG-セラミドC20 SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
E: L055 PEG-A-DSA SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
F: L055 PEG-C-DSA SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
G: L055 PEG-S-DSA SPLP、0.50mg/ml。
本実施例は、PEG-ジアルキルオキシプロピル複合体を含むSPLPに封入された核酸の発現を比較する実験を記載している。全てのSPLP処方物は、CMVプロモータ(pLO55)の制御下にあるルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミドを含む。
A: 濾過滅菌PBS、5mL
B: PEG-DSGを含むpL055-SPLP、0.50mg/mLで2mL。
C: PEG-A-DSAを含むpL055-SPLP、0.50mg/mLで2mL。
D: PEG-A-DPAを含むpL055-SPLP、0.50mg/mLで2mL。
E: PEG-A-DMAを含むpL055-SPLP、0.50mg/mLで2mL。
本実施例は、SPLPと比較する形で、PEG-ジアルキルオキシプロピルを含むSPLPに封入された核酸の発現と、PEI濃縮DNA(pSPLP)とを比較する実験を記載している。
A: PBS (pH 7.4)。
B: L055 PEG-DSG pSPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
C: L055 PEG-DPG pSPLP、0.43 mg/ml。
D: L055 PEG-DMG pSPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
E: L055 PEG-A-DSA pSPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
F: L055 PEG-A-DPA pSPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
G: L055 PEG-A-DMA pSPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
H: L055 PEG-A-DSA SPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
I: L055 PEG-A-DPA SPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
J: L055 PEG-A-DMA SPLP、0.5 mg/ml。
K: L055 PEG-A-DMA SPLP、2.1 mg/ml。
本実施例は、CMVプロモータの制御下にあるルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミドを含有するSPLPおよび抗ルシフェラーゼsiRNAを含有するSNALPを同時投与した後の、Neuro2A腫瘍担持マウスにおける遺伝子発現のサイレンシングを例証する。
本実施例は、インビトロにおける哺乳動物細胞による、PEG-DAA複合体を含むSPLPの取り込みを例証する。下表に記載のSPLP処方物を3H-CHEで標識し、細胞と、4℃または37℃で24時間インキュベーションした。SPLPは2、4または10mol%のいずれかのPEG-C-DMA複合体を含んでいた。
本実施例は、PEG-DAA複合体を含むSPLPの生体内分布および血液クリアランスを例証する。PEG-C-DMAまたはPEG-C-DSAを含む3H-CHE標識SPLPを、Neuro-2a腫瘍を担持したオスのA/Jマウスに静脈内投与した。SPLPは次のように調合した:
本実施例は、PEG-DAA複合体を含むSPLPおよびSNALPの生体内分布および血液クリアランスを例証する。PEG-C-DMAまたはPEG-C-DSAのいずれかを含む3H-CHE標識SPLPまたはSNALPを、Neuro-2a腫瘍を担持したオスのA/Jマウスに静脈内投与した。SPLPは、ルシフェラーゼをコードする封入プラスミドを含み、SNALPは、封入された抗ルシフェラーゼsiRNA配列を含む。SPLPおよびSNALP処方物は、全て次の脂質比を有した:DSPC 20%:コレステロール55%:PEG-脂質10%:DODMA 15%。
本実施例は、CMVプロモータ制御下にあるルシフェラーゼをコードするプラスミドを封入する各種SPLP処方物を用いたインビボトランスフェクション後の、器官および腫瘍での遺伝子発現を評価するために行われた、3つの別々の実験について記載する。
本実施例は、siRNA封入SNALP送達後の、遺伝子発現のインビトロでのサイレンシングについて記載する。ルシフェラーゼを発現しているNeuro2A-G細胞を、抗ルシフェラーゼsiRNA(即ち、次の配列:GAUUAUGUCCGGUUAUGUAUU(SEQ ID NO:1)を含み、DNA配列:GATTATGTCCGGTTATGTATT(SEQ ID NO:2)を標的にするsiRNA)を封入したSNALP処方物と、クロロキン存在下または非存在下で48時間接触させた。SNALP処方物は様々な量、即ち1%、2%、4%、または10%のPEG-C-DMA(C14)を含有した。カチオン性脂質はDODMAであった。
本実施例は、siRNA封入SNALP投与後の、遺伝子発現のインビボでのサイレンシングを証明する実験について記載する。
(SEQ ID NO:1)を含み、DNA配列:
(SEQ ID NO:2)を標的にするsiRNA)を封入したSNALPで処理した。全てのSNALPは次の配合を有した:DSPC 20%:コレステロール55%:PEG-C-DMA10%:DODMA 15%。マウスは、SNALPの単回静脈内投与を受けた。腫瘍におけるルシフェラーゼ発現を、SNALP注射の48時間後に決定した。結果は、SNALPの投与が、SNALP投与部位から遠位にある部位でのインビボの遺伝子発現をサイレンシングできることを証明した。これらの結果は、図23に示す。
Claims (60)
- アルキル基が、ラウリル(C12)、ミリスチル(C14)、パルミチル(C16)、ステアリル(C18)およびイコシル(C20)からなる群より選択される、請求項1記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2が同一である、請求項1記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2が共にミリスチル(C14)である、請求項3記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2が共にパルミチル(C16)である、請求項3記載の化合物。
- R1およびR2が共にステアリル(C18)である、請求項3記載の化合物。
- アルキル基が飽和している、請求項1記載の化合物。
- アルキル基が不飽和である、請求項1記載の化合物。
- PEGが550ダルトン〜10,000ダルトンの範囲の平均分子量を有する、請求項1記載の化合物。
- PEGが750〜5,000ダルトンの範囲の平均分子量を有する、請求項9記載の化合物。
- PEGが1,000〜5,000ダルトンの範囲の平均分子量を有する、請求項9記載の化合物。
- PEGが1,500〜3,000ダルトンの範囲の平均分子量を有する、請求項9記載の化合物。
- PEGが2,000ダルトンの平均分子量を有する、請求項9記載の化合物。
- 生物活性作用物質をさらに含む、請求項16記載のリポソーム。
- 生物活性作用物質が、抗腫瘍剤、抗生物質、免疫調節剤、抗炎症剤および中枢神経系に働く作用物質からなる群より選択されたメンバーである、請求項17記載のリポソーム。
- 生物活性作用物質が、タンパク質またはペプチドである、請求項17記載のリポソーム。
- 生物活性作用物質が核酸である、請求項17記載のリポソーム。
- 細胞を請求項16記載のリポソームに接触させる工程を含む、該リポソーム内に封入されている生物活性作用物質を該細胞にイン・ビトロで送達する方法。
- リポソーム内に封入されている生物活性作用物質を患者に送達するための薬剤の製造における請求項16記載のリポソームの使用。
- カチオン性脂質が、N,N-ジオレイル-N,N-ジメチルアンモニウムクロリド(DODAC)、N,N-ジステアリル-N,N-ジメチルアンモニウムブロミド(DDAB)、N-(1-(2,3-ジオレオイルオキシ)プロピル)-N,N,N-トリメチルアンモニウムクロリド(DOTAP)、N-(1-(2,3-ジオレイルオキシ)プロピル)-N,N,N-トリメチルアンモニウムクロリド(DOTMA)、およびN,N-ジメチル-2,3-ジオレイルオキシ)プロピルアミン(DODMA)、ならびにそれらの混合物からなる群より選択されるメンバーである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質が、ジオレオイルホスファチジルエタノールアミン(DOPE)、パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン(POPC)、卵ホスファチジルコリン(EPC)、ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)、パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルグリセロール(POPG)、コレステロール、およびそれらの混合物からなる群より選択されるメンバーである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質がアニオン性脂質である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質が中性脂質である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体が、PEG-ジラウリルオキシプロピル(C12)、PEG-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル(C14)、PEG-ジパルミチルオキシプロピル(C16)およびPEG-ジステリルオキシプロピル(C18)からなる群より選択される一員である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の2%〜60%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の5%〜45%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の5%〜15%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の40%〜50%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の5%〜90%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の20%〜85%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の1%〜20%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の2%〜15%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体が、粒子内に存在する全脂質の4%〜10%を構成している、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 非カチオン性脂質がDSPCである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- コレステロールをさらに含む、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- コレステロールが、粒子内に存在する全脂質の10%〜60%を構成する、請求項39記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- コレステロールが、粒子内に存在する全脂質の20%〜45%を構成する、請求項40記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジラウリルオキシプロピル(C12)である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル(C14)である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジパルミチルオキシプロピル(C16)である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジステリルオキシプロピル(C18)である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸がDNAである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸がプラスミドである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸がアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸がリボザイムである、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸が小干渉RNA(siRNA)である、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸が関心対象の治療用生成物をコードする、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 関心対象の治療用生成物がペプチドまたはタンパク質である、請求項51記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 関心対象の治療用生成物が小干渉RNA(siRNA)である、請求項51記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸-脂質粒子内の核酸が、該粒子のヌクレアーゼに対する37℃で20分間の暴露の後でも実質的には分解しない、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸-脂質粒子内の核酸が、該粒子の血清中37℃で30分間のインキュベーション後でも実質的には分解しない、請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子。
- 核酸が、核酸-脂質粒子内に完全に封入されている、請求項23記載の該核酸-脂質粒子。
- 請求項23記載の核酸-脂質粒子および薬学的に許容されるキャリアを含む、医薬組成物。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジミリスチルオキシプロピル(C14)である、請求項57記載の医薬組成物。
- PEG-DAA複合体がPEG-ジステリルオキシプロピル(C18)である、請求項57記載の医薬組成物。
- 核酸を細胞に導入するための薬剤の製造における、カチオン性脂質、非カチオン性脂質、請求項1記載の化合物、および核酸を含む核酸-脂質粒子の使用。
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EP1664316A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
IL264517A (en) | 2019-02-28 |
EP1664316A4 (en) | 2009-11-25 |
KR101164256B1 (ko) | 2012-07-10 |
IL174315A0 (en) | 2006-08-01 |
CN1882693B (zh) | 2012-08-15 |
US20050175682A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
IL174315A (en) | 2015-09-24 |
NZ581166A (en) | 2011-06-30 |
US7803397B2 (en) | 2010-09-28 |
IL241209A0 (en) | 2015-11-30 |
CA2551022A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
EP1664316B1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
IL264517B (en) | 2021-12-01 |
JP2007505954A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
AU2004272646B2 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
CA2551022C (en) | 2013-06-04 |
AU2004272646A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
IL241209B (en) | 2019-02-28 |
KR20060120009A (ko) | 2006-11-24 |
US20110091525A1 (en) | 2011-04-21 |
WO2005026372A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
CN1882693A (zh) | 2006-12-20 |
US8936942B2 (en) | 2015-01-20 |
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