JP4598519B2 - アジュバントとして使用するためのパッケージ化されたウィルス様粒子:調製法及び使用法 - Google Patents
アジュバントとして使用するためのパッケージ化されたウィルス様粒子:調製法及び使用法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
動物:本明細書で使用するように、「動物」という用語は、たとえばヒト、ヒツジ、ウマ、ウシ、ブタ、イヌ、ネコ、ラット、マウス、鳥類、爬虫類、魚類、昆虫、及び蛛形網を含むことを意味する。
開示する本発明は、動物中の1つまたは複数の抗原に対する、免疫応答を高めるための組成物及び方法を提供する。本発明の組成物は、ウィルス様粒子及び免疫賦活物質、好ましくは免疫賦活性核酸、さらに好ましくは非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドを含むか、あるいはこれらからなり、オリゴヌクレオチドはウィルス様粒子と結合しており、生成する改変型ウィルス様粒子は、1つまたは複数の抗原、または抗原の混合物と混合している。さらに好都合には、本発明によって実践者は、感染病、及び慢性感染病の予防及び/または治療、癌の予防及び/または治療、ならびにたとえばアレルギー、または喘息などのアレルギー関連の疾患の予防及び/または治療を含めた、さまざまな治療及び/または予防目的の、このような組成物を構築することができる。
5’X1X2CGX3X43’
上式でX1、X2、X3及びX4が任意のヌクレオチドである配列を含む。さらにオリゴヌクレオチドは、約6〜約100,000個のヌクレオチド、好ましくは約6〜約2000個のヌクレオチド、より好ましくは約20〜約2000個のヌクレオチド、より好ましくは約20〜約300個のヌクレオチドを含むことができる。さらにオリゴヌクレオチドは、100超〜約2000個のヌクレオチド、好ましくは100超〜約1000個のヌクレオチド、より好ましくは100超〜約500個のヌクレオチドを含むことができる。
LCMV由来のペプチドp33を含むHBcAgのDNA配列を、配列番号70中に与える。p33−HBcAg VLP(p33−VLP)を、以下のように生成させた:B型肝炎ウィルスの完全なウィルスゲノムを含む、B型肝炎クローンpEco63を、ATCCから購入した。発現プラスミドの作製は既に述べた(WO/024481参照)。
実施例1で記載の通りに生成した組み換えVLPに、純粋なアガロースゲルの電気泳動(1%アガロース)を行い、RNA/DNAまたはタンパク質を検出するために臭化エチジウムまたはクーマシーブルーで染色した(図1)。細菌生成VLPは高レベルの一本鎖RNAを含み、これはおそらく、HBcAgタンパク質のC末端の近くに現れ、X線結晶解析によって示されるように、形状的にはVLPの内側に位置している、アルギニン反復配列と結合している。汚染したRNAは容易に消化し、VLPとRNase Aをインキュベートすることによって排除することができる。非常に活性があるRNase A酵素は、約14kDaの分子量を有しており、VLPに入り望ましくないリボ核酸を排除するほど、おそらく充分小さい。
VLP(細菌一本鎖RNAを含み、実施例1で記載の通りに生成した)を、RNase Aと共に最初にインキュベートしてRNAを除去し、第2のステップでは、免疫賦活CpG−オリゴヌクレオチド(通常のリン酸ジエステル部分を含むだけでなく、リン酸骨格のチオリン酸修飾体も含む)を、サンプルに補った(図4)。この実験によって、CpG−オリゴヌクレオチドがRNA分解反応中に必ずしも同時に必要とされるわけではなく、後で加えることができることが明らかに示される。
実施例1に記載したのと同様に作製したVLPを、この実験用に使用した。マウスは、5μgの蜂毒液(ALK Abello)単独で、あるいはこれを以下の1つ:50μgのVLP単独、CpG−オリゴヌクレオチドと共に、それぞれ充填及びパッケージ化した50μgのVLP、または20nmolのCpG−オリゴヌクレオチドと混合させた50μgのVLPと混合させたもので、皮下を初回抗原刺激した。あるいはマウスは、VLP単独、または水酸化アルミニウムと結合したCpG−オリゴヌクレオチドと共に、それぞれ充填及びパッケージ化したVLPと混合させた5μgの蜂毒液で、初回抗原刺激した。14日後、マウスを同じワクチン調製物で追加抗原刺激し、第21日に出血させた。第21日からの血清中の蜂毒液特異的IgG応答は、ELISAによって評価した。CpG−オリゴヌクレオチド(正常なリン酸ジエステル部分を含む)内に担持されるHBcAgに由来し、非結合CpG−オリゴヌクレオチドから透析させた、RNaseA処理VLPは、蜂毒液アレルゲン(BV)に対するIgG応答を高める際に有効であった。図5に示すように、遊離CpG、またはCpGと共に、それぞれ充填及びパッケージ化したVLPの存在によって、蜂毒液に対するIgG応答が劇的に増大した。CpGを含まないVLPが、免疫応答を高めることはなかった。アジュバントとしてのAlumの存在は、IgG応答をさらに増大させた。IgGサブクラスを測定した場合(図6)、CpGパッケージ型VLPによって、IgG1優性からIgG2a優性に応答性が移ったことは明らかであり、Th1応答が使用されたことが示された。興味深いことに、Alumの存在によって、Th2関連のIgG1イソ型が増大した。したがって、CpGパッケージ型VLPをAlum中の蜂毒液に加えることによって、高いIgG力価がもたらされたが、その応答は依然としてIgG1によって支配されていた。重要なことに、VLPにパッケージ化されたCpGは、Alumの存在下または不在下において蜂毒液に対するIgG応答を高める際に、遊離CpGとして同様に有効であったが、それらは全身の免疫活性化の徴候は示さなかった(図7)。具体的には、遊離CpGの存在下で、マウスにワクチン接種することによって、脾臓の全リンパ球数が4倍まで増大した巨脾症が誘導された一方で、VLP中にパッケージ化されたCpGが、全リンパ球数の増大をもたらすことはなかった。
以下の実施例5〜8では、使用したVLPは、G10−PO(配列番号122)と共にパッケージ化したQbコア粒子(配列番号1)である。5週齢のメスのC3H/HeFマウスを、5mgの新鮮にすりつぶした、焙煎状態の完全なピーナッツ、及び10μgのコレラ毒素を第0日に用いる、胃管栄養法によってピーナッツに感作させる。マウスは、1週間後及び3週間後に追加抗原刺激する。最後の感作投与の1週間後、マウスに、10mgの粗製ピーナッツ抽出物と混合させたVLP、5μgのArah1と混合させたVLP、5μgのArah2と混合させたVLP、5μgのArah3と混合させたVLP、またはArah1、Arah2及びArah3のそれぞれの5μgと混合させたVLPのいずれかを与える。非投薬マウス、VLPのみを与えたマウス、10mgの粗製ピーナッツ抽出物のみを与えたマウス、または5μgの無関係な抗原と混合させたVLPを与えたマウスを、対照として働かせる。
6〜10週齢のオスのC3H/HeJマウスを、第0日及び第4日に80μgのRWを腹腔内注射することによって、ブタクサ(RW)に感作させる(エンドトキシン含量>2.3ng/mg RW;Greer Laboratories、Lenoir、NC)。感作用溶液は、1mgのRWが1mlの0.9%NaCl(Baxter、Deerfield、IL)及び333mlのImject alum(Pierce、Rockford、IL)に溶けた溶液からなる。最後の感作投与の1週間後、マウスに、160ugのRWと混合させたVLP、または80ugのAmba1と混合させたVLPのいずれかを与える。非投薬マウス、VLPのみを与えたマウス、160ugのRWのみを与えたマウス、または80ugの無関係な抗原と混合させたVLPを与えたマウスを、対照として働かせる。
7日齢で非投薬のニュージーランド白ウサギを、Alternaria alternata抽出物から抽出し精製した、10μgのAlta1、28kdの熱安定性二量体と混合させたVLP、または10μgのAspf1及びまたは10μgのAspf16、Aspergillus fumigatusから抽出し精製したタンパク質と混合させたVLPで免疫処置する。非投薬ウサギ、VLPのみを与えたウサギ、及び210ngのタンパク質/1mlの凍結乾燥させたAlternaria alternataまたはAspergillus fumigatus抽出物、通常の生理食塩水に還元したものを与えたウサギを、対照として働かせる。ウサギ抗Alternaria及び抗Aspergillus IgEは、均一な受身皮膚アナフィラキシー反応(PCA)によって測定する。非投薬で3カ月齢のニュージーランド白ウサギに、3カ月齢の免疫処置済みウサギ由来の0.2mlの血清希釈液を、背部に沿って皮内注射する。非免疫処置ウサギ、及びウシ血清アルブミンで免疫処置したウサギ由来の血清は、対照として試験する。3日間の潜伏期の後、レシピエントであるウサギに、5mlの2.5%エバンスブルー染色液(Fisher Scientific Company、Fair Lawn、NJ)に希釈した、AlternariaまたはAspergillus抽出物の2.1ngのタンパク質を、静脈内注射する。皮膚試験の応答性を測るために、リン酸ヒスタミン(0.275mg/mlの0.2ml)及び通常の生理食塩水を、抽出物−染色液混合物を与える10分前に皮内注射する。個々の注射部位の青色化は、染色液投与後1時間で測定する。任意の希釈液の陽性応答は、直径5mm以上の青色のスポットである。
6週齢のオスのC57BL/6マウスを、第0日に10μgのD.pteronyssinusまたはL.destructor全抽出物を皮下注射することによって、Dermatophogoldes pteronyssinusまたはLepidoglyphus destructorに感作させる。
VLPとCpGのパッケージ化、及び蜂毒液と混合させたVLP(CpG)を用いたマウスの免疫処置
配列番号70に示すのと同様の配列を有するVLPを、大腸菌において生成させ、消化することができ、したがってVLPとRNaseAをインキュベートすることによって除去することができる量のRNAを含む。使用した非常に活性があるRNaseA酵素は、約14kDaの分子量を有する。PBSバッファーpH7.2中に0.8mg/mlで濃縮させた、組み換えによって生成させたHBcVLPを、RNaseA(300μg/ml)(Diagen AG、Switzerland)の不在下または存在下において、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。RNaseAによる消化後、チオリン酸骨格を有する(配列番号69に示すのと同様の配列の)130nmol/mlのCpGオリゴヌクレオチドをVLPに補い、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。マウスの免疫処置用のVLP調製物を、PBS pH7.2及び300kDaのMWCO透析膜(Spectrum Medical Industries Inc.、Houston、TX、USA)で、24時間充分に透析して(10,000倍希釈)、RNaseA及び過剰のCpG−オリゴヌクレオチドを除去した。
VLP(CpG)複合体を用いた脱感作の、防御効果を評価するために、マウスの体温を、蜂毒液チャレンジ後に1時間、10分間隔で測定した(図8)。図8は、VLP(CpG)+蜂毒液を接種したマウスにおける、アレルギー性の体温低下を示す。2組のマウスを試験した。グループ1(n=7)には、ワクチンとして蜂毒液と混合させたVLP(CpG)を与えた。グループ2(n=6)には、VLP(CpG)のみを与えた。高用量の蜂毒液(30ug)でチャレンジした後、アレルギー反応を、マウスの体温の変化の点で評価した。蜂毒液及びVLP(CpG)を与えたグループ1では、体温の有意な変化は、試験したマウスのいずれにおいても観察されなかった。対照的に、脱感作ワクチンとしてVLP(CpG)のみを与えたグループ2は、6匹の動物中4匹で顕著な体温の低下を示した。したがって、これらのマウスは、アレルギー反応からは保護されなかった。注釈:図中の記号は、(VLP(CpG))または7(VLP(CpG)+蜂毒液に関する)、標準偏差(SD)を含めた6匹の個々のマウスの平均を表す。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用した。これらは未処理で使用し、あるいはリン酸骨格のチオリン酸修飾体を有する、CpG−2006オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号114)とのパッケージ化後に使用した。CpG−2006のパッケージ化は、0.2mlの100mM ZnSO4溶液の存在下において60℃で一晩、8mlのQbVLP溶液(2.2mg/ml)をインキュベートすることによって行った。この処理によって、QbVLP中に含まれるRNAの加水分解がもたらされる。透析チューブ(カットオフMWCO 300000)を使用した、20mMのHepes、pH7.5に対する透析後、CpG−2006を130nmol/1ml VLP溶液で加え、650rpmでの振とう下において、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。非パッケージ化CpG2006の除去は、1mMのMgCl2の存在下における37℃で3時間の、50U/mlのベンゾナーゼ(Merck)を用いたその後の処理、次に前に記載した20mMのHepes、pH7.5に対する透析によって行った。CpG−2006のパッケージ化は、核酸を視覚化するために、臭化エチジウムで、次にタンパク質の視覚化用にクーマシーブルーで染色した、アガロースゲルの電気泳動によって確認した。さらに、パッケージ化VLPをTBE−尿素ゲル上で分析し、パッケージ化CpG−オリゴヌクレオチドの量を評価した。約6.7nmolのCpG−2006が、100ugのQbVLPにパッケージ化された。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用した。これらは、実施例11に記載したのと同様に、CpG−2006オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号114)とのパッケージ化後に使用した。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用する。これらは、実施例11に記載したのと同様に、CpG−2006オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号114)とのパッケージ化後に使用する。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用する。これらは、実施例11に記載したのと同様に、CpG−2006オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号114)とのパッケージ化後に使用する。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用した。これらは未処理で使用し、あるいはG10−PO(配列番号122)とのパッケージ化後に使用した。G10のパッケージ化は、以下の方法によって行った:
A)再構築したキャプシドの流体力学的大きさ:オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドG10−POの存在下で再構築したQβキャプシドを、動的光散乱装置(DLS)によって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβVLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、完全なQβVLPと同じ流体力学的大きさ(質量及び立体配座の両方に依存する)を示した。
B)再構築したキャプシド中のジスルフィド結合の形成:再構築したQβVLPを、非還元SDS−PAGEによって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβVLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、ペンタマー及びヘキサマーの存在によって、完全なQβVLPと同じジスルフィド結合型を示した。
C)アガロースゲル電気泳動、変性ポリアクリルアミドTBE−尿素ゲルの電気泳動による、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下で再構築したQβVLPの核酸含量の分析:再構築したQβVLPを1%アガロースゲルに載せ、臭化エチジウム及びクーマシーブリリアントブルーで染色した。再構築したQβVLPを、実施例18に記載したのと同様にプロテイナーゼKで処理した。次いで反応混合物を、TBE−尿素のサンプルバッファーと混合させ、15%ポリアクリルアミドTBE−尿素ゲルに載せた。定性及び定量標準として、10pmol、20pmol及び40pmolの、再構築反応用に使用したオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを、同じゲルに載せた。このゲルを、SYBR(登録商標)−Gold(Molecular Probes Cat.No.S−11494)で染色した。SYBR(登録商標)−Goldによる染色によって、再構築したQβキャプシドは、再構築反応で使用したオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドと同時に移動した核酸を含んでいたことが示された。アガロースゲルによって、オリゴヌクレオチド染色とタンパク質染色の同じ移動が示された。まとめると、タンパク質を有するQβVLPの核酸含量の移動、及びプロテイナーゼKの消化による精製した粒子からのオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの単離によって、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドのパッケージ化が実証される。
AP205コートタンパク質(CP)のcDNA(配列番号90)を、逆転写PCR技法を使用し、塩基配列決定用の市販のプラスミドpCR4−TOPOでのクローニングによって、ファージAP205RNAから作製した2つのcDNA断片から構築した。逆転写技法は、当業者によく知られている。プラスミドp205−246中に含まれていた第1の断片は、CP配列の上流に269のヌクレオチド、及びCPの第1の24N末端アミノ酸をコードする74のヌクレオチドを含んでいた。プラスミドp205−262中に含まれていた第2の断片は、CPのアミノ酸12〜131をコードする364のヌクレオチド、及びCP配列の下流に他の162のヌクレオチドを含んでいた。p205−246及びp205−262はいずれも、J.Klovinsからの寛大な寄贈品であった。
p1.44 5’−NNCC ATG GCA AAT AAG CCA ATG CAA CCG−3’(配列番号100)
p1.45 5’−NNTCTAGAATTTTCTGCGCACCCATCCCGG−3’(配列番号101)
p1.46 5’−NNAAGC TTA AGC AGT AGT ATC AGA CGA TAC G−3’(配列番号102)
p1.47:5’−GAGTGATCCAACTCGTTTATCAACTACATTT−TCAGCAAGTCTG−3’(配列番号103)
p1.48:5’−CAGACTTGCTGAAAATGTAGTTGATAAACGA−GTTGGATCACTC−3’(配列番号104)
A.組み換えAP205VLPの発現
大腸菌JM109を、プラスミドpAP283−58を用いて形質転換した。20μg/mlのアンピシリンを含む5mlのLB液体培地に1種のコロニーを接種し、37℃で16〜24時間、振とうせずにインキュベートした。
溶液及びバッファー:
溶解バッファー
1ml中に5マイクログラムの、50mMのTris−HCl pH8.0及び5mMのEDTA、0.1%tritonX100ならびにPMSF
SAS
水に溶かした飽和硫酸アンモニウム
バッファーNET.
20mMのTris−HCl、pH7.8及び5mMのEDTA、ならびに150mMのNaCl。
PEG
NET中に溶けた40%(w/v)ポリエチレングリコール6000
凍結細胞は、2ml/g細胞で溶解バッファーに再懸濁させた。この混合物を、22kHで5回15秒間、1分の間隔で超音波処理して、氷上で溶液を冷却した。次いで溶解物を、F34−6−38ローター(エッペンドルフ)を使用して、20分間12000rpmで遠心分離した。以下に記載する遠心分離ステップはいずれも、特に示さない限りは同じローターを使用して行った。上清は4℃で保存し、一方細胞残骸は溶解バッファーで2回洗浄した。遠心分離後、溶解物の上清及び洗浄分画を集めた。
集めた上清からのキャプシドタンパク質を、Sepharose 4Bカラム(2.8×70cm)に載せ、4ml/時間/分画でNETバッファーを用いて溶出した。分画28〜40を回収し、60%飽和硫酸アンモニウムを用いて沈殿させた。沈殿前に、AP205に特異的な抗血清を用いてSDS−PAGE及びウエスタンブロットによって、これらの分画を分析した。遠心分離によって単離したペレットをNETバッファーに再溶解させ、Sepharose 2Bカラム(2.3×65cm)に載せ、3ml/時間/分画で溶出した。分画はSDS−PAGEによって分析し、分画44〜50を回収し、これらを集めて、60%飽和硫酸アンモニウムを用いて沈殿させた。遠心分離によって単離したペレットをNETバッファーに再溶解させ、Sepharose 6Bカラム(2.5×47cm)上で精製し、3ml/時間/分画で溶出した。分画はSDS−PAGEによって分析した。分画23〜27を回収し、塩濃度を0.5Mに調節し、PEG6000を用いて沈殿させ、40%から13.3%の最終濃度まで水に溶かしたストックを加えた。遠心分離によって単離したペレットをNETバッファーに再溶解させ、前と同じSepharose 2Bカラムに載せ、同様に溶出した。分画43〜53を回収し、60%飽和硫酸アンモニウムを用いて沈殿させた。遠心分離によって単離したペレットを水に再溶解させ、得られたタンパク質溶液は水でのみ透析した。細胞1グラム当たり、約10mgの精製タンパク質を得ることができた。電子顕微鏡でウィルス様粒子を調べることによって、それらの粒子がファージ粒子と同一であったことが示された。
HBcAgVLPは、B型肝炎コア抗原融合タンパク質p33−HBcAg(HBc33)(実施例1参照)を発現させることによって、大腸菌中で生成されると、RNAを含み、このRNAを消化しVLPとRNaseAをインキュベートすることによって除去することができる。ペプチドp33を含むVLPは単に便宜上の理由で使用しているにずぎず、野生型VLPを本発明において同様に使用することができることに留意しなければならない。
Qβ VLPの分解及び再構築
分解:10mgのQβ VLP(同義的にQβキャプシドとも呼ぶ)(Bradford分析によって測定したもの)を、20mMのHEPES、pH7.4、150mMのNaClに溶かしたものを、最終飽和度60%の固体硫酸アンモニウムを用いて沈殿させた。沈殿は4℃で一晩行い、沈殿したVLPを4℃で60分間の遠心分離によって沈殿させた(SS−34ローター)。ペレットを、100mMのDTT(最終濃度)を含む1mlの6M塩酸グアニジン(GuHCI)に再懸濁させ、4℃で8時間インキュベートした。
A)キャプシドの全体的構造:以下のオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド(CyOpA(配列番号127)、Cy(CpG)200pA(配列番号126)、Cy(CpG)20(配列番号125)、CyCyCy(配列番号128)、(CpG)200pA)(配列番号124)の1つの存在下、または大腸菌由来のtRNA(Roche Molecular Biochemicals、Cat.No.109541)の存在下で、再構築したQβ VLPを、電子顕微鏡法(酢酸ウラニルpH4.5によるネガティブ染色)によって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLPと比較した。陰性対照として、核酸が除去された再構築反応混合物が働いた。再構築型キャプシドは、完全なQβ VLPと同じ構造的特徴及び性質を示した(図13)。
B)再構築したキャプシドの流体力学的大きさ:オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下で再構築したQβキャプシドを、動的光散乱装置(DLS)によって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、完全なQβ VLPと同じ流体力学的大きさ(質量及び立体配座の両方に依存する)を示した。
C)再構築したキャプシド中のジスルフィド結合の形成:再構築したQβ VLPを、純粋なポリアクリルアミドゲルの電気泳動によって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、完全なQβ VLPと同じジスルフィド結合型を示した。
D)アガロースゲルの電気泳動による、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下で再構築したQβ VLPの核酸含量の分析:5μgの再構築したQβ VLPを、25μlの合計反応体積で、0.35単位のRNase A(Qiagen、Cat.No.19101)、15単位のDNAse I(Fluka、Cat.No.31136)と共に、あるいは他の酵素は一切加えずに、37℃において3時間インキュベートした。大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLPが対照として働き、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下で再構築したキャプシドに関して記載したのと同じ条件下で、これらをインキュベートした。次いで反応混合物を、最初に臭化エチジウム(図14A)、次にクーマシーブルー(図14B)で染色した0.8%アガロースゲルに担持した。臭化エチジウム染色によって、加えた酵素はいずれも、再構築したQβキャプシド中の核酸含有物を消化することができなかったことが示され、核酸含有物(すなわち、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチド)が保護されることが示される。この結果は、加えたオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドが、再構築反応中に新しく形成されたキャプシドにパッケージ化されたことを示す。対照的に、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLP中の核酸含有物は、RNase Aを加えることによって分解し、このVLP中の核酸含有物はRNAからなることが示される。さらに、アガロースゲルの臭化エチジウム染色及びクーマシーブルー染色によって、核酸含有Qβ VLP(それぞれ大腸菌から再構築及び精製したもの)が、ほぼ同じ大きさで移動していることが示され、再構築反応によって、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβ VLPに匹敵する大きさの、Qβ VLPがもたらされたことが示される。
A.オリゴヌクレオチドを加えずに再構築することができる物質由来の、AP205 VLPの分解及び再構築
分解:40mgの凍結乾燥させ精製したAP205 VLP(配列番号90または93)を、4mlの6M GuHClに再溶解させ、4℃で一晩インキュベートした。分解混合物を、8000rpmで遠心分離にかけた(Eppendorf 5810 R、固定角ローターF34−6−38中、以下のステップすべてで使用した)。ペレットを7M尿素に再溶解させ、一方上澄みは、NETバッファー(20mMのTris−HCl、pH7.8、及び5mMのEDTA、及び150mMのNaCl)で3日間かけて透析し、バッファーは3回交換した。あるいは透析を、4日間かけて連続形式で行った。透析した溶液を8000rpmで20分間遠心分離にかけ、ペレットを7M尿素に再溶解させ、一方上澄みは、硫酸アンモニウム(60%飽和)によってペレット状にし、10mMのDTTを含む7M尿素バッファーに再溶解させた。7M尿素に再溶解させた前のペレットすべてを一緒にし、硫酸アンモニウム(60%飽和)を用いて沈殿させ、10mMのDTTを含む7M尿素バッファーに再溶解させた。10mMのDTTを含む7M尿素バッファーに再溶解させた物質を一緒にし、平衡化させたSephadex G75カラムに充填し、2ml/hで10mMのDTTを含む7M尿素バッファーで溶出した。1ピークの物質がカラムから溶出した。3mlの画分を回収した。AP205コートタンパク質を含むピーク画分を集め、硫酸アンモニウム(60%飽和)を用いて沈殿させた。8000rpmで20分間の遠心分離によって、ペレットを単離した。それを7M尿素、10mM DTTに再溶解させ、短いSepharose 4Bカラム(1.5×27cm、Sepharose 4B、2ml/h、7M尿素、10mM DTT、溶出バッファーとして)に充填した。ショルダー値が小さい、主に1ピークの物質が、カラムから溶出した。AP205コートタンパク質を含む画分を、SDS−PAGEによって識別し、ショルダー値のものを除き集めた。これによって10.3mlのサンプルを生成させた。タンパク質濃度は、測定用に25倍希釈したタンパク質の等分試料を測定することにより、分光測定法によって測定した。以下の式:(1.55×OD280−0.76×OD260)×体積を使用した。平均濃度は、VLP(2.6mg/ml)1nmol/mlであった。280nmでの吸光度と260nmでの吸光度の比は、0.12/0.105であった。
1mlのAP205コートタンパク質、核酸含まず
1mlのAP205コートタンパク質、rRNA(約200 OD260単位、10nmol)
9mlのAP205コートタンパク質、CyCpG(225pmol/ulの溶液370ul、すなわち83nmol)
分解:100mgの精製し、乾燥した組み換えAP205 VLPを、前に記載したように分解用に使用した。すべてのステップは、本質的にA項の分解で記載したのと同様に行った。ただし、8M尿素を使用して、硫酸アンモニウム沈殿ステップのペレットを可溶化させ、再構築前のCL−4Bカラムを使用するゲル濾過ステップは省略した。Sephadex G−75カラムの集めた画分は、A項に記載した式を使用する分光測定法により測定して、21mgのタンパク質を含んでいた。サンプルの280nmでの吸光度と260nmでの吸光度の比は、0.16〜0.125であった。このサンプルは、測定用に50倍希釈した。
1.(183*OD230nm−75.8*OD260nm)*体積(ml)−2.((OD235nm−OD280nm)/2.51)×体積−3.((OD228.5nm−OD234.5nm)*0.37)×体積
再構築したVLPの6〜26mgのタンパク質量を測定した。
p33ペプチドとQβ VLPの結合:
RNAバクテリオファージQbの組み換えによって生成させたウィルス様粒子(QB VLP)を、未処理で、あるいはN末端CGGまたは及びC末端GGC延長部(CGG−KAVYNFATM(配列番号115)及びKAVYNFATM−GGC(配列番号131))を含む、p33ペプチドと結合させた後に使用した。組み換えによって生成させたQβ VLPを、25℃で0.5時間、10倍モル過剰のSMPH(Pierce)を用いて誘導体化させ、次に20mMのHEPES、150mMのNaCl、pH7.2で4℃において透析して、未反応SMPHを除去した。5倍モル過剰のペプチドを加え、30%アセトニトリルの存在下で、サーモミキサー中において25℃で2時間反応させた。図17は、多数の結合バンドが、Qβモノマーと結合した1個、2個または3個のペプチドからなることを実証する、SDS−PAGE分析を示す(矢印、図17)。簡潔性のために、ペプチドp33とQβVLPの結合産物は、特に実施例項中ではQbx33と名付けた。ペプチドp33を含むVLPは単に便宜上の理由で使用しているにすぎず、野生型VLPを本発明において同様に使用することができることに留意しなければならない。
20mMのHepes/150mM NaClバッファー(HBS)pH7.4中に1.0mg/mlの濃度のQβ VLPを、RNase A(300μg/ml、Qiagen AG、Switzerland)を加えることによって直接消化し、あるいは4倍体積のH2Oで希釈して、最終0.2×HBS濃度にし、次いでRNase A(60μg/ml、Qiagen AG、Switzerland)と共にインキュベートした。インキュベーションは、サーモミキサー中において650rpmで、37℃において3時間行った。アガロースゲル電気泳動及び臭化エチジウム染色によって、1×HBSでは、RNA含量の非常にわずかな減少が観察され、一方0.2×HBSでは、大部分のRNAが加水分解されたことが実証される。これと一致して、1×HBS中に溶かしたRNAse Aを加えた後、キャプシドの移動は変化がなかったが、一方0.2×HBS中に溶かしたRNAse Aを加えた後には、移動が遅くなった。
RNase Aによる消化の後、0.2×HBS中に、Qβ VLPを、Millipore MicroconまたはCentriplus濃縮装置を使用して1mg/mlに濃縮し、等分試料を1×HBSまたは0.2×HBSで透析した。Qβ VLPに130nmol/mlのCpG−オリゴヌクレオチドB−CpGを補い、サーモミキサー中で37℃において3時間インキュベートした。その後Qβ VLPに、ベンゾナーゼ(100U/ml)による消化を37℃において3時間行った。サンプルは、臭化エチジウムまたはクーマシーブルーで染色した後、1%アガロースゲル上で分析した。1×HBS中では、非常に少量のオリゴヌクレオチドのみをパッケージ化することができたが、一方0.2×HBS中では、強烈な臭化エチジウム染色バンドが検出可能であり、これがキャプシドのクーマシーブルー染色部分と同時局在していたことが示された。
RNase Aによる消化の後、0.2×HBS中に、Qβ VLPまたはQbx33 VLPを、Millipore MicroconまたはCentriplus濃縮装置を使用して1mg/mlに濃縮し、130nmol/mlのCpG−オリゴヌクレオチドB−CpGpt、g10gacga及び253量体dsCyCpG−253(表I)を補い、サーモミキサー中で37℃において3時間インキュベートした。その後Qβ VLPまたはQbx33 VLPに、DNAse Iによる消化(5U/ml)またはベンゾナーゼ(100U/ml)による消化を、37℃において3時間行った。サンプルは、臭化エチジウムまたはクーマシーブルーで染色した後、1%アガロースゲル上で分析した。図18は、異なる核酸B−CpGpt、g10gacga及び253量体dsDNAを、Qbx33中にパッケージ化することができたことを示す。パッケージ化された核酸はDNAse Iによる消化に耐性があり、透析中パッケージ化されたままであった(図18)。B−CpGptのパッケージ化は、プロテイナーゼKによる消化による核酸の放出、次にアガロースの電気泳動及び臭化エチジウム染色によって確認した(図18C)。
VLPの核酸含有物のRNaseA及びZnSO4仲介性の分解。
QβVLPを、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4または4mMのHepes、30mMのNaCl、pH7.4)において、実施例21に記載したのと同様にRNaseAで処理した。あるいは、QβVLP及びAP205VLPを、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4または4mMのHepes、30mMのNaCl、pH7.4)において、実施例11に記載したのと同様にZnSO4で処理した。20mMのHepes、pH7.4または20mMのHepes、1mMのTris、pH7.4中に溶かした、AP205VLP(1mg/ml)を、50℃においてEppendorf Thermomixer comfort中550rpmで、2.5mMのZnSO4を用いて48時間処理した。Qβ及びAP205VLPサンプルを、14000rpmで遠心分離し、最初に2120mMのHepes、pH7.4を用いて4℃において2時間、バッファーを交換した後一晩、10.000MWCO Spectra/Por(登録商標)透析チューブ(Spectrum、Cat.nr.128 118)中で、上清を透析した。サンプルは実施例11に記載したのと同様の透析後に浄化し、上清中のタンパク質濃度をBradford分析によって測定した。
RNA加水分解及び透析の後、Qβ及びAP205VLP(1〜1.5mg/ml)を、VLP1ml当たり、130μlのCpGオリゴヌクレオチド(NKCpG、例えば表1;G3−6、G8−8、例えば表2;10mMのTris pH8中の1mMのオリゴヌクレオチドストック)と混合させた。サンプルは、サーモシェーカー中において650rpmで、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。次にサンプルを、2mMのMgCl2の存在下において、125Uのベンゾナーゼ/VLP1ml(Merck KGaA、Darmstadt、Germany)で処理し、透析前に37℃で3時間インキュベートした。サンプルは、20mMのHepes、pH7.4で4℃において2時間、バッファーを交換した後同じバッファーで一晩、300.000 MWCO Spectra/Por(登録商標)透析チューブ(Spectrum、Cat.nr.131 447)中で透析した。透析後、サンプルを14000rpmで遠心分離し、上清中のタンパク質濃度をBradford分析によって測定した。
Qbx33VLP(ペプチドp33と結合したQβVLP、実施例21参照)を、実施例21に記載したのと同様に、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4)においてRNaseAで処理して、Qbx33VLPのRNA含有物を加水分解した。20mMのHepes、pH7.4での透析後、Qbx33VLPを、グアノシンと隣接するオリゴヌクレオチド(表2:G3−6、G7−7、G8−8、G9−9またはG6、10mMのTris pH8中の1mMのオリゴヌクレオチドストックからのもの)と混合させ、実施例22に記載したのと同様にインキュベートした。その後、Qbx33VLPをベンゾナーゼで処理し、300.000MWCOチューブ中で透析した。オリゴG7−7、G8−8及びG9−9を含むサンプルを、4回バッファーを交換して3日間充分に透析して、遊離オリゴを除去した。1%アガロースゲル上で、プロテイナーゼKによる消化後、TBE/尿素ゲル上で、パッケージ化を確認した。
小文字は、チオリン酸結合によって結合したデオキシヌクレオチドを示し、大文字は、リン酸ジエステル結合によって結合したデオキシヌクレオチドを示す。
VLPの核酸含有物のZnSO4依存性の分解
QβVLPを、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4または4mMのHepes、30mMのNaCl、pH7.4)において、実施例11に記載したのと同様にZnSO4で処理した。AP205VLP(1mg/ml)を、50℃においてEppendorf Thermomixer comfort中550rpmで、2.5mMのZnSO4を用いて48時間処理した。Qβ及びAP205VLPサンプルを、14000rpmで遠心分離し、実施例22と同様に20mMのHepes、pH7.4で透析した。
免疫賦活性リボ核酸ポリ(I:C)(Cat.nr.27−4732−01、ポリ(I)−ポリ(C)、Pharmacia Biotech)を、PBS(Invitrogen cat.nr.14040)または水に溶かして、4mg/ml(9μM)の濃度にした。ポリ(I:C)を60℃で10分間インキュベートし、次いで37℃に冷却した。インキュベートしたポリ(I:C)を、10倍モル過剰でZnSO4処理Qβ及びAP205VLP(1〜1.5mg/ml)に加え、この混合物は、650rpmでサーモミキサー中において、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。その後、過剰な遊離ポリ(I:C)を、300rpmでサーモミキサー中において37℃で3時間、2mMのMgCl2の存在下で、VLP混合物1ml当たり125Uのベンゾナーゼとインキュベートすることによって、酵素により加水分解した。ベンゾナーゼによる加水分解後、サンプルを14000rpmで遠心分離し、300.000MWCO Spectra/Por(登録商標)透析チューブ(Spectrum、Cat.nr.131 447)中において、2120mMのHepes、pH7.4で4℃において2時間、バッファーを交換した後同じバッファーで一晩、上清を透析した。透析後、サンプルを14000rpmで遠心分離し、上清中のタンパク質濃度をBradford分析によって測定した。
HBcAgVLPを、実施例21に記載したのと同様に、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4)においてRNaseAで処理して、VLPのRNA含有物を加水分解する。20mMのHepes、pH7.4での透析後、VLPを、グアノシンと隣接するオリゴヌクレオチド(表2:G3−6、G7−7、G8−8、G9−9、G10−POまたはG6、10mMのTris pH8中の1mMのストック)と混合させ、実施例22に記載したのと同様にインキュベートした。その後、VLPをベンゾナーゼで処理し、300.000MWCOチューブ中で透析した。1%アガロースゲル上で、プロテイナーゼKによる消化後、TBE/尿素ゲル上で、パッケージ化を分析する。
HBcAgVLPを、低イオン強度条件(20mMのHepes、pH7.4または4mMのHepes、30mMのNaCl、pH7.4)において、実施例11に記載したのと同様にZnSO4で処理し、実施例22と同様に20mMのHepes、pH7.4で透析した。ポリ(I:C)を、10倍モル過剰でHBcAgVLPに加え(1〜1.5mg/ml)、実施例24に記載したのと同様に、650rpmでサーモミキサー中において、37℃で3時間インキュベートした。その後、過剰な遊離ポリ(I:C)を、300rpmでサーモミキサー中において37℃で3時間、2mMのMgCl2の存在下で、VLP混合物1ml当たり125Uのベンゾナーゼとインキュベートすることによって、酵素により加水分解した。サンプルは、ベンゾナーゼによる加水分解後、実施例11に記載したのと同様に浄化し、実施例24に記載したのと同様に透析した。透析後、サンプルを14000rpmで遠心分離し、上清中のタンパク質濃度をBradford分析によって測定した。
QβVLPの分解及び再構築
分解:45mgのQβVLP(Bradford分析によって測定した)を、PBS(20mMのリン酸、150mMのNaCl、pH7.5)に溶かしたものを、攪拌条件下において室温で15分間、10mMのDTTを用いて還元した。700mMの最終濃度まで塩化マグネシウムを加えた後、攪拌条件下における室温で15分間の第2のインキュベーションを行いRNAを沈殿させた。溶液を4℃において4000rpmで10分間遠心分離して(Eppendorf 5810R、固定角ローターA−4−62中、以下のステップすべてで使用した)、ペレット中の沈殿したRNAを単離した。上清中の分解されたQβコートタンパク質二量体を、クロマトグラフィーによる精製ステップ用にそのまま使用した。
A)再構築したキャプシドの流体力学的大きさ:オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドG8−8の存在下で再構築したQβキャプシドを、動的光散乱装置(DLS)によって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβVLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、完全なQβVLPと同じ流体力学的大きさ(質量及び立体配座の両方に依存する)を示した。
B)再構築したキャプシド中のジスルフィド結合の形成:再構築したQβVLPを、非還元SDS−PAGEによって分析し、大腸菌から精製した完全なQβVLPと比較した。再構築したキャプシドは、ペンタマー及びヘキサマーの存在によって、完全なQβVLPと同じジスルフィド結合型を示した。
C)変性ポリアクリルアミドTBE−尿素ゲルの電気泳動による、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下で再構築したQβVLPの核酸含量の分析:G8−8オリゴヌクレオチドを含む、再構築したQβVLP(0.4mg/ml)を、2mMのMgCl2の存在下で、QβVLP混合物1ml当たり125Uのベンゾナーゼと共に、37℃で2時間インキュベートした。その後、ベンゾナーゼ処理したQβVLPを、実施例11に記載したのと同様に、プロテイナーゼK(PCR−grade、Roche Molecular Biochemicals、カタログ番号1964364)で処理した。次いで反応混合物をTBE−尿素サンプルバッファーと混合し、15%ポリアクリルアミドTBE−尿素ゲル(Novex(登録商標)、Invitrogen、カタログ番号EC6885)に載せた。定性及び定量標準として、1pmol、5pmol及び10pmolの、再集合反応用に使用したオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを、同じゲルに載せた。このゲルを、SYBR(登録商標)−Gold(Molecular Probes カタログ番号S−11494)で染色した。SYBR(登録商標)−Goldによる染色によって、再構築したQβキャプシドは、再構築反応で使用したオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドと同時に移動した核酸を含んでいたことが示された。まとめると、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの存在下における、再構築したQβVLPの核酸含有物のベンゾナーゼによる消化に対する耐性、及びプロテイナーゼKの消化による精製した粒子からのオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドの単離によって、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドのパッケージ化が実証される。
RNAバクテリオファージQbのコートタンパク質によって形成されたVLPを、この実験用に使用した。これらは未処理で使用し、あるいは実施例15に記載したのと同様に、G10−PO(配列番号122)とのパッケージ化後に使用した。メスのBalb/cマウスを、50μgのQbVLPのみ、あるいはG10−POと共に、それぞれ充填及びパッケージ化した50μgのQbVLPの存在下において、Alum(Imject、Pierce)と混合させた、1.9B.U.の牧草花粉抽出物(5−gras−mix Pangranmin、Abello、多年生ライムギ、果樹、オオアワガエリ、ケンタッキーブルーグラス、及びヒロハノウシノケグサの花粉から調製したもの)で、皮下を免疫処置した。対照群のマウスには、Alumのみと混合した花粉抽出物を与えた。50日後、マウスを同じワクチン調製物で追加抗原刺激し、第57日に出血させた。第57日からの血清中のIgG応答は、ELISAによって評価した。対照群はIgG1イソ型の抗花粉抗体を示したが、IgG2aイソ型は示さなかった。G10−POが充填されたVLPの存在によって、花粉抽出物に対するIgG2a応答が誘導された。G10−POと共に、それぞれ充填及びパッケージ化したQbVLPの存在下では、花粉抽出物に対するIgEは誘導されなかったが、一方Alumのみの存在下では、IgE応答が観察された。これによって、VLPに充填されたG10−POは、Th1応答を誘導し、Alum誘導型のIgE生成を抑制することができることが示される。
Claims (18)
- 動物の免疫応答を高めるための組成物であって、
(a)組換えウィルス様粒子であって、RNAバクテリオファージQβコートタンパク質のウイルス様粒子である組換えウィルス様粒子、
(b)非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドであって、前記非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドのCpGモチーフがパリンドローム配列の一部分であり、当該パリンドローム配列がGACGATCGTC(配列番号105)であり、且つ10から30のヌクレオチドを含んでなる非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドであって、
前記ウイルス様粒子(a)にパッケージ化されている非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチド(b)、及び
(c)抗原であって、前記抗原が
花粉抽出物、
粉塵抽出物、
粉塵ダニ抽出物、
真菌抽出物、
哺乳動物表皮抽出物、
羽毛抽出物、
昆虫抽出物、
食品抽出物、
体毛抽出物、
唾液抽出物、及び
血清抽出物
からなる群に由来するアレルゲンであって、前記組換えウィルス様粒子(a)と混合されている前記抗原
を含む組成物。 - 前記非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドが、
GGGGGGGGGGGACGATCGTCGGGGGGGGGG(配列番号122)を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。 - 前記RNAバクテリオファージQβコートタンパク質が配列番号1のアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチド(b)が、リン酸骨格の1つまたは複数のチオリン酸修飾体を含むか、あるいは前記オリゴヌクレオチド(b)の前記リン酸骨格のそれぞれのリン酸部分がチオリン酸修飾体である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が、
(a)蜂毒液ホスホリパーゼA2、
(b)ブタクサ花粉Amba1、
(c)カバノキ花粉BetvI、
(d)米国産クロスズメバチ属の毒液5DolmV、
(e)イエダニDerp1、
(f)イエダニDerf2、
(g)イエダニDer2、
(h)粉塵ダニLepd、
(i)真菌アレルゲンAlta1、
(j)真菌アレルゲンAspf1、
(k)真菌アレルゲンAspf16、及び
(l)ピーナッツアレルゲン
からなる群から選択される、請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。 - 薬学的に許容可能な希釈剤、担体または賦形剤と共に、免疫学的に有効量の請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の組成物を含んでなるワクチン。
- アジュバントをさらに含む、請求項6に記載のワクチン。
- アレルギーを治療するための薬剤の製造における、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の組成物の使用、または請求項6または7に記載のワクチンの使用。
- (a)組換えウィルス様粒子であって、RNAバクテリオファージQβコートタンパク質のウイルス様粒子である組換えウィルス様粒子、
(b)非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドであって、前記非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドのCpGモチーフがパリンドローム配列の一部分であり、当該パリンドローム配列がGACGATCGTC(配列番号105)であり、且つ10から30のヌクレオチドを含んでなる非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドであって、
前記ウイルス様粒子(a)にパッケージ化されている非メチル化CpG含有オリゴヌクレオチド(b)、及び
(c)抗原であって、前記抗原が
花粉抽出物、
粉塵抽出物、
粉塵ダニ抽出物、
真菌抽出物、
哺乳動物表皮抽出物、
羽毛抽出物、
昆虫抽出物、
食品抽出物、
体毛抽出物、
唾液抽出物、及び
血清抽出物
からなる群に由来するアレルゲンであって、前記組換えウィルス様粒子(a)と混合されいる前記抗原
を含む組成物であって、当該組成物を動物へ導入することを含んでなる前記動物の免疫応答を高めるための方法に使用するための組成物。 - 前記免疫応答が高められたTh1細胞応答である、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記動物がヒトである、請求項9又は10に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、前記動物の皮下、筋肉内、静脈内、鼻腔内、あるいはリンパ節に直接に導入される、請求項9から11の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 被検体の免疫応答を高めるための免疫化組成物であって該被検体に投与される免疫化組成物の製造における、請求項9に記載の組成物の使用。
- 前記免疫応答が高められたTh1細胞応答である、請求項13の使用。
- 前記被検体がヒトである、請求項13又は14に記載の使用。
- 前記免疫化組成物が、前記被検体の皮下、筋肉内、静脈内、鼻腔内、あるいはリンパ節に直接に導入される、請求項13から15の何れか一項に記載の使用。
- 請求項6又は7に記載のワクチンであって、動物を免疫化又は治療するための免疫学的有効量を動物に投与される、ワクチン。
- 前記動物がヒトである、請求項17に記載のワクチン。
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US20040005338A1 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
WO2004000351A8 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
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RU2005101206A (ru) | 2005-06-27 |
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IL164812A0 (en) | 2005-12-18 |
PL375306A1 (en) | 2005-11-28 |
NZ537002A (en) | 2006-06-30 |
AU2003242742B2 (en) | 2009-04-30 |
EP1513552A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
EP1513552B1 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
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