JP4549060B2 - 酸化リチウム・バナジウム、その調製プロセス、及び、電極活物質としてのその利用 - Google Patents
酸化リチウム・バナジウム、その調製プロセス、及び、電極活物質としてのその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4549060B2 JP4549060B2 JP2003539120A JP2003539120A JP4549060B2 JP 4549060 B2 JP4549060 B2 JP 4549060B2 JP 2003539120 A JP2003539120 A JP 2003539120A JP 2003539120 A JP2003539120 A JP 2003539120A JP 4549060 B2 JP4549060 B2 JP 4549060B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- oxide
- positive electrode
- vanadium
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 39
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 cyclic sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910008365 Li-Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910006759 Li—Sn Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- NVBFHJWHLNUMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamide Chemical class NS(N)(=O)=O NVBFHJWHLNUMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-4-methylpentanoic acid Chemical group CC(C)CC(C(O)=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011970 polystyrene sulfonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002975 Cd Pb Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910008367 Li-Pb Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910016599 LixFe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006738 Li—Pb Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L dilithium;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O JCCYXJAEFHYHPP-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium stearate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(O)C([O-])=O GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OFJHGWPRBMPXCX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-oxopropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(=O)C([O-])=O OFJHGWPRBMPXCX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011331 needle coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006253 pitch coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical compound S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 abstract 2
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- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 12
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- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCC1 BGTOWKSIORTVQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017112 Fe—C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018091 Li 2 S Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007894 Li-Al-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010547 Li4XO4—Li2BXO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010549 Li4XO4—Li3YO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011508 LiF—Li2S—P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008475 Li—Al—Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011883 electrode binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940071264 lithium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium vanadium Chemical compound [Li].[V] DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003880 polar aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003681 vanadium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
- C01G31/02—Oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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Description
長さlが1〜100μmで、幅wが4<l/w<100、厚さtが4<l/t<100のようになっており、t<wであることと、
その伸長軸が単斜晶系単位胞のb軸であることを特徴とする。
粉末形態の前記Li前駆物質と前記V前駆物質が、化学量論的比率Li/V=(1+x)/3でミキサに投入されることと、
混合が、混合後、得られる混合物の密度が1.5未満になり、粉末粒子の寸法が、長さが1μmを超え、幅が0.1μmを超え、厚さが0.1μmを超えることになるような、条件下において実施されることと、
得られた混合物が、565℃〜585℃の温度、できれば、575℃〜585℃の温度にされ、この温度が、30分〜10時間の時間期間にわたって維持されることと、
得られた生成物が、粉砕することなく、粉末粒子を分離するため、非凝集化されることを特徴とする。
本発明によるLi1.1V3O8化合物の調製
Pulverisetteに472mgのα−V2O5粉末と70mgのLi2CO3粉末を投入して、5分間にわたり、200回転/分の速度で混合が実施された。混合された粉末は、その後、反応器に送り込まれ、10時間にわたり、580℃で加熱が実施された。結果得られた生成物はPulverisetteに投入され、粉末粒子を解すため、5分間にわたり、200回転/分の速度で混合された。
比較のため、500℃、520℃、560℃、590℃、及び、600℃の温度で、上述の条件下において、Li1.1V3O8化合物が順次調製された。
各事例で得られた生成物の組成が、X線回折によって求められた。ダイアグラムは、Li1.1V3O8に対応する、PDFシート第80−0071号に従ったものであり、不純物は検出されない。図1には、本発明による生成物のX線回折ダイアグラム(CuKα放射線:λ=1.5418Å)が示されている。
・ 500℃で調製された酸化物:その最大長のサイズがほぼ1ミクロン程度の、小さい多結晶桿状体から構成された、形状及びサイズが不均一な粒子。
・ 520℃で調製された酸化物:その最大長のサイズがほぼ1ミクロン程度の、小さい多結晶桿状体から構成された、形状及びサイズが不均一な粒子。
・ 560℃で調製された酸化物:長さがほぼ1〜5μmの多結晶桿状体から構成された、形状及びサイズが不均一な粒子。
・ 590℃で調製された酸化物:560℃で調整された酸化物の形態と極めてよく似ているが、粉末の焼結を伴う。
・ 600℃(酸化物の融点)で調製された酸化物:長さが20μm以上の混合結晶から構成された溶融ブロックの生成物。
本発明によるLi1.1V3O8化合物の調製
R51タイプのVMI/Rayneriミキサに、4.72kgのα−V2O5粉末と0.70kgのLi2CO3粉末を投入して、15分間にわたり、80回転/分の速度で混合が実施された。混合された粉末は、その後、反応器に送り込まれ、10時間にわたり、580℃で加熱が実施された。結果得られた生成物はミキサに投入され、粉末粒子を解すため、15分間にわたり、80回転/分の速度で混合された。
得られた生成物の組成のX線回折ダイアグラムは、Li1.1V3O8に対応する、PDFシート第80−0071号に従ったものであり、不純物は検出されない。
液体電解質電池におけるLi1.1V3O8化合物の利用
実施例1に解説のプロセスに従って、それぞれ、580℃及び571℃で得られたLi1.1V3O8化合物が、周囲温度で動作する、下記構造を備えた実験用スクリュー・バッテリにおける正極活物質として用いられた。
Li/(EC+DMC+LiPF6)/Li1.1V3O8+炭素+結合剤
重合体電解質電池におけるLi1.1V3O8化合物の利用
充電式重合体電解質リチウム電池が作製された。
Claims (26)
- 化学式Li1+xV3O8に相当する酸化リチウム・バナジウムであって、ここで、0.1≦x≦0.25であり、単斜晶系の結晶構造を備えることと、桿状体の形態をなす非凝集粒子から構成されることと、
長さlが1〜100μmで、幅wが4<l/w<100、厚さtが4<l/t<100のようになっており、t<wであることと、
その伸長軸が単斜晶系単位格子のb軸であることを特徴とする、
酸化リチウム・バナジウム。 - 前記粒子のそれぞれの寸法が、10<l/w<50及び10<l/t<50のようになっていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の酸化リチウム・バナジウム。
- 少なくとも1つのリチウム前駆物質と少なくとも1つのバナジウム前駆物質を反応させることである、請求項1に記載の酸化リチウム・バナジウムを調製するためのプロセスであって、
粉末形態の前記リチウム前駆物質と前記バナジウム前駆物質が、化学量論的比率リチウム/バナジウム=(1+x)/3でミキサに投入されることと、
混合が、混合後、得られる混合物の密度が1.5未満になり、粉末粒子の寸法が、長さが1μmを超え、幅が0.1μmを超え、厚さが0.1μmを超えることになるようPulverisette(登録商標) 7、流動床ミキサ、水平ドラム・ミキサ、または、スクリュー・ミキサにより実施されることと、
得られた混合物が、565℃〜585℃の温度にされ、この温度が、30分〜10時間の時間期間にわたって維持されることと、
得られた生成物が、粉砕することなく、粉末粒子を分離するため、非凝集化されていることを特徴とする、
プロセス。 - 前記リチウム前駆物質が、リチウム塩または酸化リチウムであることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 前記リチウム前駆物質が、Li2CO3、LiNO3、LiOH、LiOH・H2O、及び、Li2Oから、または、酢酸リチウム、アセチルアセトナトリチウム、ステアリン酸リチウム、蟻酸リチウム、蓚酸リチウム、クエン酸リチウム、乳酸リチウム、酒石酸リチウム、または、ピルビン酸リチウムから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 前記バナジウム前駆物質が、バナジウム塩または酸化バナジウムであることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 前記バナジウム前駆物質が、α−V2O5、NH4VO3、V2O4、及び、V2O3から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 前記リチウム前駆物質が、リチウムとバナジウムの複合化合物であることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 575℃〜585℃の温度で、加熱が実施されることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のプロセス。
- 活物質として、請求項1及び請求項2のいずれかに記載の酸化リチウム・バナジウムを含むことを特徴とする、リチウム電池用の正極。
- さらに、カーボンブラックと、
イオン伝導特性及び機械的特性を付与する複合材料が含まれ、
該複合材料は
リチウム塩と、結合剤から構成され、
該結合剤は、非溶媒和重合体と線状または環状カーボネート、線状または環状エーテル、線状または環状エステル、線状または環状スルホン、スルファミド、及び、ニトリルから選択された少なくとも1つの有極性非プロトン化合物から構成され、該非溶媒和重合体は、フッ化ビニリデン単独重合体及び共重合体、エチレン、プロピレン、及び、ジエンの共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン単独重合体及び共重合体、N−ビニルピロリドン単独重合体及び共重合体、アクリロニトリル単独重合体及び共重合体、メタクリロニトリル単独重合体及び共重合体、ポリペルフルオロエーテル・スルホン酸塩、及びポリスチレン・スルホン酸塩から選択されるか、
又は、該結合剤は、ポリ(エチレン・オキシド)をベースにした網状組織を形成する場合もあるし、形成しない場合もある、線状、櫛状、または、ブロック状構造のポリエーテルと、エチレン・オキシドまたはプロピレン・オキシドまたはアリル・グリシジル・エーテル単位体を含む共重合体と、ポリホスファゼンと、イソシアン酸塩によって架橋されたポリエチレン・グリコールをベースにした架橋網状組織と、オキシエチレン及びエピクロロヒドリンの共重合体とからなる群から選択される溶媒和重合体である、
ことを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の正極。 - 前記活物質の含有率が、40〜90重量%であることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の正極。
- カーボンブラックの含有率が5重量%〜20重量%であることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の正極。
- 前記イオン伝導特性及び機械的特性を付与する複合材料の含有率が5重量%〜40重量%であることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の正極。
- 前記溶媒和重合体が、オキシエチレンと、エピクロロヒドリンの共重合体であることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の正極。
- 溶媒中に溶解しているリチウム塩を含む電解質によって隔離された正極と負極を具備し、その働きが、電極間におけるリチウム・イオンの可逆性循環によって供給され、再充電式リチウム電池であって、前記正極が、請求項10〜請求項15の1つに記載の正極であることを特徴とする、電池。
- 前記電解質に、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiRFSO3、LiCH3SO3、LiN(RFSO2)2、LiC(RFSO2)3、及び、LiCF(RFSO2)2から選択されたリチウム塩が含まれることと、RFが1〜8の炭素原子またはフッ素原子を備えた過フルオロアルキル基を表わすことを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- 前記電解質の溶媒が、線状または環状カーボネート、線状または環状エーテル、線状または環状エステル、線状または環状スルホン、スルファミド、及び、ニトリルから選択された有極性非プロトン化合物であることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- 前記電解質の溶媒が、請求項11に記載の溶媒和重合体であることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- 前記電解質が、ポリオキシエチレン中の、または、オキシエチレンとエピクロロヒドリンの共重合体中のリチウム・ビストリフルオロメタンスルホンイミド(LiTFSI)の固溶体から構成されることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- 前記負極が、リチウム金属、または、β−LiAl、γ−LiAl、Li−Pb、Li−Cd−Pb、Li−Sn、Li−Sn−Cd、金属マトリックス中のLi−Sn、または、Li−Al−Mn合金から選択可能な、リチウム合金から構成されるか、あるいは、前記負極が、Li/Li3NまたはLixPb−ポリパラフェニレン・タイプの複合電極であることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- 前記負極が、結合剤と、石油コークス、黒鉛、黒鉛ホイスカ、炭素繊維、メソカーボン・マイクロビード、ピッチ・コークス、及び、ニードル・コークスから選択される天然または合成炭質材料、LixMoO 2 、LixWO 2 、LixFe 2 O 3 、Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 、及び、LixTiO 2 から選択される酸化物、Li 9 Mo 6 S 6 及びLiTiS 2 から選択される硫化物、あるいは当該酸硫化物、LixNiVO 4 から選択される非晶質バナジウム酸塩、Li 2.6−x Co 0.4 N、Li 2+x FeN 2 、及びLi 7+x MnN 4 から選択される窒化物、Li 9−x VP 4 から選択されるリン化物、Li 9−x VAs 4 から選択される砒化物、並びにCoO、CuO、及び、Cu 2 Oから選択される可逆分解可能酸化物から選択される低酸化還元電位でリチウム・イオンを可逆挿入可能な材料から構成される複合電極であることと、前記材料が、予備段階中にリチア化されることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の電池。
- それぞれ、正極及びその集電板、請求項11に記載の溶媒和重合体中に溶解しているリチウム塩から構成される前記電解質、及び、負極の材料から構成される一連の層によって形成されていることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載の電池。
- それぞれ、正極及びその集電板、請求項11に記載の溶媒和重合体中に溶解しているリチウム塩から構成される前記電解質、及び、負極及びその集電板の材料から構成される一連の層によって形成されていることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載の電池。
- それぞれ、正極及びその集電板の材料、液体電解質を含浸させた隔離版、及び、負極の材料から構成される一連の層によって形成されていることを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の電池。
- それぞれ、正極及びその集電板の材料、液体電解質を含浸させた隔離版、及び、負極及びその集電板の材料から構成される一連の層によって形成されていることを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の電池。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR0113821A FR2831715B1 (fr) | 2001-10-25 | 2001-10-25 | Oxyde de lithium et de vanadium, son utilisation comme matiere active d'electrode |
| PCT/FR2002/003424 WO2003036742A2 (fr) | 2001-10-25 | 2002-10-08 | Oxyde de lithium et de vanadium, un procede pour sa preparation, son utilisation comme matiere active d'electrode |
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| WO2003012908A2 (en) | 2001-07-27 | 2003-02-13 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Battery structures, self-organizing structures and related methods |
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| FR2866641B1 (fr) * | 2004-02-23 | 2006-06-16 | Batscap Sa | Procede de preparation d'un oxyde de lithium et de vanadium |
| FR2877146B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-01-19 | Batscap Sa | Materiau nanostructure, procede pour sa preparation. |
| FR2876998B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-01-19 | Batscap Sa | Procede de preparation de gamma-liv205 |
| FR2876997B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-01-19 | Batscap Sa | Oxyde de lithium et de vanadium, procede pour sa preparation |
| CN100355660C (zh) * | 2006-04-11 | 2007-12-19 | 华东师范大学 | 一种(nh4)2v3o8的制备方法 |
| KR100881637B1 (ko) * | 2006-05-01 | 2009-02-04 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 저온 출력 특성이 개선된 리튬 이차전지 |
| DE102006031671A1 (de) | 2006-07-08 | 2008-01-10 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | Nicht agglomerierende Ionenaustauscher-Mischbetten |
| EP2146931B1 (de) * | 2007-04-16 | 2014-09-24 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von lithiumreichen metalloxiden |
| EP2167228B1 (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2015-07-08 | California Institute of Technology | Lithium fluoropolymer and fluoro-organic batteries |
| US20090202903A1 (en) * | 2007-05-25 | 2009-08-13 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Batteries and electrodes for use thereof |
| EP2272117A1 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2011-01-12 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Small-scale batteries and electrodes for use thereof |
| TW201002623A (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2010-01-16 | Basf Se | Process for preparing lithium vanadium oxides and their use as cathode material |
| TW201107242A (en) * | 2009-05-27 | 2011-03-01 | Conocophillips Co | Methods of making lithium vanadium oxide powders and uses of the powders |
| JP2011014373A (ja) | 2009-07-02 | 2011-01-20 | Hitachi Powdered Metals Co Ltd | 導電性材料及びこれを用いたLiイオン二次電池用正極材料 |
| JP5791619B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-27 | 2015-10-07 | ヒェメタル ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングChemetall GmbH | 窒素含有水素化物アノード及び窒素含有水素化物アノードを含有するガルバニ電池 |
| FR2978137A1 (fr) * | 2011-07-21 | 2013-01-25 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit fondu a base de lithium |
| CN102502822A (zh) * | 2011-10-09 | 2012-06-20 | 广州市香港科大霍英东研究院 | 锂离子电池负极材料富锂层状金属氧化物的制备及应用 |
| US20130108920A1 (en) | 2011-11-01 | 2013-05-02 | Isalah O. Oladeji | Composite electrodes for lithium ion battery and method of making |
| RU2506668C1 (ru) * | 2012-06-05 | 2014-02-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Самарский государственный технический университет" | Расплавляемый электролит для химического источника тока |
| US8945756B2 (en) * | 2012-12-12 | 2015-02-03 | Aquion Energy Inc. | Composite anode structure for aqueous electrolyte energy storage and device containing same |
| KR102317416B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-20 | 2021-10-25 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | 높은 에너지 밀도를 가지는 음극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬이온2차전지 |
| US10497968B2 (en) * | 2016-01-04 | 2019-12-03 | Global Graphene Group, Inc. | Solid state electrolyte for lithium secondary battery |
| CN105731539B (zh) * | 2016-02-02 | 2017-03-22 | 山东大学 | 利用高温高压混合溶剂热体系合成钒酸锂Li3VO4单晶微米粉末的方法 |
| WO2017197406A1 (en) | 2016-05-13 | 2017-11-16 | Quantumscape Corporation | Solid electrolyte separator bonding agent |
| MX2019009953A (es) * | 2017-02-24 | 2019-12-19 | Cuberg Inc | Sistema y metodo para una bateria secundaria estable de alta temperatura. |
| RU2648977C1 (ru) * | 2017-05-30 | 2018-03-29 | Российская Федерация в лице Министерства промышленности и торговли Российской Федерации | Способ изготовления литиевых аккумуляторов электрохимической системы литий - литированный оксид ванадия |
| WO2019230279A1 (ja) * | 2018-05-30 | 2019-12-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | リチウム二次電池 |
| KR102905859B1 (ko) | 2018-06-06 | 2025-12-31 | 퀀텀스케이프 배터리, 인코포레이티드 | 고체-상태 배터리 |
| US10840500B2 (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2020-11-17 | The University Of Akron | Superionic conductive polymer electrolyte composite for lithium battery |
| US12609344B2 (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2026-04-21 | Honeycomb Battery Company | Method of improving the cycle stability and energy density of a lithium metal secondary battery |
| US20190393482A1 (en) * | 2018-06-21 | 2019-12-26 | Nanotek Instruments, Inc. | Method of protecting the lithium anode layer in a lithium metal secondary battery |
| US11522177B2 (en) | 2018-12-14 | 2022-12-06 | Cuberg, Inc. | System for an ionic liquid-based electrolyte for high energy battery |
| JP7527590B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-12 | 2024-08-05 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 全固体電池の製造方法 |
| CN110474043B (zh) * | 2019-08-13 | 2022-09-02 | 青岛大学 | 一种锂离子电池的电极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN110642293B (zh) * | 2019-09-05 | 2022-07-26 | 厦门理工学院 | 一种氧空位Li3VO4锂离子电池负极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN111570299B (zh) * | 2020-05-22 | 2022-04-22 | 邱鑫梅 | 一种蓄电池生产加工用性能检测分析系统 |
| US12555776B2 (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2026-02-17 | Tyfast Energy Corp. | Anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, and methods of making and using the same |
| EP4661133A1 (en) * | 2023-01-31 | 2025-12-10 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Battery |
| CN118791042B (zh) * | 2024-07-08 | 2026-03-20 | 太原理工大学 | 一种锌离子电池正极材料锂钒氧化物LiV3O8的简便制备方法 |
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| JPH0679487B2 (ja) * | 1988-05-25 | 1994-10-05 | 株式会社ユアサコーポレーション | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JPH02267857A (ja) * | 1989-04-06 | 1990-11-01 | Yuasa Battery Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JPH02288068A (ja) * | 1989-04-26 | 1990-11-28 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解液二次電池 |
| JPH03225774A (ja) * | 1990-01-30 | 1991-10-04 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| JPH06171947A (ja) * | 1992-12-11 | 1994-06-21 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | リチウムバナジウム酸化物の製造方法 |
| JPH0714581A (ja) * | 1993-06-25 | 1995-01-17 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 非水二次電池 |
| US5520903A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1996-05-28 | Chang; On K. | Method of making lithium metal oxide cathode active material |
| JPH10116628A (ja) * | 1996-10-11 | 1998-05-06 | Hitachi Ltd | リチウム二次電池 |
| US6004697A (en) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-12-21 | Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. | Modified lithium vanadium oxide electrode materials products and methods |
| US6136476A (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2000-10-24 | Hydro-Quebec Corporation | Methods for making lithium vanadium oxide electrode materials |
| JP2001102086A (ja) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-04-13 | Kansai Research Institute | 水系リチウムイオン電池 |
| JP4686871B2 (ja) * | 2001-02-28 | 2011-05-25 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | リチウム二次電池 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2005506272A (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
| KR20040060944A (ko) | 2004-07-06 |
| WO2003036742A3 (fr) | 2003-09-25 |
| AU2002350827A1 (en) | 2003-05-06 |
| FR2831715B1 (fr) | 2004-03-19 |
| ZA200403051B (en) | 2005-07-27 |
| EP1438761A2 (fr) | 2004-07-21 |
| WO2003036742A2 (fr) | 2003-05-01 |
| CA2464740A1 (fr) | 2003-05-01 |
| EP1438761B1 (fr) | 2011-08-10 |
| FR2831715A1 (fr) | 2003-05-02 |
| CN1265484C (zh) | 2006-07-19 |
| KR100874417B1 (ko) | 2008-12-16 |
| ATE520163T1 (de) | 2011-08-15 |
| US20050026041A1 (en) | 2005-02-03 |
| ES2373484T3 (es) | 2012-02-06 |
| CA2464740C (fr) | 2011-03-22 |
| US7396614B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
| CN1575527A (zh) | 2005-02-02 |
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