JP4242654B2 - ナノ−及びミクロ−気泡質の発泡薄肉材料の製法並びにその製造装置 - Google Patents
ナノ−及びミクロ−気泡質の発泡薄肉材料の製法並びにその製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4242654B2 JP4242654B2 JP2002577083A JP2002577083A JP4242654B2 JP 4242654 B2 JP4242654 B2 JP 4242654B2 JP 2002577083 A JP2002577083 A JP 2002577083A JP 2002577083 A JP2002577083 A JP 2002577083A JP 4242654 B2 JP4242654 B2 JP 4242654B2
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Description
連続チャンバーの容積に対する予備発泡ポリマーフィルムの容積の割合は、変化させることができる。有利な態様では、この割合は、下限約0.85、0.86、0.87、0.88、0.89、0.9、0.91、0.92、0.93、0.94、0.95、0.96、0.97、0.98又は0.99から、上限約0.86、0.87、0.88、0.89、0.9、0.91、0.92、0.93、0.94、0.95、0.96、0.97、0.98、0.99又は1.0まで変化する。
PMMAポリマーフィルム
ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)(PMMA)の薄膜は、トルエン(15%ポリマー)からの溶液流延であり、最終厚さ約50から約150μmまでに調整される。膨張及び拡散バリア、例えば、図3a及び図3bに記載されるような「クランプ(clamp)」は、ポリマーフィルムをサンドイッチし、かつ利用できる膨張容積を最小にするよう設計されている。4500psi、40℃で、フィルムを二酸化炭素へ十分露出させた後、膨張バリアの存在下で、平均気泡サイズ約2μm及び外皮の厚さ約2μmを有し、気泡サイズの分布は均一であることが測定された。0.5μm未満のシャープな移行が、発泡コアと外皮との間に観察される。図4は、この例により発泡させたフィルムを示す写真である。
比較例
薄いポリマーフィルムを、二酸化炭素中で、例1のフィルムとは対照的に、クランプ中に保持しないで発泡させる。処理条件は、例1のものと同様であった。形成される発泡フィルムは、例1で生じたフィルムと比較し、あまり望ましいものではない。生じた外側の未発泡外皮は、厚さ約25μmであり、フィルムの外皮と内部コアとの間の移行域は、気泡の不均一な分布を含有した。図5は、この例により発泡させたフィルムを示す写真である。
ナノ発泡薄膜
ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)(PMMA)の薄膜は、トルエン(3%ポリマー)溶液からケイ素ウェファー上にスピンコーティングされ、最終フィルム厚さは1から10ミクロンまでの範囲である。例1で概説されたものと同様の実験手順に従う。5000psi、35℃で、フィルムを二酸化炭素へ十分露出させた後、迅速に減圧して、100nmから1000nmまでの範囲の気泡直径を有するPMMAナノフォームが得られる。図8は、独立気泡ナノフォーム形態を示す写真である。図9は、同一フィルムの発泡外皮層を示す。外皮は、100nmから500nmまでの範囲の気泡直径の独立気泡を特徴とし、最小移行域も有する。
薄膜形成
好適な技術を使用して、基材上にフィルムを付着させる。フィルムサイズは、100nmから1μmの範囲である。次いで、基材上のフィルムを、基材と拡散バリアとの間に配置する。次いで、系を45℃で、5000psiまで加圧し、適切な時間の間、浸透させる。次いで、系を迅速に減圧して、フォームを製造する。次いで、サンプルのミクロ構造を乱さないように、薄膜を基材から分離する。フィルムを、次いで、TEMグリッドに付着させ、イメージを採取する。
充填剤を利用する発泡材料
メチルエチルケトン(MEK)中に懸濁されたナノガラスビーズ(平均ビーズ直径ほぼ30nm)を、MEK溶液中のポリ(メチルメタクリレート)(PMMA)とブレンドする。これらのビーズは、同様の表面電荷を有し、そのため、相互に反発する傾向があり、そのため溶液中の凝集が回避される。例1のようにして、ナノ充填剤を有するポリマー溶液は、流延され、約50から100μmまでの最終厚さの薄膜となる。図10は、二酸化炭素を5000psi、120℃で使用して生じた純粋PMMAフォームを示す。フォームサンプルは、10μmのオーダーの平均気泡直径及び材料cm3当たり109気泡のオーダーの気泡密度を特徴とする。図11は、同一のポリマーフィルムであるが、5重量%のナノガラスビーズが添加されているものの写真を示す。ナノ充填剤の添加は、気泡密度の3乗の大きさの増加(1012気泡/cm3)及び1〜2μmのより小さい気泡直径をもたらす。
Claims (40)
- 多数のミクロ気泡、ナノ気泡又はこれらの組合せが、独立気泡網状構造に配置されるポリマー材料の製造方法であって、
二酸化炭素を含む液体混合物と、発泡させるべき材料とを接触させて、材料を発泡させる工程を含み、その際、該材料は、所定の容積の反応器中にあり、かつ所定の容積に対する予備発泡ポリマー材料の容積の割合は、多数のミクロ気泡、ナノ気泡又はこれらの組合せが、独立気泡網状構造に配置されて、材料中に形成されるように選択され、反応器の容積に対する予備発泡ポリマー材料の容積の割合は、0.85から1までの範囲である、ポリマー材料の製造方法。 - 前記方法は、バッチ法で実施される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素は、液体二酸化炭素である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素は、超臨界二酸化炭素である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記材料は、熱可塑性ポリマーである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記熱可塑性ポリマーは、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリオレフィン、ポリエステル、ナイロン、フルオロポリマー、ポリウレタン、ポリスチレン、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリスルホン、ポリカーボネート、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリイミド、ポリメチルメタクリレート、セルロース樹脂、アクリル樹脂、これらのブレンド及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項5記載の方法。
- 前記材料は、熱硬化性ポリマーを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマー材料は、ポリマー及び架橋剤を含む組成物から形成され、その際、組成物は、反応して、網状構造を形成している、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記液体混合物は、更に加えて、界面活性剤を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤は、親CO2性セグメントを含む、請求項9記載の方法。
- 親CO2性セグメントは、フルオロポリマー、シリコーン、ポリプロピレンオキシド及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される成分を含む、請求項10記載の方法。
- 前記フルオロポリマーは、フルオロアクリレートモノマー、フルオロオレフィンモノマー、フルオロスチレンモノマー、フルオロアルキレンオキシドモノマー、フッ素化ビニルアルキルエーテルモノマー及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択されるモノマー少なくとも1種から形成される、請求項11記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤は、疎CO2性セグメントを含む、請求項10記載の方法。
- 前記疎CO2性セグメントは、スチレン、α−オレフィン、エチレンオキシド、ジエン、アミド、エステル、スルホン、スルホンアミド、イミド、チオール、アルコール、ジオール、酸、エーテル、ケトン、シアノ、アミン、第四アンモニウム塩、アクリレート、メタクリレート、チオゾール及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択されるモノマー少なくとも1種から形成されるポリマーである、請求項13記載の方法。
- 前記界面活性剤は、グラフトコポリマー、ブロックコポリマー及びランダムコポリマーからなる群から選択されるコポリマーである、請求項10記載の方法。
- 前記液体混合物は、更に加えて、水、可塑剤、抗菌剤、強化剤、加工助剤、着色剤、染料、難燃剤及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される変性剤を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記材料は、少なくとも2つの樹脂を含む熱可塑性材料である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記液体混合物は、更に加えて、補助溶剤を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素を材料から分離する段階を更に含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素を材料から分離する前記段階は、二酸化炭素の排出を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 更に加えて、充填剤を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記充填剤は、コロイドシリカ、コロイドゴールド、カーボンブラック、クレー粒子及びこれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項21記載の方法。
- 前記充填剤は、ナノ充填剤である、請求項21記載の方法。
- ポリマーフィルムを発泡させるための装置であって、
ポリマーフィルムをその上に配置した支持手段(但し、該ポリマーフィルムは、前記支持手段と接触する底面及び上面を有する)と、
該ポリマーフィルムの上面に向かい合って位置する第一可動手段(但し、前記第一可動手段は、その位置を変えて、ポリマーフィルムと前記第一可動手段との間に第一チャンバーを形成することができるものである)と、
前記支持手段と前記第一可動手段とを取囲む第一ハウジングと、
第一ハウジングに取り付けられ、その中に第二チャンバーを形成した第二ハウジング(但し、第一チャンバーが第二チャンバーと連絡するように、前記第一ハウジング内に開口がある)と、
前記第二ハウジング内に配置された第二可動手段(但し、前記第二可動手段は、その位置を変えて、第二チャンバーのサイズを調整することができる)と、
第二ハウジングへの液体移動及び第二ハウジングからの液体移動を可能にする、第二ハウジング内に形成された少なくとも1つのポートと、
前記支持手段内に形成された少なくとも1つのチャンネル(但し、該チャンネルは、フィルムの発泡の間、液体をその中に通らせて、ポリマーフィルムを冷却するものである)と
を含む、ポリマーフィルムの発泡装置。 - 前記第一及び第二可動手段はピストンである、請求項24記載の装置。
- 更に加えて、前記第一可動手段と第一ハウジングとの間、第二可動手段と第二ハウジングとの間、及び第一ハウジングと支持手段との間に、複数のシールが配置されている、請求項24記載の装置。
- 前記第一可動手段及び第二可動手段は、ステンレススチールから形成されている、請求項24記載の装置。
- ポリマーフィルムを発泡させる方法であって、
第一ハウジングに収められた第一可動手段に対面して保持される上面と、支持手段に対面して保持される底面とを有する未発泡ポリマーフィルムを用意する段階と、
第一可動手段を移動させる段階であって、未発泡ポリマーフィルムの上面から離れさせ、1つのチャンバーをその間に形成し、かつ第一ハウジングと第二ハウジングの中に連続チャンバーを形成する移動段階と、
第二ハウジング内に露出されたポートに導入された二酸化炭素に、未発泡ポリマーフィルムを曝す(但し、連続チャンバーは第一容積を有し、かつ二酸化炭素は連続チャンバーを充填して第一圧力に達する)段階と、
第一可動手段を未発泡ポリマーフィルムに向けて配置し、かつ第二ハウジング内の第二可動手段を未発泡ポリマーフィルムから遠ざかるように配置する段階であって、連続チャンバーに第一容積及び第一圧力を保持する配置段階と、
液体を、支持手段内に存在する少なくとも1つのチャンネルの中を循環させる段階であって、未発泡ポリマーフィルムの温度を下げる循環段階と、
二酸化炭素を第二ハウジング内のポートを通して排出する段階であって、未発泡ポリマーフィルムを発泡させ、そのなかに独立気泡網状構造を形成する排出段階と
を含む、方法。 - 前記連続チャンバーの容積に対する前記未発泡ポリマーフィルムの容積の割合は、0.85から1.0までの範囲である、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素は、液体二酸化炭素である、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記二酸化炭素は、超臨界二酸化炭素である、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーフィルムの材料は、熱可塑性ポリマーである、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記熱可塑性ポリマーは、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリオレフィン、ポリエステル、ナイロン、フルオロポリマー、ポリウレタン、ポリスチレン、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリスルホン、ポリカーボネート、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリイミド、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、セルロース樹脂、アクリル樹脂、これらのブレンド及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項32記載の方法。
- 支持手段内にある少なくとも1つのチャンネルの中を循環する液体は、液体窒素である、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記排出及び前記循環段階は同時に行う、請求項28記載の方法。
- 前記第一可動手段をポリマーフィルムの上面から離すように移動させ、かつ支持手段からポリマーフィルムを外す段階を更に含む、請求項28記載の方法。
- ポリマーフィルムを発泡させるのに使用する装置であって、
少なくとも2つの平行プレートと、
前記2つの平行プレートの間に位置するポリマーフィルムと、
前記少なくとも2つの平行プレート及び前記ポリマーフィルムの中を通って延伸する固定手段と、
前記少なくとも2つの平行プレートを通って延伸するチャンネルと
を含み、前記固定手段は、緊締して、前記少なくとも2つの平行プレートと前記ポリマーフィルムとの間の容積を最小にし、かつ液体を前記チャンネルに流して、平行プレートの中を通過させ、前記ポリマーフィルムの温度を降下させることを特徴とする装置。 - ポリマーフィルムを発泡させる方法であって、
未発泡ポリマーフィルムをチャンバー中に用意し、
但し、チャンバーの容積に対する未発泡ポリマーフィルムの容積の割合は、0.85から1.0までの範囲であり、
ポリマーフィルムを、二酸化炭素を含む組成物に曝し、かつ
組成物の圧力を減じて、ポリマーフィルムを発泡させ、そのなかに独立気泡網状構造を形成する
ことを含む、方法。 - ポリマーフィルムを発泡させる方法であって、
第一表面及びこれと反対側の第二表面を有する未発泡ポリマーフィルムを、二酸化炭素を含む組成物に曝し、
第一表面、第二表面又は第一と第二の両方の表面が固化するように、未発泡ポリマーフィルムの温度を減じ、かつ
ポリマーフィルムが発泡し、そのなかに独立気泡網状構造を形成するように、組成物の圧力を減じる
ことを含む、方法。 - ミクロ気泡、ナノ気泡又はこれらの組合せを含む独立気泡網状構造を有する発泡ポリマーフィルムを製造する方法であって、
未発泡ポリマーフィルムの第一表面を第一拡散バリアと接触させ、
未発泡ポリマーフィルム中に二酸化炭素をしみ込ませ、
第一表面とは反対側である未発泡ポリマーフィルムの第二表面を第二拡散バリアに接触させ、かつ
未発泡ポリマーフィルムから二酸化炭素を拡散させ、ミクロ気泡、ナノ気泡又はこれらの組合せを含む独立気泡網状構造を有する発泡ポリマーフィルムを提供する
ことを含む、製造方法。
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CN1313521C (zh) | 2007-05-02 |
CN1512909A (zh) | 2004-07-14 |
EP1372831B1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
DE60203269T2 (de) | 2006-02-09 |
JP2004532912A (ja) | 2004-10-28 |
WO2002078824A1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
DE60203269D1 (de) | 2005-04-21 |
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