JP4035848B2 - 水素ガス漏洩警報システム - Google Patents
水素ガス漏洩警報システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP4035848B2 JP4035848B2 JP2005234522A JP2005234522A JP4035848B2 JP 4035848 B2 JP4035848 B2 JP 4035848B2 JP 2005234522 A JP2005234522 A JP 2005234522A JP 2005234522 A JP2005234522 A JP 2005234522A JP 4035848 B2 JP4035848 B2 JP 4035848B2
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 248
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 90
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 18
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 10
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 specifically Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- HJJVPARKXDDIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromuconazole Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1(CN2N=CN=C2)OCC(Br)C1 HJJVPARKXDDIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005421 electrostatic potential Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005001 laminate film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006280 packaging film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012785 packaging film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004092 self-diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/005—H2
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/4073—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
- G01N27/4074—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Measuring Oxygen Concentration In Cells (AREA)
Description
図1は、本発明の水素ガスセンサーの構成を原理的に示す図である。水素ガスセンサー10は、一対の、電極12,14と、これらの双方に接触する固体または液体状の電解質16と、電極12,14間に接続された起電力測定器18とを有している。そして、これらは、水素バリア性が低い、つまり水素選択透過性を有する素材からなる外被20によって被覆されている。第1の電極12は、水素ガスに対する検出電極として機能し、水素ガスと接触することによって、水素の化学ポテンシャルが大きく変化する。第2の電極14は、水素ガスに対する基準電極として機能し、水素ガスと接触することによって、その化学ポテンシャルがほとんど変化しないか、変化するとしても極微小である。
(1)水素の固体電解質(燐タングステン酸など)粉末を溶媒に溶かし、液状にする。
(2)固体電解質が位置する空間(型)に構造補強材を埋め、電極を組み立てる。
(3)液状にした水素電解質を構造補強材に流し込む。
(4)液状の水素電解質が固化したところでセンサーの原型が出来る。
図10は、図9に示した水素センサー素子の変形例を電子回路に組み込み集積化した概念図を示す。検出電極111と基準電極112は逆向きに配置されている。
System )へ接続するためのトランジスタートランジスタ論理出力端子(TTL OUT)を設置することにより、ガス漏洩情報を表示すると同時に外部のリレーや電磁弁を作動させることが出来る。
Table Reference 回路125に入力される。Data Table Reference 回路では、あらかじめ水素ガスセンサーの濃度と起電力のData Table 126が記憶されており、入力された起電力をそのTableを基に濃度に換算し、その値をDisplay
Driver 127を介して濃度表示する。
12,14 両電極
12,12A 検出電極
14 基準電極
16 電解質、固体電解質膜
18 起電力測定器
20、20a、20b 外被、外被膜
22 検出面
24 密閉部
26 短絡スイッチ
28 制御装置
30 ケース
32 窓
34 ヒータ
36 吸着剤
40 基板
41 保護膜(保護メッシュ)
Claims (7)
- 互いに水素ガスに対する化学ポテンシャルが異なる材料からなる第1の電極及び第2の電極と、これらの電極と接触する電解質とを備え、これら電極間に発生する起電力値に基づいて前記水素ガスを検出する水素ガスセンサーであって、少なくとも前記電解質と前記第1の電極の接合部及び前記電解質と前記第2の電極の接合部は水素選択透過性を有する外被に覆われている水素ガスセンサーと、
該水素ガスセンサーからの水素ガス検知情報としての起電力変化を基準電圧と比較するための電圧比較器とを備えた水素ガス漏洩警報システムであって、
前記基準電圧は、シュミットインバータのスレッシュ・ホールド電圧であることを特徴とする水素ガス漏洩警報システム。 - 前記一対の電極を一時的に電気的な短絡を行うことにより、前記外被内に残存する水素ガスを反応させることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
- 前記外被は、異なるバリア機能を有する複数の素材を重ねて構成していることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
- 前記外被内の空間の温度を調整する機構が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
- 前記第1の電極は水素選択透過性を有する金属であるPdまたはPd合金から構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれかに記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
- 前記水素ガスセンサーを複数同一の基板上に配置したことを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれかに記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
- 前記水素ガスセンサーの中に、外部に設けたLEDからの光信号を検知するフォトセンサーを組み込み、これにより前記水素ガスセンサーにおける水素ガス遮蔽汚染物質の存在を検知可能としたことを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれかに記載の水素ガス漏洩警報システム。
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005234522A JP4035848B2 (ja) | 2005-08-12 | 2005-08-12 | 水素ガス漏洩警報システム |
CA002618786A CA2618786A1 (en) | 2005-08-12 | 2006-04-11 | Hydrogen gas sensor |
EP06731539A EP1921445A1 (en) | 2005-08-12 | 2006-04-11 | Hydrogen gas sensor |
US11/990,276 US20090302857A1 (en) | 2005-08-12 | 2006-04-11 | Hydrogen Gas Sensor |
PCT/JP2006/307592 WO2007020731A1 (ja) | 2005-08-12 | 2006-04-11 | 水素ガスセンサー |
CNA2006800287823A CN101268360A (zh) | 2005-08-12 | 2006-04-11 | 氢气传感器 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005234522A JP4035848B2 (ja) | 2005-08-12 | 2005-08-12 | 水素ガス漏洩警報システム |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2007047124A JP2007047124A (ja) | 2007-02-22 |
JP4035848B2 true JP4035848B2 (ja) | 2008-01-23 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2005234522A Expired - Fee Related JP4035848B2 (ja) | 2005-08-12 | 2005-08-12 | 水素ガス漏洩警報システム |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090302857A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1921445A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4035848B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101268360A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2618786A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007020731A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5122424B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-20 | 2013-01-16 | グンゼ株式会社 | 水素ガス検知装置および水素ガス検知方法 |
JP5142323B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-28 | 2013-02-13 | 国立大学法人 新潟大学 | 水素ガスセンサ |
JP5201593B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-30 | 2013-06-05 | 国立大学法人 新潟大学 | 高濃度水素ガスセンサー |
US8196448B2 (en) * | 2010-01-20 | 2012-06-12 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Hydrogen sensor assembly |
US20120125770A1 (en) * | 2010-05-21 | 2012-05-24 | National University Corporation Niigata University | Hydrogen gas sensor |
US8839659B2 (en) | 2010-10-08 | 2014-09-23 | Board Of Trustees Of Northern Illinois University | Sensors and devices containing ultra-small nanowire arrays |
CN102253100A (zh) * | 2011-05-05 | 2011-11-23 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 固体电解质型氢气检测仪及采用该氢气检测仪实现氢气浓度的检测方法 |
CN102520049A (zh) * | 2011-10-31 | 2012-06-27 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 三电极固体电解质氢气传感器及采用该传感器的氢气浓度测量方法 |
JP5777503B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-21 | 2015-09-09 | グンゼ株式会社 | 水素ガスセンサ |
GB2507042B (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2018-07-11 | Schlumberger Holdings | Electrochemical hydrogen sensor |
US9618465B2 (en) * | 2013-05-01 | 2017-04-11 | Board Of Trustees Of Northern Illinois University | Hydrogen sensor |
US9977006B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-05-22 | Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology | Hydrogen sensor element for measuring concentration of hydrogen gas dissolved in liquid and method for measuring concentration of hydrogen gas using same |
JP6366408B2 (ja) * | 2014-07-31 | 2018-08-01 | 株式会社富士技研 | 水素濃度検出素子 |
MY196623A (en) * | 2014-12-15 | 2023-04-23 | Akme Eng Joint Stock Co | Hydrogen Detector for Gas and Fluid Media |
FR3043465B1 (fr) * | 2015-11-09 | 2019-01-25 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Capteur pour la mesure de la fragilisation des aciers par l'hydrogene dans un environnement agressif, ledit capteur comportant une cavite metallique reliee a un dispositif de mesure de pression |
JP6546839B2 (ja) * | 2015-11-18 | 2019-07-17 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 水素濃度計測装置 |
JP6709429B2 (ja) * | 2015-12-21 | 2020-06-17 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | 水素濃度測定装置 |
JP6602257B2 (ja) * | 2016-05-17 | 2019-11-06 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | ガスセンサ素子 |
JP6786471B2 (ja) * | 2017-12-15 | 2020-11-18 | キヤノン株式会社 | 還元性ガスセンサ |
CN111208260A (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2020-05-29 | 纬湃汽车电子(长春)有限公司 | 氢气传感器 |
JP7084886B2 (ja) * | 2019-01-31 | 2022-06-15 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | ガスセンサ |
WO2022259883A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-09 | 2022-12-15 | 株式会社新潟Tlo | 水素ガス濃度センサ |
DE102021214054A1 (de) * | 2021-12-09 | 2023-06-15 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Elektrisches Gerät für den Einsatz in einem Wasserstoff-System |
JP2024064282A (ja) * | 2022-10-27 | 2024-05-14 | 株式会社新潟Tlo | 水素ガス濃度センサ |
CN115856055A (zh) * | 2022-12-06 | 2023-03-28 | 东北大学 | 一种测量镁熔体中氢含量的装置及方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
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JPS57165756A (en) * | 1981-04-06 | 1982-10-12 | Fuji Electric Corp Res & Dev Ltd | Hydrogen detector |
JP3775704B2 (ja) * | 1996-10-18 | 2006-05-17 | フィガロ技研株式会社 | 固体電解質水素センサ |
JP2895020B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-31 | 1999-05-24 | 助川電気工業株式会社 | 固体表層からの放出ガス測定方法 |
JP2000206086A (ja) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-07-28 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | 水素ガスセンサ及びその製造方法 |
JP2002333426A (ja) * | 2001-05-07 | 2002-11-22 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ガスセンサ |
US7235171B2 (en) * | 2001-07-24 | 2007-06-26 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Hydrogen sensor, hydrogen sensor device and method of detecting hydrogen concentration |
JP2003083934A (ja) * | 2001-09-14 | 2003-03-19 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | ガスセンサ |
JP2004233315A (ja) * | 2003-02-03 | 2004-08-19 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | ガスセンサ |
-
2005
- 2005-08-12 JP JP2005234522A patent/JP4035848B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2006
- 2006-04-11 EP EP06731539A patent/EP1921445A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-04-11 US US11/990,276 patent/US20090302857A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-11 CA CA002618786A patent/CA2618786A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-04-11 CN CNA2006800287823A patent/CN101268360A/zh active Pending
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CN101268360A (zh) | 2008-09-17 |
WO2007020731A1 (ja) | 2007-02-22 |
JP2007047124A (ja) | 2007-02-22 |
CA2618786A1 (en) | 2007-02-22 |
US20090302857A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
EP1921445A1 (en) | 2008-05-14 |
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