JP3949056B2 - スプリット集中サイトメーター - Google Patents

スプリット集中サイトメーター Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3949056B2
JP3949056B2 JP2002579778A JP2002579778A JP3949056B2 JP 3949056 B2 JP3949056 B2 JP 3949056B2 JP 2002579778 A JP2002579778 A JP 2002579778A JP 2002579778 A JP2002579778 A JP 2002579778A JP 3949056 B2 JP3949056 B2 JP 3949056B2
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fluid
channel
reagent
microfluidic device
sample fluid
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JP2004528556A5 (ja
JP2004528556A (ja
Inventor
バーナード エイチ. ウェイグル,
ロナルド エル. バーデル,
シー. フレドリック バットレル,
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マイクロニクス, インコーポレイテッド
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    • G01N15/05Investigating sedimentation of particle suspensions in blood
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    • A61M1/14Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
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Description

(関連出願の引用)
本願は、2001年4月3日に出願された、米国仮特許出願番号60/281,114(この出願は、本明細書中に参考として援用される)の利益を主張する。
(1.発明の分野)
本発明は、一般に、分析試験を実施するための微小流体デバイスに関し、そして具体的には、化学反応および粒子集中の機能を単一の構造体に組み合わせる、マイクロサイトメーターに関する。
(2.関連技術の説明)
微小流体デバイスは、最近、分析試験を実施するために一般的になっている。エレクトロニクスを小型化するために半導体産業によって開発された道具を使用して、安価に製造される手段であり得る複雑な流体システムを製造することが可能になった。医学分野に関する情報の獲得のための、種々の分析技術を実施するためのシステムが、開発されている。
微小流体デバイスは、積層材料から製造されて流体が流れる微小規模の空隙またはチャネルを形成する、チャネルおよび構造を各層が有する、多層積層構造体に構成され得る。微小規模のチャネルは、一般に、流体通路として規定され、これは、500μm未満、そして代表的には約0.1μmと約500μmとの間の、少なくとも1つの内部断面寸法を有する。これらのチャネルを通る流体の制御およびポンピングは、積層体に押し込まれる外部加圧流体、または積層体の内部に位置する構造体のいずれかによって、影響を受ける。
米国特許第5,716,852号は、拡散の原理を使用して、フローセル中の小さな粒子の存在および濃度を分析するための方法を教示する。この特許(その開示は本明細書中に参考として援用される)は、層流チャネルを使用して、サンプルストリーム中の分析物粒子の存在を検出するための、チャネルセルシステムを開示する。この層流チャネルは、指示薬ストリームおよびサンプルストリームを提供する、少なくとも2つの入口手段を有し、ここで、この層流チャネルは、ストリームの層流を可能にするために十分に小さな深さ、および指示薬ストリーム中に分析物の粒子が拡散して検出領域を形成することを可能にするために十分な長さを有し、そしてこのチャネルの外に、単一の混合ストリームを形成するための1つの出口を有する。このデバイス(これは、Tセンサにおいて公知である)は、指示薬ストリームの変化を検出するための、外部検出手段を含み得る。この検出手段は、当該分野において公知の任意の手段(光波分光学または蛍光の吸収分光学のような光学的手段を含む)によって、提供され得る。
米国特許第5,932,100号(この特許もまた、本明細書中に参考として援用される)は、拡散の原理を使用して、微小流体チャネル内の分析物粒子を分析するための、別の方法を教示する。サンプルストリーム中に懸濁した粒子の混合物が、構造体(これは、「H」字型のマイクロチャネルを備える)の1つの上側のアームから、抽出チャネルに入る。抽出ストリーム(希釈ストリーム)は、抽出チャネルの同じ側の下側のアームから入り、そしてこの微小流体抽出チャネルの大きさに起因して、この流れは層流であり、そしてこれらの流れは混合しない。サンプルストリームは、副生成物ストリームとして、上側のアームから抽出チャネルの端部において出、一方で抽出ストリームは、生成物ストリームとして、下側のアームから出る。これらのストリームは、抽出チャネル内で平行な層流であるが、より大きな拡散計数を有する粒子(アルブミン、糖、および小さなイオンのような、より小さな粒子)は、抽出ストリームに拡散するための時間を有し、一方でより大きな粒子(血球)は、サンプルストリーム中に残る。出てくる抽出ストリーム(ここで、生成物ストリームと称される)における粒子は、より大きな粒子からの妨害なしに分析され得る。この微小流体構造体(通常、「Hフィルタ」として公知である)は、所望の粒子を、これらの粒子を含有するサンプルストリームから抽出するために使用され得る。
フローサイトメトリーは、微視的な生物学的粒子の光学特性の、感受性の、用途が広いプローブであり、血液学、免疫学、遺伝学、食品科学、薬理学、微生物学、寄生生物学および腫瘍学が挙げられる広範な用途を有する。光学フローサイトメーターは、光散乱および蛍光を使用して、粒子の物理学的特性および化学的特性を決定する。測定のために、粒子は、代表的に、シース流体内への流体力学的集中によって、一列に配列され、そして流れ軸に直交して伝播する光ビームによって、問い合わせられる。散乱光が、光検出器によって、ほぼ順方向で測定される。さらに、第二の光検出器が、しばしば、順方向散乱に対して90°に配置されて、大きな角度の散乱および蛍光を収集する。
既存の市販のサイトメーターは、熟練した操作者を必要とする、大きく、そして複雑な計器である。フローサイトメトリーのアクセス可能性を増加させるために、微小加工されたフローセルおよび小型のサイトメーターが望ましい。微小加工されたフローチャネルにおいて、このチャネル内への照射光を得ること、およびチャネルからの順方向散乱光と90°の散乱光との両方を得ることが、難題である。微小加工されたフローサイトメーターのフローチャネルが、いくつか報告されている。Miyakeら[Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop,265−270頁,Nara,Japan,1991年1月]は、積み重ねられた5つのプレートから作製された、微細加工されたシース流チャネルを記載する。シース内のサンプルコアを有する流れを作製するために、3つの金属プレートが使用され、そしてスタックの頂部および底部のガラスプレートが、頂部を通る照射および底部を通る順方向散乱光の収集のための、フローチャネルへの光学的アクセスを提供する。90°の散乱は、収集され得ない。Sobekら[Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop,Fort Lauderdale,Fla.,1993年2月]は、シリコンで微小加工された、4層の六角形のシース流チャネルを記載する。このチャネルは、2つのシリコンウエハの間に形成される。このチャネルに交差する、統合された光学導波管が、レーザー光を順方向でチャネルに結合させ、そしてチャネルから出すために使用される。この交差において、チャネルの頂部壁および底部壁は、90°の光の収集のための窒化ケイ素/二酸化ケイ素の窓である。各窓は、シリコンウエハ上の酸化物層を成長させ、この酸化物層を第二のシリコンウエハに結合させ、窓の領域において酸化物の両側のシリコンをエッチングで除去し、そして窒化物層を堆積させることによって、作製される。Sobekら[Proceedings of the Solid−State Sensors and Actuators Workshop,219−224頁,Hilton Head,S.C.,1994年6月]は、2つの溶融シリカのウエハの間に製造されたシース流チャネルを記載する。光をチャネル内に結合させ、そして順方向で出すために、光ファイバーが、これらのウエハの間に、流れ軸に直行して挟まれる。蛍光が、上側の透明ウエハを通して収集される。
米国特許第5,726,751号は、シリコンマイクロチャネルの光学フローサイトメーターを記載する。このサイトメーターは、2つの構成要素を使用する:フローサイトメーター光学ヘッドおよび使い捨てフローモジュール。このフローモジュールは、シリコンウエハに微細加工されたV字型溝のフローチャネルを利用する。この光学ヘッドは、照射ビームとして提供するためのレーザー、および大小の角度の光検出器を備える。
米国特許第5,561,517号は、流れ型粒子画像分析のためのデバイスを記載し、ここで、分析されるべき任意の所定のサンプルに対して、パルス光源の発光のためのタイミング信号が、全ての場の画像読取り期間において、発生する。
米国特許第5,728,582号は、粒子検出ユニットによって得られた粒子と、粒子画像撮像ユニットによって得られた粒子画像との間の相関を容易にする、ある型の粒子画像分析の方法および装置を記載する。
記載されるデバイスおよび方法は、粒子画像分析のために使用され得るが、単純な使い捨てカートリッジを使用して、分析が迅速かつ容易に実施され得るサイトメーターは、存在しない。
(発明の要旨)
従って、本発明の課題は、化学反応および粒子集中の機能を組み合わせる、マイクロサイトメトリー構造体を提供することである。
本発明のさらなる課題は、使い捨てプラスチックカード上に配置され得る、マイクロサイトメーターを提供することである。
本発明のなおさらなる課題は、複数の集中構造体を使用して、一列の細胞からなるコアを作製する、マイクロサイトメーターを提供することである。
本発明のこれらおよび他の課題は、以下の説明および図面から、より容易に明らかである。
(好ましい実施形態の詳細な説明)
ここで図1を参照すると、マイクロサイトメーターカートリッジ(一般に、10で示される)が示されている。カートリッジ10は、全血入口12を備え、この入口は、チャネル14に結合されている。溶解入口16が、チャネル18に結合される。チャネル14および18は、溶解注射器20において一緒になる。溶解注射器20の排出口が、溶解チャネル22に接続される。シース入口24が、チャネル26に結合され、これは、集中チャンバ28において、溶解チャネル22と合流する。チャンバ28の排出口は、サイトメーターチャネル30に導。チャネル30は、出口チャネル32に結合し、このチャネルが、廃液チャンバ34に導く。
カートリッジ10の作動を、ここで説明する。全血のサンプル50が、入口12に装填され、ここで、このサンプルは、チャネル14を通って移動する。同時に、溶解試薬52(例えば、通常の水)が、入口16に装填され、ここで、この試薬は、チャネル18を通って移動する。溶解注射器20において、全血サンプル50は、図2および3に見られ得るように、溶解試薬52に囲まれ、そして薄いリボン54に集中する。溶解試薬52が、2つの高圧ストリームを、サンプル50(これは、より低い圧力で流れている)の上下に形成するので、リボン54が形成される。このプロセスの間に、サンプル50中の赤血球が、破裂し、白血球を溶解チャネル22内へと流す。リボン54はまた、注射器20を離れる際に、構造的に集中する。なぜなら、チャネル22への入口56が、注射器20を通る通路より狭いからである。
白血球を含むリボン54は、チャネル22を通って、集中チャンバ28へと移動する。集中チャンバ28において、シース流体(これは、リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水のような溶液であり得、入口24に装填されている)が、リボン54を集中させ、その結果、一列の白血球のストリームが、チャンバ28を出てサイトメーターチャネル30に入る。シース流体が、リボン54のいずれかの側で、より高圧で流れるので、リボン54は、一列の白血球のストリームが作製されるまで、狭小化する。
白血球のストリームがチャネル30を通って流れるにつれて、このストリームは窓60を通過し、ここで、図4に見られ得るように、レーザー源62が焦点を合わせられる。光散乱検出器64は、蛍光検出器66と同様に、粒子を計数し、そして分類する。検出器64および66によって蓄積されたデータは、分析のために保存される。次いで、細胞は、チャネル32を通過して、廃液チャンバ34へと入る。
本発明を、その好ましい実施形態の観点で示し、そして説明したが、本発明は、この特定の実施形態に限定されないこと、ならびに添付の特許請求の範囲に規定されるような本発明の真の意図および範囲から逸脱することなく、変化および改変がなされ得ることが、理解されるべきである。
図1は、本発明によるマイクロサイトメーターの平面図である。 図2は、本発明の溶解注射器の側面図である。 図3は、図2の注射器の頂面図である。 図4は、本発明のマイクロサイトメーターの検出器部分の平面図であり、これはまた、外部検出装置を備える。

Claims (9)

  1. サンプル流体内に分散した粒子を分析するための微小流体デバイスであって、以下:
    該サンプル流体の導入のための第一のチャネルに流体連結した第一の入口;
    第一の試薬流体の導入のための第二のチャネルに流体連結した第二の入口;
    反応器チャネルであって、該反応器チャネルは、該第一の試薬流体の二つのストリーム間の薄いリボンに、該サンプル流体が集中されるように、該第一のチャネルおよび該第二のチャネルに流体連結し、該反応器チャネルは、該サンプル流体と該第一の試薬流体との間の化学反応を可能にするのに十分な長さを有する、反応器チャネル;
    シース流体の導入のための第三のチャネルに流体連結した第三の入口;
    サイトメーターチャネルであって、該シース流体の二つのストリーム間の粒子の単一のファイルストリームに、該サンプル流体が集中されるように、該反応器チャネルおよび該第三のチャネルに流体連結した、サイトメーターチャネル;ならびに
    検出領域
    を備える、微小流体デバイス。
  2. 請求項1に記載の微小流体デバイスであって、ここで
    前記サンプル流体が全血を含み;
    前記粒子が白血球であり;そして
    前記第一の試薬流体が溶解試薬を含む、微小流体デバイス。
  3. 前記溶解試薬が水である、請求項2に記載の微小流体デバイス。
  4. 前記シース流体がリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水である、請求項2に記載の微小流体デバイス。
  5. 前記サイトメーターチャネルに連結した廃液チャンバをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の微小流体デバイス。
  6. サンプル流体ないに分散した粒子を分析するための方法であって、以下:
    該サンプル流体および第一の試薬流体を微小流体デバイスに導入する工程;
    該サンプル流体を該第一の試薬流体の二つのストリーム間の薄いリボンに集中させる工程;
    該サンプル流体および第一の試薬流体を、該微小流体デバイスの反応器チャネルを通して流す工程であって、該反応器チャネルは、該サンプル流体と該第一の試薬流体との間の化学反応を可能にするのに十分な長さを有する、工程
    シース流体を該微小流体デバイスに導入する工程;
    該サンプル流体を該シース流体の二つのストリーム間の粒子の単一のファイルストリームに集中させる工程;ならびに
    該サンプル流体、第一の試薬流体およびシース流体を、該微小流体デバイスの検出領域を通過する該微小流体デバイスのサイトメーターチャネルを通して流す工程
    を包含する、方法。
  7. 請求項6に記載の方法であって、ここで
    前記サンプル流体が全血を含み;
    前記粒子が白血球であり;
    前記第一の試薬流体が溶解試薬を含む、方法。
  8. 前記溶解試薬が水である、請求項7に記載の方法。
  9. 前記シース流体がリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水である、請求項7に記載の方法。
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